林地遥感监测应用技术初探

林地遥感监测,就是通过卫星监测、地理信息系统等手段对某一区域使用林地情况进行监测,并制成遥感影像图。介绍了遥感监测主要任务、内容以及图斑的主要类型与使用方法。     

遥感技术在朝阳县森林资源监测中的应用

以林地变更数据为基础,应用遥感波段运算对辽宁省朝阳县森林资源面积消长变化情况进行自动监测,将遥感影像自动监测与人工判读的图斑进行对比计算和现地验证。结果表明,通过运用遥感影像自动监测的方法,可对森林资源面积变化地块进行快速提取,从而缩短工作时间,提高工作的精度和效率。为森林资源消长变化的监测提供新的技术手段,为林地管理体系的建立奠定基础。     

无人机遥感监测技术在松材线虫病疫情监测中的应用探讨

基于无人机遥感的松材线虫病监测技术,能够及时获取多时态、多角度、多光谱和高精度的遥感图像,为决策者提供松材线虫病监测和防控数据支持,在松材线虫病防控上有着较大的发展空间。对松材线虫病无人机遥感监测技术的基本原理、遥感图像的采集、处理与解译研究进展以及应用现状等方面进行了阐述,提出了无人机遥感监测松材线虫病实际应用中存在的问题和不足,并就其在松材线虫病监测中的发展方向和应用前景进行了展望。     

天水市近30年林地动态变化遥感监测研究

[目的]以甘肃省天水市为例,基于遥感影像变化监测技术,探讨黄土高原丘陵沟壑与小陇山-西秦岭山地交接过渡区域近30年来森林(林地)资源空间分布规律、时间变化趋势及变化影响因素。[方法]以1988—2015年5期夏季Landsat TM/OLI遥感影像为主要数据源,结合辅助数据和外业实地样本点,以光谱特征和指数特征为特征变量,分别利用随机森林(RF)和参数优化支持向量机(POSVM)分类器对土地覆盖类型进行分类,然后基于分类后比较法进行森林资源动态变化监测。[结果]分类结果表明,两种分类器的分类效果均较好,且随机森林分类器在分类精度、效率和稳定性方面明显优于参数优化支持向量机分类器。变化监测结果表明,近30年来森林资源总体变化趋势为林地面积先减少后增加。1990—1996年,林地面积减少0.74%;1996—2002年,林地面积减少2.74%;2002—2008年,林地面积增加1.06%;2008—2015年,林地面积增加8.89%。[结论]本研究采用的基于非参数分类器分类后比较法的变化监测技术是复杂地形地貌过渡区森林资源动态变化监测的一种有效途径,在分类结果分析统计的基础上,得出研究区森林资源变化的总体趋势:以2002年(2002年影像)为界,林地总体趋势为先减少后增加,2002年后林地面积增加显著。     

多源高分辨率卫星遥感影像监测林地动态变化研究

以内蒙古大兴安岭克一河林业局、吉文林业局林地动态变化监测为目标,应用多期国产高分辨率卫星遥感数据,辅以德国Rapid Eye、法国SPOT5和SPOT6、美国TM遥感影像;叠加占用征收林地资料、伐区作业设计、林木采伐许可证、林政案件资料、森林资源二类调查以及林地保护利用规划等专题数据资料。通过目视解译与提取识别,检测林地和林木的变化情况,结果表明:卫星遥感影像对林木采伐、占地、毁林开垦和森林灾害监测效果明显。     

云南省林地资源监测分析

基于森林资源二类调查数据,以地理信息系统为依托,采用高清遥感卫星数据、森林经营档案资料以及现地调查核实等方式,开展林地资源数据变更工作是近年来林地资源监测的主要手段。文章阐述2009—2019年10年间云南省林地变更及其林地监测结果,分析云南省林地资源变化原因及变化趋势。结果表明,林地面积增长空间已至极限,林地资源利用率逐年提高,森林质量稳步提高,人工林资源进一步扩大。     

变色立木的无人机遥感监测技术

笔者简要阐述了国内外应用高空间分辨率遥感数据监测单木级森林病虫灾害的研究现状,提出可服务于松材线虫病死树普查的变色立木低空遥感监测技术要求,给出主要工作流程,建议规范松材线虫病的无人机遥感监测服务市场。     

TM8影像数据在林地占用动态监测中的应用研究——以云南省为例

林地生态红线保护是林业生态建设的重要内容之一。对林地占用进行动态监测,是林地生态红线保护的重要手段之一。利用遥感技术和地理信息系统的空间分析技术,以TM8遥感数据为主要数据源,建立影像解译标志,通过目视解译的方法提取云南省全省的林地占用图斑,从区域尺度上获取林地占用图斑的分布和面积情况。结果表明利用TM8影像数据进行林地占用动态监测的结果是可靠的。为进一步开展林地占用动态监测提供技术支持,为宏观决策者实施林地非法侵占管制提供科学依据。     

山西林地遥感监测技术

随着多源遥感数据的快速发展、高空间分辨率与时间分辨率数据采集的逐步实现、图像处理技术的不断进步,以及3S技术在森林资源调查等领域的长期应用,为开展林地遥感监测奠定了技术基础,积累了实践经验。山西省从2017年2月起,历时2年,经过长期的资料收集整理、对比分析、研究,并经外业验证,总结提炼后完成了本技术研究。通过林地遥感监测,实时掌握区域内林地利用变化情况,从而更新林地"一张图",为森林资源保护、利用及执法检查等多项工作提供基础和依据。本研究对其它省份具有一定参考意义和推广价值。     

输电线路沿线林火监测技术综述

文章阐述了输电线路沿线林火监测的必要性,梳理了林火导致输电线路跳闸的机理,分析了 输电线路沿线林火监测可见光监测技术、红外监测技术、卫星遥感监测技术、激光雷达监测技术、气体 监测技术、燃烧音监测技术的原理、优缺点及其应用,分析认为采用现有单一林火监测技术容易造成沿 线火点的迟测误测漏测;通过两种或多种技术耦合、优化现有监测设备及监测算法等方式能达到及时、 准确地监测林火,展望了输电线路沿线林火监测技术的发展趋势。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.