中东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓作业分析

根据辽宁远洋渔业有限公司“海泰”船于2001~2002年在中东太平洋进行的金枪鱼延绳钓探捕的生产数据,分析了长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓作业的捕捞努力量、渔获量及上钓率的月变化和年间变化,并对上钓率与作业渔场表层水温的关系进行了初步研究。“海泰”船平均每月下钓68568钩,2001年月均产量为2960尾;2002年月均产量为1290尾。以重量计,2001年月均产量为31373kg;2002年月均产量为15889kg。两年间相比,2002年月均产量明显低于2001年。不同月份间实际日产量波动较月产量波动小,两年间的平均日产量差异显著。不同月份间上钓率亦差异显著,而年间平均上钓率无显著性差异。不同作业海区日产量和上钓率差异极显著,A、D、E和H区日产量和上钓率较高。在水温15~22℃范围内,上钓率在0.7%~11.1%之间波动,平均值为3.64±0.156%;水温24~30℃范围内时,上钓率在0.25%~3.7%之间,平均值为1.06±0.085%。两个温度范围的上钓率差异极显著。月平均上钓率与作业渔场月平均表层水温成显著负相关。     

基于栖息地指数的东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场分析

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是东太平洋海域重要的金枪鱼种类之一,也是我国金枪鱼延绳钓的主要捕捞对象之一。本文根据2009~2011年美洲间热带金枪鱼委员会(IATTC)在东太平洋海域(20°N~30°S、85°W~150°W)长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产统计数据,结合海洋遥感获得的表温(SST)和海面高度(SSH)的数据,运用一元非线性回归方法,以渔获产量、单位捕捞努力量CPUE为适应性指数,按季度分别建立了基于SST和SSH的长鳍金枪鱼栖息地适应性指数,采用算术平均法获得基于SST和SSH环境因子的栖息地指数综合模型,并用2012年各月实际作业渔场进行验证。研究结果显示,在东太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的栖息地预测中,以CPUE为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型比以渔获量为适应性指数的栖息地指数模型预测更为准确。2012年中心渔场的预报准确性达75%以上,具较高预报准确度,可为金枪鱼延绳钓渔船寻找中心渔场提供指导。     

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼卵巢的发育特征

根据2013年10月–2014年2月在北太平洋海域(29°08′~41°08′N,163°50′~144°19′W)采集的364尾长鳍金枪鱼的卵巢样本,利用组织学分析,详细描述了长鳍金枪鱼卵巢、卵细胞的发育阶段。结果显示,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼卵巢内同时存在不同时相的卵细胞,为分批产卵类型;组织学上,长鳍金枪鱼的卵细胞发育过程分为6个时相,卵巢发育过程分为6个时期;卵巢成熟指数在成熟期为Ⅰ~Ⅴ期时逐渐增大,在Ⅵ期时减小;北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼产卵高峰为12月中旬和1月初,其卵巢成熟指数随纬度的升高呈递减趋势,随经度变化规律不明显。研究表明,通过对北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼卵巢的发育特征的分析与探讨,可为北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源状况评估及渔业可持续发展提供生物学信息。     

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼年龄与生长初步研究

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)是金枪鱼渔业的主要捕捞对象之一,其资源的养护和管理日益受到各方关注,鱼类年龄鉴定是渔业资源研究的重要内容之一。根据2013~2014年北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼探捕所采集的227个脊椎骨样本,用不同的染色方法分成4组进行年龄的鉴定,选用线性模型、指数模型和幂指数模型对叉长和脊椎骨半径进行拟合,最后选出结果最好的鉴定组和拟合模型,通过年龄鉴定估算长鳍金枪鱼的Von Bertalanffy生长方程。研究结果表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的叉长范围为52~104 cm,优势叉长组为81~90 cm,占总数的83.1%;年龄组成以5、6龄较多,占样本总数的80.86%。最终得到北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼生长方程为:Lt=109.180 2[1-e~(-0.258 783(t-1.991 28))],t_(tp)=2.25。     

东太平洋首次设立蓝鳍金枪鱼捕捞配额

2012年6月,泛美热带金枪鱼委员会(IATTC)在美国召开的2012年年会上首次制定了东太平洋蓝鳍金枪鱼捕捞配额。2012～2013年,该地区蓝鳍金枪鱼捕捞配额为1万吨。该配额将不会对渔民的利益造成影响。金枪鱼渔业推进机构(OPRT)表示,捕捞配额一旦设置,配额数量可能会持续降低,除非蓝鳍金枪鱼种群数量有复苏的迹象。渔民必然认为他们将最终面临严格的监管,届时可能会规避这些管理措施。IATTC水域蓝鳍金枪鱼每年的产量维持在4000吨左右,2010年的产量为7800吨,而2011年仅为3200吨。因此,该捕捞配额将不会损害渔民的利益。     

利用鳍条研究北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的年龄与生长

根据2013—2014年在大连远洋渔业金枪鱼钓有限公司的超低温金枪钓渔船“天祥”16号船上采集的258个鳍条样品为基础(从845尾长鳍金枪鱼样本中随机选取了258个鳍条样本),研究了北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的年龄和生长情况。研究首次采用了3个不同的切割位置(鳍条全长的10%、20%、50%标记段)对鳍条截面进行处理,利用线性函数、指数函数和幂函数分别拟合长鳍金枪鱼叉长和鳍条截面半径之间的关系,采用赤池信息准则(AIC)来获得最优化的函数,并计算其逆算叉长,最后得到北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的生长方程、生长拐点以及生长率和生长指标。研究表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的主要年龄段集中在4~6龄,不分雌雄的生长方程为L_t=112.231×[1-e^{-0.277 132×(t+1.435)}],拐点年龄为2.53,生长率和生长指标随着年龄的增长呈递减的趋势,且年龄越大变化越小。本研究可为北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源状况评估及渔业可持续发展提供生物学信息。     

北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔场分布及其与海水表层温度的关系

根据北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔获量、海水表层温度等数据,研究了长鳍金枪鱼渔获量的分布区及其海水表层温度(SST)的统计特征.结果表明,北太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场主要分布于25～40°N之间的海域.长鳍金枪鱼渔场区平均SST为23.6℃,中位数为24.5℃,多数渔场区位于暖温带海域,其平均SST多数为16～28℃,产量数据分布为正偏.海水表层温度为16～23℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量和平均CPUE变化趋势类似,且表层温度为18～20℃的海域,长鳍金枪鱼的平均产量最高.渔获量分布于表层温度为16～23℃和24～27℃海域,但主要集中于16～23℃的范围.交叉相关分析表明长鳍金枪鱼CPUE同太平洋年际振荡指数具有相关性.     

中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼渔场重心时空分布研究

长鳍金枪鱼作为高度洄游的大洋性鱼类,有较高的经济价值。为掌握中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的资源时空分布以可持续开发利用,笔者根据2009—2018年世界各国在中西太平洋的长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓作业数据,利用统计和K-means聚类方法探究长鳍金枪鱼资源的时间变化趋势与空间分布特征。研究结果显示：2009—2018年间长鳍金枪鱼渔场重心主要分布在E 155°～W 160°,S 15°～S 30°海域;北半球冬季(12月—翌年2月)主要集中在北半球低纬度海域(N 0°～N 10°),渔场重心向西北偏移;南半球冬季(6—8月)主要集中在南半球低纬度海域(S 12°～N 22.5°),渔场重心向东南偏移。渔场重心的空间分布受海面温度异常的影响较显著：当海面温度距平值整体偏高时,渔场重心零散分布于中部海域;海面温度距平值相对偏低时,渔场重心向东南与西北两侧偏移。本研究结果有助于中西太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的可持续开发利用与科学管理。     

南太平洋延绳钓长鳍金枪鱼生物学组成及其与栖息环境关系

长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)经济价值高,是我国延绳钓渔业重要的目标鱼种。根据2013年9月~2014年1月和2014年4~8月我国金枪鱼观察员在南太平洋东部海域收集的长鳍金枪鱼样本和海洋环境数据,对其生物学组成和栖息环境进行了研究。结果表明:叉长(FL,cm)与体质量(WW,kg)的关系为:WW=3×10-5×FL2.909 9(雌雄性,R2=0.915 3);体长(TL,cm)与叉长(FL,cm)关系为:TL=1.033 6FL+2.555(R2=0.961 4);叉长(FL,cm)与两背鳍间距(LD1D2,cm)的关系为:LD1D2=0.248 5FL+1.238 1(R2=0.815 1);利用各水层长鳍金枪鱼渔获率(catch per unit effort,CPUE)推测其主要的栖息水层为150~270 m,栖息水层温度范围16~22℃,盐度范围35.0~35.6,其中最高资源丰度主要分布在190~230 m的水层,对应的温度为18~20℃,盐度为35.2~35.4。研究结果可为掌握南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼栖息环境提供基础数据。     

日本远洋鲣竿钓调查船发现长鳍金枪鱼群

远洋鲣竿钓船结束鲣鱼汛期后把目标转向了长鳍金枪鱼，在这之前主要是渔获鲣鱼。日本水产综合研究中心调查船日之出丸于2005年10月25日发现了长鳍金枪鱼鱼群。闻此信息到29日，约有15～16艘鲣竿钓船转移了渔场，生产者、市场人员、加工业者对产量寄予厚望。     

Migration and behavior of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga)

Archival tags were used to study the seasonal movements, migration patterns and vertical distribution of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga). Between 2001 and 2006, archival tags were deployed in North Pacific albacore in two regions of the Northeast Pacific: (i) off Northern Baja California, Mexico and Southern California, and (ii) off Washington and Oregon. Twenty archival tagged fish were recovered with times at liberty ranging from 63 to 697 days. Tagged albacore exhibited five distinct, seasonal migratory patterns. Depth and temperature data also showed a broad range of vertical behaviors. In certain regions such as off Baja California, Mexico, juvenile albacore make frequent dives to depths exceeding 200 m during the day and remain in the surface mixed layer at night, whereas off Oregon and Washington they remain near the surface both day and night. Water temperatures encountered ranged from 3.3 to 22.7°C. Peritoneal temperatures were significantly higher by an average of approximately 4°C, as expected in these warm‐bodied fish. This study provides a comprehensive examination of horizontal and vertical movements of juvenile albacore in the Northeast Pacific. The results reveal diverse behavior that varies regionally and seasonally as albacore move among different habitats throughout the entire North Pacific.     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼垂直活动水层空间分析

为了解南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)的垂直活动水层分布特征及其适宜的垂直活动水层深度,采用Argo 数据重构了研究海域次表层20 ℃和25 ℃等温线深度场, 并结合2010年～2012年中水集团南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔船实际生产统计数据, 绘制了20 ℃和25 ℃等温线深度与长鳍金枪鱼单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE) 叠加图, 分析南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的垂直活动水层分布特征。结果表明, 研究海域20 ℃和25 ℃等温线深度存在明显的季节性变化, 且长鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布随着20℃等温线深度的220 m等深线和25℃等温线深度的140 m等深线时空变动而季节性南北移动。长鳍金枪鱼中心渔场主要分布于10S 以南、160E～175E之间, 中心渔场所处海域, 其20 ℃等温线深度多在220 m以深, 超过250 m的海域CPUE 均偏低; 25 ℃等温线深度多在140 m以浅, 浅于80 m的海域则难以形成中心渔场。采用频次分析与经验累积分布函数( ECDF) 相结合的方法, 计算出南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼适宜的垂直活动水层深度为88～238 m。文章初步得出了南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼的垂直分布特征及其适宜的垂直活动水层深度, 可用于指导延绳钓投钩深度, 为中国南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓生产作业提供理论参考。     

Migration of albacore, Thunnus alalunga, in the North Pacific Ocean in relation to large oceanic phenomena

On the basis of Japanese long-line fishery data during 1970–1988, anticlockwise migration routes of albacore in the North Pacific are newly proposed. The annual migration route for mature albacore is described as a closed ellipse with a centre at 20°N and 170°E, and is wider in El Niño years than non-El Niño years associated with an appearance of a cold-water region in the central and south-western North Pacific. Immature albacore also have an anticlockwise migration route in winter which extends from 25°N to 35°N and from 130°E to 180°E, when the Kuroshio has a relatively straight path. However, the migration does not persist when the Kuroshio takes a large meander path.     

Feeding habits of albacore Thunnus alalunga in the transition region of the central North Pacific

ABSTRACT:   The feeding habits of albacore Thunnus alalunga (fork length: 48.9–76.2 cm, n  = 132) were examined from late spring to early autumn in relation to its northward migration in the transition region between the subtropical and subarctic fronts in the central North Pacific. Samples were collected at night using surface gill nets or during daytime pole-and-line surveys in 2001 and 2002. During May and June, albacore fed mainly on Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus , which accounted for 27.2%, 67.0%, and 45.5% of the total stomach contents by number ( Cn ), wet weight ( WW ), and frequency of occurrence ( F ), respectively, and secondarily on the subarctic gonatid squid Gonatopsis borealis ( Cn , 15.8%; WW , 10.8%; F , 28.8%). From July to September, albacore continued to depend on Japanese anchovy ( Cn , 48.2–52.8%; WW , 79.9–95.2%; F , 27.8–85.4%). These results corresponded well with the remarkable rebound of the Japanese anchovy stock since the 1990s. Gonatopsis borealis , the main squid prey from May to June, almost disappeared from the stomachs of albacore from July to September, probably due to the northward migration of this squid to subarctic waters in summer. The feeding impact of albacore on the Japanese anchovy stock in the transition region was conservatively estimated to be from 1400 to 2100 tons per day from late spring to early autumn.     

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) fishing ground in relation to oceanographic conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean using remotely sensed satellite data

Satellite‐based oceanographic data of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSC), and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) together with catch data were used to investigate the relationship between albacore fishing ground and oceanographic conditions and also to predict potential habitats for albacore in the western North Pacific Ocean. Empirical cumulative distribution function and high catch data analyses were used to calculate preferred ranges of the three oceanographic conditions. Results indicate that highest catch per unit efforts (CPUEs) corresponded with areas of SST 18.5–21.5°C, SSC 0.2–0.4 mg m^?3, and SSHA ?5.0 to 32.2 cm during the winter in the period 1998–2000. We used these ranges to generate a simple prediction map for detecting potential fishing grounds. Statistically, to predict spatial patterns of potential albacore habitats, we applied a combined generalized additive model (GAM) / generalized linear model (GLM). To build our model, we first constructed a GAM as an exploratory tool to identify the functional relationships between the environmental variables and CPUE; we then made parameters out of these relationships using the GLM to generate a robust prediction tool. The areas of highest CPUEs predicted by the models were consistent with the potential habitats on the simple prediction map and observation data, suggesting that the dynamics of ocean eddies (November 1998 and 2000) and fronts (November 1999) may account for the spatial patterns of highest albacore catch rates predicted in the study area. The results also suggest that multispectrum satellite data can provide useful information to characterize and predict potential tuna habitats.     

A study on the variability of albacore (Thunnus alalunga) longline catch rates in the southwest Pacific Ocean

Relationships between albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) longline catch per unit effort (CPUE) and environmental variables from model outputs in New Caledonia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were examined through generalized linear models at a 1° spatial resolution and 10‐day temporal resolution. At a regional (EEZ) scale, the study demonstrated that a large part of albacore CPUE variability can be explained by seasonal, interannual and spatial variation of the habitat. Results of the generalized linear models indicated that catch rates are higher than average in the northwestern part of the EEZ at the beginning of the year (January) and during the second half of the year (July–December). In the northwestern region of the EEZ, high CPUEs are associated with waters <20.5° in the intermediate layer and with moderate values of primary production. Longline CPUE also appeared to be dependent on prey densities, as predicted from a micronekton model. Albacore CPUE was highest at moderate densities of prey in the epipelagic layer during the night and for relatively low prey densities in the mesopelagic layer during the day. We also demonstrated that the highest CPUEs were recorded from 1986 to 1998, which corresponds to a period with frequent El Niño events.     

南太平洋长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔获率与环境因子的关系研究

为掌握不同水层的环境因子对长鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus alalunga)延绳钓渔获率的影响,根据2015-2017年中国大陆在该海域的长鳍金枪鱼延绳钓渔捞日志资料,结合同期海洋环境数据,采用广义可加模型(Generalized additive model,GAM)对渔获率与各因子的关系进行研究。通过相关分析获取各环境因子相关系数,对相关性较大的环境因子分组建模。结果表明:1)海表面温度与120 m水深温度、海表面温度与海表面高度、120 m水深温度与海表面高度、300 m水深温度与300 m水深盐度为高度相关因子,海表面盐度、叶绿素a浓度、海表风场南北分量与其他环境因子之间的相关性均较小;2)模型的总解释偏差介于30%~40%,各环境因子重要性依次为120 m水深温度、海表温度、300 m水深温度、120 m水深盐度、海表面高度、300 m水深盐度、海表盐度、混合层深度、海面风场南北分量、海面风场东西分量、叶绿素a浓度;3)120 m水深温度与单位捕捞努力渔获量(CPUE)在15~30℃呈负相关。海表温度整体趋势与120 m水深温度类似,其中在25~28℃呈正相关。300 m水深温度与CPUE在10~18℃呈现明显的正效应关系。