日本鳗鲡人工繁殖研究现状及存在问题

鳗鲡属(Anguilla)鱼类共有19个种和亚种,其中以日本鳗鲡(A.japonica)和欧洲鳗鲡(A.anguilla)的人工养殖最为广泛。鳗鲡主要生长于热带及温带地区水域,除了欧洲鳗鲡及美洲鳗鲡(A.     

日本鳗鲡仔鱼摄食机理及其营养策略

鳗鲡属(Ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａ)鱼类共有19种和亚种,其中以欧洲鳗鲡(Ａ.ａｎｇｕｉｌｌａ)和日本鳗鲡(Ａ.ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ)最为重要。鳗鲡属鱼类发育需经历奇特的柳叶状仔鱼(ｌｅｐｔｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｌａｒｖａ)阶段,其人工育苗技术是一道世界难题。柳叶状仔鱼现象仅见于真骨鱼类最原始的一个类群海鲢总目Ｅｌｏｐｏｍｏｒｐｈａ(鳗鲡目Ａｎｇｕｉｌｌｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ,海鲢目Ｅｌｏｐｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ,背棘鱼目Ｎｏｔａｃａｎｔｈｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ)。有关柳叶状仔鱼的发育策略,已从形态学、生理学及生物化学等方面进行了不少研究,但柳叶状仔鱼…     

福建中部近海鱼类生态类群的季节变化

为探究福建中部近海鱼类生态类群组成的季节变化,采用非线性多维标度(NMDS)和相似性检验(ANOSIM)方法,依据2009年冬季、2010年春季和夏季于福建中部近海3个航次的海洋综合调查资料,对该海域鱼类的种类组成和生态类群结构进行分析。结果显示,冬季出现鱼类40种,生态类群以暖水种为主,但暖温种比例为3个季节中最高(30%),且暖温种占该季鱼类总质量和总尾数比例分别为17.65%和16.96%。春季出现鱼类39种,生态类群以暖水种为主,分别占该季节鱼类总质量和总尾数的86.48%和94.52%。夏季出现鱼类61种,暖水种占绝对优势(56种),分别占该季鱼类总质量和总尾数的97.17%和99.35%。受浙闽沿岸流和台湾海峡暖流的交替影响,从冬季到夏季物种更替率逐渐升高,暖水种种类数和数量密度不断上升,并伴随着河口种消失、外海种出现。此现象与冷、暖水团交替影响这一海域时,鱼类进行相应的产卵、索饵及越冬洄游等有关。研究表明,福建中部近海鱼类生态类群和种类组成的季节变化可能由水团不断变化所导致。     

河口鱼类组成与影响种群数量因素及恢复保护措施

河口(Estuaries)是指淡水向海水过渡并互相混合的自然环境。河口鱼类区系组成主要是咸淡水种类及部份定居性鱼类。此外，还有诸如中华鲟、鲥鱼等溯河产卵洄游性鱼类，以及日本鳗鲡、花鳗鲡等降河产卵洄游性鱼类。它们都是为繁殖目的暂时经过河口，又称过河     

制浆造纸废水对不同鱼类急性毒性研究

制浆造纸废水对斑马鱼、日本鳗鲡和黑鲷的急性毒性试验结果显示:制浆造纸废水对斑马鱼、日本鳗鲡和黑鲷的96h-LC50分别为试验浓度的11.328%、15.949%、4.679%。在受试的3种鱼类中,制浆造纸废水对海洋鱼类黑鲷影响最大,对河口洄游性鱼类日本鳗鲡的影响最小,热带鱼类斑马鱼介于两者之间,表明制浆造纸废水对鱼类影响程度随种类的不同而存在较大的差异。     

鳗鲡和养鳗

鳗鲡是世界上分布广、种类多的经济鱼类，现有种类在20种左右，其中产量较多的有6种。即：欧洲鳗鲡Anguilla anguilla(Linne)、美洲鳗鲡A.rostrata (Le Sue)、澳洲鳗鲡A.australis Rich、印非鳗鲡A.mossambica Peters和以我国为主的西北太平洋沿岸所产的鳗鲡A．japonica Temm et Schl．和花鲡A.marmorata Quoy et Gajmard。     

黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构与区系划分

黄海南部海域具有复杂的水团结构和海流环境,使该海域鱼类群落产生较为复杂的空间结构。为研究黄海南部近岸海域鱼类群落结构特征,实验根据2014—2015年对该海域进行4个季度的底拖网调查数据,利用多元统计方法分析了该海域鱼类群落的分布格局并比较了各群落的相对生物量、生物多样性、优势种等结构特征。应用聚类分析(cluster)和多维标度排序(MDS)分析将黄海南部近岸海域划分为海州湾群落与江苏近岸群落;海州湾群落的平均相对资源量和生物多样性均高于江苏近岸群落,而暖温性与暖水性鱼类所占比重相对较低;海州湾群落的优势种主要为方氏云鳚、大泷六线鱼和日本鳀等,季节变化显著;江苏近岸群落的优势种为短吻红舌鳎、途、棘头梅童鱼和黑鳃梅童鱼等,季节变化不明显。研究表明,黄海南部近岸海域可划分为海州湾区系与江苏近岸区系,其鱼类群落结构特征具有显著差异。海流、水团、底质类型及水深等环境因子是形成鱼类群落结构差异的主要因素。     

花鳗鲡的咸淡水工业化养殖技术

正花鳗鲡属鳗鲡目鳗鲡科,是热带、亚热带江海洄游鱼类,1988年被我国列为II级野生保护动物,俗称麻鱼、花鳗、雪鳗等,是我国珍贵的食用鱼,经济价值高,营养丰富,含有多种人体必需氨基酸。研究表明,鳗鲡是含EPA(二十碳五烯酸)和DHA(二十碳六烯酸)最高的鱼类之一,不仅可以降低血脂、抗动脉硬化,还能为大脑补充必要的营养元素,被誉为"水中人参"。近年来,由于过度捕捞及环境破坏等因素,     

东海稀有鱼类——冠丝鳍鱼的形态与分布

1999～2011年东海渔业资源监测调查共采集到273 ind冠丝鳍鱼(Zu cristatus)样本。这是我国首次报道在东海海域采集到该种稀有鱼类。冠丝鳍鱼的主要形态特征为:背鳍6+129;胸鳍11;腹鳍Ⅰ,5;尾鳍9+3;侧线鳞112;鳃耙2+9。体极侧扁,前部高大,肛门后急剧变细,侧线完全。背鳍前部1～6鳍条和腹鳍延长成细丝状。调查结果显示,冠丝鳍鱼仅在夏季出现于东海海域,从南到北均有分布,分布范围为27°00'～32°30'N、122°00'～127°00'E,集中出现于台湾暖流与黑潮暖流之间以及黄海暖流和黑潮暖流的交界水域。冠丝鳍鱼作为暖水性鱼种,主要栖息于热带水域,在东海海域出现主要是受黑潮暖流势力的影响。     

荻芦溪日本鳗鲡的食性研究

本试验于1987年每月或隔月从福建莆田获芦溪采集日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)共256尾进行该种的食性研究。结果显示鳗鲡为典型的肉食性鱼类。其主要食物为蟹类、虾类和鱼类,次要食物为摇蚊科、蜉蝣目和蜻蜓目等的幼虫。鳗鲡的摄食强度随体长增长而增强,在6—7月份最强,年平均空肠率为24.8%。鳗鲡的食物组成随季节不同和个体大小而有所差异。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.