有机肥替代化肥对土壤肥力和玉米产量的影响

为研究有机肥替代化肥对土壤培肥和玉米产量的影响,在北京市房山区布置田间小区试验,试验设置不施肥对照(CK)、常规化肥(CN)、常规化肥等氮量的有机肥(ON)、有机肥使用量是ON处理的一半(0.5 ON)、一半化肥氮一半有机肥氮(0.5 CN)5个处理.结果表明:有机肥替代100％化肥处理第2年玉米产量降低,降幅5.2％...     

连续3年施用生物有机肥对土壤养分、微生物生物量及酶活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究了连续3年在不同土壤中施用不同量的生物有机肥的土壤养分、微生物生物量、酶活性及棉花各器官干物质量的变化。结果表明:连续3年施用生物有机肥,3种土壤的养分、酶活性、微生物量和各器官干物质量均有不同程度的提高。随着其用量的增加,土壤养分、微生物量及脲酶活性也在增加,土壤pH则相反,土壤蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶活性表现先上升后下降的趋势,且在不同土壤施用生物有机肥10~30 g/kg时基本达到最高,过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化。高、中、低有机质含量的土壤的棉花各器官干物质量分别在施用生物有机肥10~20、20~30、40 g/kg时基本达到最高。随着施肥年限的延长,3种土壤微生物生物量碳、氮均表现为先降低后升高的趋势,土壤酶活性则变化差异较大。通过在不同有机质含量土壤中施肥与不施肥比较发现,本底有机质含量越低的土壤,施肥较不施肥的土壤养分、脲酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性及微生物量增加幅度越大。     

长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响

通过设置在江苏省句容农科所的田间定位试验研究长期免耕及施用有机肥料对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响。结果表明 :经过 1 6年 32茬稻—麦水旱轮作后 ,表土层 ( 0～ 5cm)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量比亚表层 ( 5～ 1 0cm)分别高 2 7.5 %、43.6%和1 1 %。与常规耕翻相比长期免耕处理表土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别增加了2 5 .4%和 45 .4% ,而微生物生物量磷无明显变化规律 ;亚表层的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷免耕与耕翻两种耕作方式间的差异不显著。尽管各施肥处理施用的氮、磷、钾数量完全相等 ,但土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的含量却因肥料种类的不同而异。综合 0～ 5和 5～ 1 0cm土层 ,微生物生物量碳、磷为 :猪粪 化肥 >秸秆 化肥 >绿肥 化肥 >化肥 >不施肥 ,微生物生物量氮则为 :猪粪 化肥 >绿肥 化肥 >秸秆 化肥 >化肥 >不施肥。相关分析结果显示 ,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤碱解氮之间均呈极显著的正相关 ,表明其与土壤肥力关系密切 ,可作为评价土壤肥力性状的生物学指标     

施用生物有机肥对黄瓜不同生育期土壤肥力特征及酶活性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥对潮土土壤肥力特征及酶活性的影响,采用田间小区试验,以黄瓜为试验作物,研究了生物有机肥对黄瓜不同生育期潮土0—15cm和15—30cm土层肥力特征及酶活性的影响,其中生物有机肥施用量分别为0t/hm~2(CK),10t/hm~2(Y1),20t/hm~2(Y2)。结果表明:(1)在黄瓜同一生育期,不同土层中土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和有机质含量均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加呈上升趋势。在黄瓜成熟期,Y1和Y2处理0—15cm土层中土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、土壤有机质含量与CK相比,分别增加了5.99%,11.21%,17.48%,5.98%,39.30%和6.59%,25.86%,21.99%,10.78%,61.76%,其中土壤铵态氮和有机质含量在各处理中的差异达到显著水平(P0.05),而Y1和Y2处理15—30cm土层中土壤硝态氮和速效磷较CK分别增长了18.83%~23.27%和39.30%~61.76%。(2)在黄瓜同一生育期,随着生物有机肥施用量的增加,不同土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均逐渐增强。在黄瓜成熟期,施用生物有机肥的Y1和Y2处理0—15cm土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与CK相比分别增加了47.02%~62.08%和14.41%~23.73%,且不同处理之间差异显著(P0.05),而15—30cm土层中土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性与CK相比,分别增加了49.17%~67.75%和40.01%~63.33%,且Y1和Y2处理与CK差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)随黄瓜生育期的延长,不同土层中各肥力指标和土壤脲酶活性均呈下降趋势,而土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈先增加后降低的趋势,且0—15cm土层土壤各肥力指标和酶活性均高于15—30cm土层。综上所述,施用生物有机肥可提高潮土不同土层的土壤肥力水平和土壤酶活性,且土壤肥力和酶活性随生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加。     

施用生物有机肥对枸杞产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

针对枸杞产业中过量施用化肥及长期连作的栽培模式导致土壤持续生产能力下降,枸杞品质降低等问题,研究生物有机肥对土壤肥力及枸杞产量和品质的影响。以宁夏主栽的4年生‘宁杞7号’红枸杞为研究对象,进行了连续2年施用不同量[0 t·hm~(-2)(T1)、3 t·hm~(-2)(T2)、6 t·hm~(-2)(T3)、9 t·hm~(-2)(T4)、12 t·hm~(-2)(T5)]生物有机肥的田间试验,以不施生物有机肥(T1)为对照,分析生物有机肥施用量对土壤肥力、枸杞产量、品质以及经济效益的影响,探究产量与品质之间的相关性,用主成分分析法,确定合理的生物有机肥施用量。结果表明:(1)施用生物有机肥能够降低土壤p H值和全盐含量,显著提高土壤有机质和碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量。(2)生物有机肥在枸杞增产和改善品质方面有显著作用,与不施肥(T1)相比,施生物有机肥增产38.01%～86.88%,枸杞浆果纵径增加7.16%～15.76%,横径增加8.66%～19.37%,百粒重增加6.47%～18.65%,可溶性固形物含量提高3.96%～10.37%,多糖含量提高8.57%～19.05%,Vc含量提高5.69%～17.08%。(3)年收益从44 282.20元·hm~(-2)增长至106 749.80元·hm~(-2),T2至T5处理较T1处理分别增加了59.95%、109.46%、139.27%和141.07%,产投比从2.08提高到了2.45。(4)相关分析表明,产量与纵径、横径和Vc呈极显著相关,与百粒重和多糖呈显著相关。(5)综合产量和品质分析得出T4处理效果最好,增产80.32%,纵径增加14.49%,横径增加17.53%,百粒重增加18.65%,可溶性固形物含量提高10.37%,多糖含量提高19.05%,Vc含量提高16.58%,年收益提高139.27%,产投比高达2.45。在宁夏枸杞种植区施用生物有机肥促进枸杞提质增效,综合产量和品质分析,合理的生物有机肥施用量控制在9 t·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

施肥对黑土土壤微生物生物量碳的作用研究

长期施肥对黑土耕地表层土壤微生物生物量碳 (MBC)的作用研究结果表明 ,NPK化肥配施可保持休闲地土壤微生物生物量碳含量至 1.6g/kg水平 ;高量有机肥与无机肥配施可比休闲地土壤微生物生物量碳含量提高 1.96～ 2 .75倍 ;长期耕种与施肥对土壤微生物生物量碳含量产生衰减影响 ;各处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量增加依次为M2 NPK( 14 1.2 5 % ,1990年始处理 ) >M4 NPK( 12 6 .88% ) >M2 NPK( 10 1.2 5 % ,1980年始处理 ) >M4 CK( 80 .6 3% ) >(M1 NPK)× 1.5 ( 13.13% ) >NPK( 8.12 % ) ,各处理土壤微生物生物量碳含量减少依次为M0 NPK(- 3.75 % ) >M1 NPK(- 17.5 0 % ) >M2 CK(- 30 .6 3% ) >CK(- 4 7.5 0 % ) >M0 CK(- 6 1.88% )。     

黄土高原区长期施用有机肥对土壤肥力及小麦产量的影响

黄土高原区长期定位试验麦秸、玉米秸、绿肥、厩肥及化肥等培肥物质对土壤养分及小麦产量的影响结果表明,长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全量养分和速效养分含量,提高土壤酶活性,改善土壤有机无机复合体、土壤水分、物理形状和土壤团聚度,提高调节土壤水、肥、气、热等能力,其中秸秆增产效果最显著。     

不同碳氮比有机肥对有机农业土壤微生物生物量的影响

有机肥能提高土壤微生物活性, 改善土壤品质。碳氮比是影响有机肥肥效的重要因素。本试验以无肥处理为对照(CK), 设置4个有机肥碳氮比处理(20︰1、15︰1、10︰1、5︰1), 在温室中进行茄子盆栽试验, 定期采集土壤样品, 用熏蒸提取法测定土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN), 研究等氮条件下不同碳氮比有机肥料对土壤生物活性的影响。试验结果表明, 不同碳氮比的有机肥均能提高土壤的SMBC和SMBN含量, 具体表现为SMBC: 20︰1>10︰1≈15︰1>5︰1>CK, SMBN: 15︰1>10︰1>20︰1>5︰1>CK。SMBC/SMBN的比率反映土壤氮素生物活性, 其值越低, 生物活性越大, 氮素损失越少, 本试验SMBC/SMBN表现为: 15︰1<10︰1<20︰1≈5︰1相似文献   

施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响

在潮棕壤上进行了5年的定位试验,研究不同有机肥用量对作物产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥处理与对照处理相比,施用有机肥有明显的增产和稳产作用。不施肥处理,除土壤全钾以外,土壤其他各项养分指标（C、N、P）均有所下降;施用有机肥能显著提高速效P、K养分含量和有机碳及全磷含量。5年时间,低量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量下降了9.19mg/kg,说明低量有机肥并不能保证土壤氮的供给;中量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量略有上升,土壤全氮收支基本平衡;高量有机肥处理土壤碱解氮含量有明显增加,土壤全氮也有较大程度的盈余。     

生物有机肥对潮土物理性状及微生物量碳、氮的影响

[目的]研究生物有机肥对潮土不同土层土壤物理特性及微生物碳氮的影响,为生物有机肥在土壤改良、水土保持和促进设施农业可持续发展等方面提供科学依据。[方法]采用田间小区试验的方法,研究生物有机肥对潮土0—15和15—30cm土层土壤水力学性质、土壤团聚体及微生物量碳、氮的改善效果,其中生物有机肥施用量分别为0,10,20t/hm~2。[结果]施用生物有机肥可显著降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度和各水力学指标,其中土壤容重降低了10.37%~19.26%,田间持水量和饱和导水率提高了13.12%~32.25%和37.28%~67.11%;生物有机肥可提高土壤大团聚体含量和平均质量直径,降低分形维数;生物有机肥提高了土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,增幅分别为33.66%~52.67%和11.52%~22.64%;土壤物理特性与微生物量碳、氮具有明显相关性。[结论]生物有机肥可有效改善潮土土壤结构和水力学特性,增加土壤蓄水供水能力,提高土壤大团聚体含量、稳定性和微生物量碳、氮含量。     

不同施肥制度对玉米生育期土壤微生物量的影响

通过测定不同施肥制度下玉米土壤微生物量碳、氮的动态变化,探讨了不同施肥制度对玉米土壤的培肥效应。研究结果表明,与无肥、单施有机肥、单施化肥相比,有机肥与N、P、K肥配合施用能显著增加玉米各生育时期的土壤微生物量碳、氮,促进土壤微生物量显著增长,增强了土壤养分容量的供应强度,有利于培肥土壤。     

长期施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

通过田间定位试验研究长期施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤微生物量C、N的影响。结果表明，长期施肥与地膜覆盖提高了土壤微生物量C、N含量，长期施有机肥和有机无机肥配施，土壤微生物量C、N显著高于单施化肥和不施肥。相关分析表明，土壤微生物量C、N与土壤有机C、全N均呈极显著的正相关。土壤微生物量C、N可作为指示土壤肥力的重要指标。本试验土壤微生物量C占有机C的比例平均为9．95％，微生物量N占全N的比例平均为10．78％。     

Evaluating soil microbial biomass carbon as an indicator of long-term environmental change

The aim is to assess whether soil microbial biomass carbon (biomass C) could be used as an indicator of environmental change in natural and semi-natural ecosystems. Biomass C was measured by fumigation-extraction in soils from two sites at Rothamsted. One was a plot from the Broadbalk Wheat Experiment, given inorganic fertiliser and chalk, which has been in continuous cultivation for more than 150 yr. The other was a similar sized area, from Geescroft Wilderness, which has been left to revert to woodland since 1885, after being an arable field. Other soil properties (pH, soil organic C and exchangeable cations) were also measured to compare with biomass C. The coefficients of variation (cvs) of the properties measured were calculated for comparison, little difference was found between the cvs for biomass C from each site: cv=26% for Broadbalk and 23% for Geescroft. The cvs for the other, chemical properties, were mostly <10% for Broadbalk and generally >25% for Geescroft, as expected, given the different cultivation histories. Statistical analysis of the variation in biomass C concentration revealed that such measurements would not be valid indicators of environmental change, without processing impossibly large numbers of samples. To decrease the least significant percentage change to less than 5% after three samplings, 320 samples would have to be taken each time. This would be also be true of the other chemical properties in Geescroft Wilderness, where the measured background variation would mask any subtle environmental change. This indicates that, for some properties at least, statistically significant changes will only be detected in the longer term with regular sampling, e.g. 30-40 yr.     

耕作方式对长期免耕农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

以华北冬小麦-夏玉米两熟区长期免耕土壤为研究对象, 研究不同耕作方式(免耕、翻耕和旋耕)对长期免耕土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的影响, 为制定合理的轮耕制度提供依据。试验结果表明: 长期免耕土壤进行耕作处理后SMBC 的时空分布和稳定性产生显著变化。不同耕作处理SMBC 含量在0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层变化明显, 小麦起身期含量最低, 收获期最高; 深层SMBC变化不明显。免耕处理SMBC 随土壤层次明显降低, 且各土壤层次SMBC 差异达显著(P<0.05)水平; 翻耕、旋耕处理0~5 cm 和5~10 cm 土层间SMBC 无明显差异, 其他层次间差异显著(P<0.05)。从生育期平均值看, 0~5 cm 土层免耕处理SMBC 含量较高, 翻耕和旋耕处理则分别比免耕降低6.7%、6.1%; 与免耕相比, 5~10 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理分别增加30.2%和20.7%(P<0.01),10~20 cm 土层SMBC 翻耕、旋耕处理比免耕增加48.1%(P<0.01)和10.5%(P<0.05)。在冬小麦生育期内, 0~20 cm土层SMBC 稳定性表现为翻耕>旋耕>免耕, 20~30 cm 土层SMBC 稳定性表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕。     

PH对红壤微生物生物量碳和生物量磷的影响

The impact of pH changes on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic) were examined for 3 red soils under citrus production with different lengths of cultivation. Soil pH significantly affected Cmic and Pmic. The Cmie and Pmic changes, as a function of soil pH, appeared to follow a normal distribution with the original soil pH value at the apex and as pH increased or decreased compared to the original soil pH, Cmic and Pmic declined. Moreover, there were critical pH values at both extremes (3.0 on the acidic side and 8.0 to 8.5 on the alkaline side), beyond which most of microorganisms could never survive. The effect of pH on Cmic and Pmic was also related to the original soil pH. The higher the original soil pH was, the less Cmic or Pmic were affected by pH change. It is suggested that soil microorganisms that grow in a soil environment with a more neutral soil pH range (i.e. pH 5.5-7.5) may have a greater tolerance to pH changes than those growing in more acidic or more alkaline soil pH conditions.     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和微生物量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥和生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的变化。结果表明:生物复混肥处理的土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均最高;施用生物复混肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其是多酚化合物类和糖类;不同处理土壤微生物碳源利用特征有一定差异,生物复混肥在第1主成分上的得分值为正值,其他各处理在第1主成分上的得分值基本上为负值,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类。在玉米生长期间各处理土壤微生物量大致呈先升高后逐渐平稳的趋势,且土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均以生物复混肥处理最高,最高值分别为333.21mg.kg 1、53.02 mg.kg 1和22.20 mg.kg 1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落丰富度和功能多样性,显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量,有利于维持良好的土壤微生态环境。     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

Limitations of soil microbial biomass carbon as an indicator of soil pollution in the field

The size of the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) has been proposed as a sensitive indicator for measuring the adverse effects of contaminants on the soil microbial community. In this study of Australian agricultural systems, we demonstrated that field variability of SMBC measured using the fumigation-extraction procedure limited its use as a robust ecotoxicological endpoint. The SMBC varied up to 4-fold across control samples collected from a single field site, due to small-scale spatial heterogeneity in the soil physicochemical environment. Power analysis revealed that large numbers of replicates (3-93) were required to identify 20% or 50% decreases in the size of the SMBC of contaminated soil samples relative to their uncontaminated control samples at the 0.05% level of statistical significance. We question the value of the routine measurement of SMBC as an ecotoxicological endpoint at the field scale, and suggest more robust and predictive microbiological indicators.     

中国东北黑土上长期施用化肥对土壤微生物生物量和功能多样性的影响

An experiment with seven N, P, K-fertilizer treatments, i.e., control （no fertilizer）, NP, NK, PK, NPK, NP2K, and NPK2 where P2 and K2 indicate double amounts of P and K fertilizers respectively, was conducted to examine the effect of long-term continuous application of chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass and functional diversity of a black soil （Udoll in the USDA Soil Taxonomy） in Northeast China. The soil microbial biomass C ranged between 94 and 145 mg kg^-1, with the NK treatment showing a lower biomass; the functional diversity of soil microbial community ranged from 4.13 to 4.25, with an increasing tendency from control to double-fertilizer treatments, and to triple-fertilizer treatments. The soil microbial biomass, and the microbial functional diversity and evenness did not show any significant differences among the different fertilizer treatments including control, suggesting that the long-term application of chemical fertilization would not result in significant changes in the microbial characteristics of the black soil.     

不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、微生物量及酶活性的影响

【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性, 增加作物产量, 增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。