稗内脐蠕孢菌（Drechslera monoceras）原生质体制备和再生

摘要：研究了菌龄、酶浓度、渗透压稳定剂、缓冲液pH值以及酶解温度和时间等因子对稗内脐蠕孢菌（Drechslera monoceras）原生质体形成的影响。将培养42 h的菌丝，以0.7 mol/L KCl作为渗透压稳定剂，在30 ℃, pH 4.4～5.8条件下，经2%溶壁酶和2%纤维素酶混合酶液酶解4 h，静止条件下原生质体最大释放量达1×106/mL,再生率为0.15%。     

尖顶羊肚菌高生物量高氨基酸含量突变菌株选育

对尖顶羊肚菌(Morchella conicaPers.)CGAC-9506原生质体形成、再生条件进行了研究.在此基础上,诱变羊肚菌原生质体,进行高生物量高氨基酸含量突变菌株选育.原生质体形成的合适条件为①酶解系统4%蜗牛酶,5%溶壁酶,4%纤维素酶.②缓冲系统0.6mol/LKCl的磷酸缓冲液(PH6.98).③酶解时间3.5 h.④酶解温度30℃.⑤菌龄20h.原生质体产量为2.5×104个/mg.在0.3mol/LKCl+0.3mol/L环己六醇的PSA(potato sucore agar)再生培养基上,再生率为0.56%.诱变再生株M.conica CGAC-950637生物量比出发株提高7.3%,总氨基酸比出发株提高38%.     

褐色双孢蘑菇原生质体制备、再生条件的研究

为了提高褐色双孢蘑菇原生质体产量和再生率,本研究以褐色双孢蘑菇棕秀一号为材料,利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件进行二次回归分析对褐色双孢蘑菇制备原生质体的条件进行优化。结果表明,原生质体最佳制备条件为溶壁酶1.35%、蜗牛酶7.01%、酶解温度30.4℃、褐色双孢蘑菇菌丝体菌龄8.36 d、酶解时间3.00 h,在此条件下原生质体产量高达4.39×10~7个·mL^-1;当溶壁酶含量为1.32%、蜗牛酶含量为6.96%、褐色双孢蘑菇菌丝体菌龄9.00 d、酶解时间2.97 h、酶解温度31.0℃时,原生质体的再生率最高(15.1%)。利用紫外诱变和化学诱变技术对褐色双孢蘑菇原生质体进行生长特性诱变,筛选获得了18株生长速率提高的突变菌株。本研究为褐色双孢蘑菇在遗传转化、基因组重排、基因编辑技术等后续分子遗传学研究提供了理论基础。     

指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum )原生质体制备和再生条件

通过对制备材料、酶液浓度、酶解时间、酶解温度、渗透压稳定剂的种类和浓度等因素的实验研究，得到了一种制备指状青霉(Penicillium digitatum)原生质体的有效方法，并在双层培养基上初步实现了原生质体的再生，再生率可达24．9％。此外，还对原生质体的释放和再生方式进行了跟踪观察。原生质体释放有顶端、侧端和原位释放3种方式。原生质体的再生有2种方式，一种是原生质体一端突出形成酵母出芽状细胞；另一种是在原生质体一端直接长出菌丝。     

桑黄菌原生质体的高效分离探究

以桑黄菌丝体为材料,研究不同酶解条件对桑黄菌原生质体产量的影响,以期优化出高效分离桑黄原生质体的理想条件。采用四因素三水平正交试验方法,结果表明在使用1.5%溶壁酶的酶液、菌龄为10 d的菌丝体、0.6 mol·L-1甘露醇为酶解渗透压稳定剂时,酶解时间为3 h、酶解温度为30℃、酶解转速为100 r·min-1的处理条件下,桑黄菌原生质体分离产量最高,为4625万个·m L-1。通过正交试验筛选出了分离桑黄原生质体的最佳处理方式,对于高效分离桑黄原生质体具有指导意义,为选育桑黄各种生物活性物质的高产菌株及相关遗传研究奠定基础。     

蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaerapis）原生质体制备及再生

为建立高效稳定的蜜蜂球囊菌似scosphaeraapis）遗传转化体系,构建具有不同表型特征的球囊菌转化子,本实验对影响蜜蜂球囊菌菌株原生质体制备及再生的因子进行了系统的研究,同时对蜜蜂球囊菌原生质体的释放及再生过程进行了显微观察。结果表明,采用液体培养基进行24h培养的蜜蜂球囊菌菌体,在28℃条件下,应用50mg／mL的崩溃酶,经4h酶解所制备的原生质体释放量最大,达到34．00×10^5／mL。在上述条件下,采用0．8mol／L柠檬酸与NaCl的混合液作为稳渗剂,原生质体的再生率也较高,达到53．06％。蜜蜂球囊菌以菌丝断裂方式释放原生质体,原生质体再生时表现为原生质体先是突出,其后延长,并最终发育成为正常菌丝。本实验首次优化了蜜蜂球囊菌原生质体制备实验流程及原生质体再生最佳条件,为深入研究蜜蜂球囊菌的致病机理及寻找蜜蜂球囊菌致病相关基因奠定基础。     

桧状青霉原生质体制备和再生的研究

本文对桧状青霉H16的原生质体制备和再生的相关影响因子进行了初步的研究。结果表明：于30℃,转速为200 r/min的SDYS培养基中培养了16 h的菌丝,经S1溶液洗涤后,在1 mol/L的NaCl为等渗溶液,采用浓度为10 mg/mL的酶液,酶解温度为35℃,转速为100 r/min的条件下处理1.5 h时原生质体量达到最佳,本实验范围内最高达到6×106个/mL;同时,选取含有25 mmol/L Ca2＋的改良的察氏培养基培养经S2洗涤的原生质体时,原生质体可以达到较佳的再生率,本实验范围内最高达到24.3%。该研究为桧状青霉后期的菌株改造和遗传转化体系的建立奠定了基础。     

绿色木霉的原生质体制备与转化条件

对绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)原生质体制备和再生的条件进行了较详细的分析,并在此基础上进行了木霉的转化.结果表明,木霉原生质体形成的合适条件为培养24 h的菌丝用4 mg/mL的Glucanex在磷酸盐缓冲液中(pH 6.98)、30℃、振荡(40 r/min)酶解4 h,原生质体产量达到4.7×107个/mg.原生质体在0.3 mol/L肌醇和0.3 mol/L KCl的CM培养基上再生率为14.5%.对绿色木霉原生质体的激发子基因转化,其转化率为每微克DNA得到1～2个转化子.转化子的PCR鉴定以及激发子抗体的特异酶联免疫测定(ELISA)结果,表明外源基因已转入绿色木霉并有稳定产物表达.     

紫花苜蓿与百脉根原生质体培养及不对称体细胞杂交

本研究拟通过原生体培养和不对称细胞杂交实现白脉根与苜蓿种间基因重组,为改良苜蓿饲用品质提供新的技术手段,用酶解法分离清水紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Qingshui’)及里奥百脉根(Lotus corniculatus L.cv.‘Leon’)愈伤组织来源的原生质体,研究了酶解时间、酶液组合、甘露醇浓度、预处理条件、继代时间及培养方法等对原生质体分离和培养效果的影响。采用改良的PEG-高Ca2+-高p H法进行了不对称体细胞杂交,通过荧光染色鉴别异核体并测定融合率。结果表明,采用继代培养第8~12天的苜蓿和百脉根愈伤组织,0.55 mol·L-1CPW溶液中预处理1h或预暗培养24 h,甘露醇浓度为0.55~0.6 mol·L-1时,清水紫花苜蓿在2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%崩溃酶的酶液中酶解10 h,里奥百脉根在2%纤维素酶+0.5%果胶酶+0.3%半纤维素酶的酶液中酶解12 h,经2~3个月的固液+固体培养模式可分别获得较好的原生质体分离效果及愈伤组织再生植株。清水紫花苜蓿原生质体经3 mmol·L-1IOA处理10 min,里奥百脉根经50μg·m L-1R-6G处理10 min后融合,PEG(6000)最适浓度为35%,异源融合率为3.1%,最终获得了苜蓿与百脉根的杂种愈伤组织,为进一步培育抗臌胀病型苜蓿种质提供了新的材料。     

海带酶解和菌解工艺优化及其降解产物对菜心抗逆性的影响

  【目的】  海藻 (海带) 降解物对作物具有抗逆促生作用,研究海带菌解和酶解的最佳工艺条件,并比较两个工艺生产的降解产物对菜心的抗逆效果。  【方法】  采用单因素和正交试验,探究不同的底物浓度、接种量、溶液pH、降解温度分别对微泡菌Microbulbifer sp. SH-1和海藻酸裂解酶AlgSH7制备海藻降解产物的影响。同时,借助光学显微镜,研究SH-1菌和AlgSH7酶降解过程中海带细胞形态变化。并在此基础上,利用盆栽试验,研究海带菌解产物、酶解产物对菜心非生物胁迫抗性的影响。  【结果】  海藻酸裂解酶AlgSH7降解海带的最佳工艺条件是底物浓度2%,酶添加量6%,降解体系初始pH 8.5,温度44℃;SH-1菌株降解海带的最佳工艺条件是底物浓度2.5%,接种量1.5%,降解体系初始pH 7.5,温度32℃。与菌解产物相比,酶解产物中海藻酸、总糖、还原糖含量分别提高141.8%、57.6%、150.5%,而褐藻多酚、甘露醇、甜菜碱含量分别下降35.3%、60.6%、62.6%,但菌解工艺的产率比酶解工艺高9.3%。细胞形态观察结果表明,海带原始细胞排列紧密,形状规则饱满,随菌解或酶解时间的延长,海带细胞可视面积变小,细胞之间的间距增大。降解24 h时,酶解海带细胞可视面积仅为菌解的77.2%。在盆栽试验中,中度干旱条件下 (土壤相对含水量50%),酶解液灌根处理的菜心生物量比菌解液处理提高13.7%;酶解液配施水溶肥 (NPK, N:P₂O₅:K₂O=110:50:60) 处理的菜心生物量比菌解液配施NPK处理明显提高10.6%。淹水条件下 (淹水层深度2 cm),酶解液处理的菜心生物量比菌解液处理降低7.1%,但均显著高于对照处理;酶解液配施NPK处理的菜心生物量比菌解液配施NPK处理提高5.6%。盐胁迫条件下 (土壤中NaCl 含量24 g/kg),海带酶解液处理的菜心生物量比菌解液处理有增加趋势,但增加不显著。  【结论】  海带酶解产物中海藻酸、总糖、还原糖含量高于菌解产物,而褐藻多酚、甘露醇、甜菜碱含量低于菌解产物。菌解海带的产率高于酶解海带的产率。逆境胁迫条件下,海带酶解液配施NPK处理的菜心生物量高于菌解液配施NPK处理,海带酶解液对农作物抗逆促生作用优于菌解产物。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.