肉用仔鸡的饲粮铜水平

在不同性别ＡＡ肉仔鸡饲粮中添加不同浓度的铜，通过对肉仔鸡生产性能的观察及某些生化指标的测定，探讨铜在肉仔鸡饲粮中的适宜浓度。结果表明：肉仔鸡全期的体增重不受饲粮铜浓度的影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），饲料效率有高浓度铜（２０９．４ｍｇ／ｋｇ）可减少饲料耗用量的趋势，但统计上差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在测定个别组织铜含量和血清学指标中，性别不同、生长阶段不同，肝、肾、毛铜含量差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），肌肉铜含量则差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血清铜兰蛋白有差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响

本研究选用１８头２８±１日龄断奶的杂交仔猪（平均体重约５．５ｋｇ），研究低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮对早期断奶仔猪腹泻和生产性能的影响。试验结果显示：（１）低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮使仔猪血浆挥发性盐基氨含量、血浆尿素氨含量和腹泻指数降低（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（２）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．３％）的仔猪，其平均日增重（ＡＤＧ）、平均日采食量（ＡＤＦＩ）和料肉比（Ｐ／Ｇ）与采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但前者的增重成本比后者降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）３１％。（３）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮（ＣＰ１８．４％）的仔猪的生产性能优于采食复合蛋白型对照饲粮（ＣＰ１９．７％）的仔猪，前者的ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ分别提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）６１％和３２％，Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本分别下降（Ｐ＜０．０５）２４％和３７％。（４）采食全植物蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪，其ＡＤＧ和ＡＤＦＩ低于（Ｐ＜０．０１）采食复合蛋白型氨基酸平衡饲粮的仔猪。前者的Ｆ／Ｇ和增重成本趋于高于后者，但差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。以上结果表明，低蛋白质氨基酸平衡饲粮可显著降低仔猪断奶后腹泻和提高仔猪生产性能。复合蛋白型?     

美国肉骨粉饲喂肉仔鸡效果试验

通过美国肉骨粉代替进口鱼粉对艾维因内用仔鸡１￣４２日龄的８１６只的全期饲喂试验，结果表明：美国肉骨粉试验组全期个体增重１９１２ｇ，比进口鱼粉对照组提高１．７５％，但差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；全期料重比美国肉骨粉试验组１．９６，比进口鱼粉对照组降低１．５％，差异也不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；全期成活率美国肉骨粉组９４．１％，比进口鱼粉对照组高２．４％，差异也不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）；喂美国肉骨粉比喂进口     

两种光照强度对AA肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用６００只１日龄ＡＡ肉仔鸡，随机分成两组，Ⅰ组照度为３ｌｘ，Ⅱ组照度为５ｌｘ，每组三重复，试验期４９ｄ。结果表明：Ⅰ组比Ⅱ组平均日增重提高了１２．８％（Ｐ〈０．０１）；料肉比降低了１０．５％（Ｐ〈０．０１）；死亡率两组间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

饲粮铜和维生素 Ａ及其互作效应对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响

本研究旨在探讨铜和维生素 Ａ及其互作效应对肉仔鸡生长性能及抗氧化功能的影响。试验选用 １日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡 ４４８只，随机分为 ８组，每组 ４个重复，每个重复 １４只鸡。采用４×２（铜 ×维生素 Ａ）完全随机设计，饲粮铜的添加量分别为 ０、８、１５０、２２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，维生素 Ａ的添加量分别为 １５００、５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ，分为 ２个生长阶段，前期为 １～４周龄，后期为 ５～７周龄。结果表明：１）高铜（１５０、２２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）抑制了全期肉仔鸡生长性能，提高了全期血清铜蓝蛋白（Ｃｐ）和后期血清总超氧化物歧化酶（Ｔ ＳＯＤ）活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ维生素 Ａ组获得较好的生长性能，提高了全期血清 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性，降低了前期血清 Ｃｐ活性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。３）铜和维生素 Ａ互作效应对前期体增重、血清 Ｃｐ和 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性及全期料重比有显著影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），且二者间存在互补作用。铜（８ｍｇ／ｋｇ）×维生素 Ａ（５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ）组与铜（０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）×维生素 Ａ（５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ）组对前期肉仔鸡获得良好生长性能和提高血清 Ｔ ＳＯＤ活性均有促进作用，但对血清 Ｃｐ活性有显著降低作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见，在基础饲粮铜水平为 １６～２３ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，铜的适 宜 添 加 量 为 前 期 ８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，后 期 ０～８ｍｇ／ｋｇ；全 期 维 生 素 Ａ 的 适 宜 添 加 量 为５０００ＩＵ／ｋｇ。     

饲用左旋咪唑对肉仔鸡免疫功能调节作用的研究

试验用刚出壳的ＡＡ 商品代肉用公雏 ３７８ 只,随机分成 ３ 组,每组 １２６ 只分成 ９ 个重复。以玉米 豆粕型日粮为基础日粮,喂给三种日粮即无药组（１ 组或对照组）、添加左咪唑（ｌｅｖａｍ ｉｓｏｌｅ,ＬＥＶ）１０（２ 组）和３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 饲料（３ 组）。检测肉仔鸡每周体重、耗料量,４ 和 ６ 周龄胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊重量及其免疫器官指数,以及外周血中 Ｔ 或Ｂ淋巴细胞对不同丝裂原的反应性。结果表明：（１）在肉仔鸡日粮中添加 ３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的 ＬＥＶ 可使胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊的重量及其指数明显增加（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）;添加１０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 的ＬＥＶ 对免疫器官重量也有一定的促进作用,但差异并不显著（Ｐ＞ ０．０５）。试验证明ＬＥＶ 对免疫器官的生长发育有明显的促进作用。（２）４２ 日龄时３ 组肉仔鸡外周血Ｔ 淋巴细胞对丝裂原 Ｃｏｎ Ａ刺激的反应性以及 Ｂ 淋巴细胞对丝裂原 ＬＰＳ刺激的反应性明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,说明添加３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇＬＥＶ 会增强细胞免疫和体液免疫功能。（３）随着日粮中 ＬＥＶ 添加量的增加,肉仔鸡的增重速率和饲料转化率都有相应改善,添加 ３０ｍ ｇ／ｋｇＬＥＶ 对二者的改善程度分别为 ７．３３％ 和 ５．１５％ ,?     

不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、屠宰性能及器官指数的影响

本文旨在研究不同饲喂水平对 ２０～３５ｋｇ杜寒杂交公羔的生长性能、屠宰性能和器官指数的影响。采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,将 ２１只平均体重为（１９．１４±２．３７）ｋｇ公羔随机分为 ３组,按照自由采食（ＡＬ组）、自由采食量的 ７０％（ＩＲ７０组）和自由采食量的 ４０％（ＩＲ４０组）３个水平饲喂,每组 ７只羊,每只羊为 １个重复。当 ＡＬ组的试验羊体重达到 ３５ｋｇ时进行屠宰试验,测定生长性能、屠宰性能及重要内脏器官的重量和发育情况。试验期 ６６ｄ。结果表明：不同的饲喂水平对净增重、平均日增重和干物质采食量有显著的影响（Ｐ＜０．０５）,生长性能和部分屠宰指标表现为相同的变化规律,即 ＡＬ组 ＞ＩＲ７０组 ＞ＩＲ４０组,３组之间差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;屠宰率、净肉率和胴体净肉率组间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）;ＡＬ组瘤胃重占复胃总重比例最高,为 ６７．０８％,与 ＩＲ７０组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;肝脏重占宰前活重比例以 ＡＬ组最高,显著高于 ＩＲ７０和 ＩＲ４０组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,饲喂水平对肉用绵羊生长性能、复胃的重量与发育、主要生理器官的发育具有不同程度的影响;本试验结果与 ＮＲＣ（２００７）肉羊的饲养标准有一定的差距。     

两种育雏温度培育肉仔鸡的效果

选用１日龄艾维茵仔鸡４０００只随机分成两组，育雏床上分别采用３５℃和３２℃的初温，以后每周降３℃，比较两组仔鸡在２周龄以内的增重和死亡情况。结果显示一周内肉鸡的增重高温组高于低温组，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；第二周内增重差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；二周内鸡的死亡数为高温组低于低温组，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。鸡７周龄出栏时料肉比：高温组为１．９４，低温组为２．０１；７周龄出栏平均体重：高温组为２．４９ｋｇ，低温组为２．３０ｋｇ。３５℃初温育雏肉鸡的效果好于３２℃初温。     

日粮中添加高剂量铜对肉用仔鸡生长和肝、粪铜浓度的影响

用１６４只１周龄ＡＡ肉用仔鸡进行的两次试验结果显示，在含铜８—１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ的玉米—豆饼日粮中，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜（ＣｕＳＯ４５Ｈ２Ｏ），提高４—７周龄平均增重７．１－１０．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１），提高１—３周龄平均增重２．１－２．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５，试验Ⅱ）或６．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１，试验Ⅰ），降低１—３周龄饲料／增重６．３－１５．３％，添加１２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ铜，对胸肌含水量无影响（Ｐ＞０．０５），明显提高了肝铜含量（Ｐ＜０．０５），但幅度不太大，由对照组的１３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ提高到２３．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ（风干基础），而正常鸡肝含铜量低，因此对食品卫生无不利影响。大量铜由粪中排出体外，试验组粪铜浓度比对照组提高９倍。     

共轭亚油酸对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳质量和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究共轭亚油酸（ＣＬＡ）对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋壳质量的影响及机理,试验选用 ４０周龄健康、体重和产蛋率相近的海兰白蛋鸡 ４８０只,采用单因素试验设计,随机分为 ４组,每组 ３个重复,每个重复４０只,试验组分别添加０．５％、１．０％和２．０％的 ＣＬＡ,对照组不添加,试验期８周。试验结束时,每组选 ６只采血并屠宰,测定血清中三碘甲腺原氨酸（Ｔ３）、四碘甲腺原氨酸（Ｔ４）、皮质醇、雌二醇（Ｅ２）、钙离子、磷离子含量和碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）活性及肝脏肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶（ＣＰＴ Ⅰ）活性。结果表明：１）各试验组蛋鸡生产性能与对照组均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２）各试验组蛋壳强度均显著大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,蛋壳厚度均差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３）２．０％ＣＬＡ组蛋鸡血清 Ｔ３、Ｔ４、皮质醇和 Ｅ２含量显著高于对照组及 ０．５％和 １．０％ＣＬＡ组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;各试验组蛋鸡血清钙、磷离子浓度与对照组差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）;０．５％和 １．０％ＣＬＡ组蛋鸡血清 ＡＬＰ活性显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。４）１．０％和 ２．０％ＣＬＡ组蛋鸡肝脏 ＣＰＴ Ⅰ活性显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,在本试验条件下,饲粮添加 １．０％的ＣＬＡ能显著提高蛋鸡血清中 ＡＬＰ活性,并在一定程度上促进 Ｅ２的分泌,显著提高蛋壳强度,且不影响蛋鸡的生产性能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.