计入水量损失和水头损失的渠系输

在灌溉排水领域中，对于输水渠道，仅有考核输水过程中水量损失的渠系水利用系数指标，而无考核输水过程中的水头损失的指标。本研究首次提出渠系水头效率指标，建立既包括水量损失，又包括水头损失的渠系输水效率指标，给出渠系水头效率和渠系输水效率的计算方法。成果对于研究并提高渠系输水效率、降低输水成本有重要意义。     

计入水量损失和水头损失的渠系输水效率研究

在灌溉排水领域中,对于输水渠道,目前仅有考核输水过程中水量损失的渠系水利用系数指标,而无考核输水过程中的水头损失的指标.本研究首次提出了渠系水头效率指标;建立了既包括水量损失又包括水头损失的渠系输水效率指标;给出渠系水头效率和渠系输水效率的计算方法.成果对于研究并提高渠系输水效率、降低输水成本有重要意义.     

初析灌区水的利用系数

灌区水的利用系数,是衡量灌区工程技术状况和灌溉管理水平的重要指标。目前,我国灌区的渠系水利用系数普遍偏低。北方较好的灌区渠系水利用系数为0.55～0.65,差的仪为0.24～0.32。陕西各大型灌区的渠系水利用系数一般为0.60左右。灌区水的利用系数不高的原因,是由于水量损失过大。而水量损失的途径,主要为渠道输水渗漏损失、管理损失和水面蒸发损失等。其中渗漏损失占绝大部分,其次是管理损失,蒸发损失量极小。据河南人民胜利渠小冀支渠1957年实     

基于水平衡测试的石门水库灌区用水效率与提高措施分析

汉中石门水库灌区是汉中平原大型灌区，通过水平衡测试分析典型灌区用水效率、研究提高用水效率的措施，对实最严格水资源管理制度的模式、经验与做法具有十分重要的意义。通过对灌区开展点、线、面式的水平衡测试，掌握了灌区水量分配、输水、用水设施运行情况、用水总量和各区域用水之间的定量关系。从测试数据入手，计算灌溉用水效率，结合灌区地貌、作物分布、渠道衬砌等多方面因素，分析灌区灌溉用水效率，研究提高措施。结果表明，灌区在丘陵地区种植水稻与低级渠道输水渗漏是灌区用水损失较大的因素，为灌区提高用水效率与节水方案制定提供了重要依据。     

人民胜利渠灌区多水源循环转化模型研究

从取水、输水、配水、排水系统的角度,构建了人民胜利渠灌区多水源循环转化模型,定量模拟分析了人民胜利渠灌区系统多年平均下的多水源循环转化关系。结果表明,从农田灌排系统角度,构建灌区多水源循环转化模型是可行的,能够较好地模拟灌区系统多水源循环转化过程;人民胜利渠灌区水资源的转化主要集中在输水和配水系统中,水资源转化量分别约为1.76亿和9.66亿m~3,取水系统和排水系统水资源转化量较小,分别为0.01亿和0.13亿m~3。输水系统中水资源转化以渗漏为主,渠系渗漏量约占总引黄水量的44%,这增加了引黄输水渠道沿线农田遭受渍害和土壤次生盐碱化的风险;配水系统中农田渗漏量约占水资源转化量的28%,这可能与部分地区仍采用落后的灌溉方式有关。     

基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法

提出基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法,合理规划大桥水库灌区渠系配水,提高水资源利用率,降低无效弃水以及对生态环境的影响。以配水结束后灌区各渠系缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及农作物生产带来的灰水足迹三者最小为大桥水库灌区渠系规划多目标决策函数,以渠道输水能力、水量和时间为约束条件,构建大桥水库灌区渠系规划的多目标决策模型;以栅格法构建路径规划的运行环境,通过移动几率优化、信息素挥发系数自适应调整两方面改进蚁群算法,通过改进蚁群算法寻优获取渠道缺水量、输水损失量、灰水足迹最小的水库灌区渠系规划结果。实验证明：该方法可以有效规划大桥水库灌区渠系的水资源,规划后的灌区渠系在缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及灰水足迹方面都有较好的表现,且效率高、应用性强。     

农田灌溉渠道渗漏损失的计算方法

渠道防渗损失是衡量灌渠输水效率的一个重要指标,输水损失的估算,对于评估渠道状况和输水利用水平具有积极意义。论述了对有防渗层渠道渗漏、无防渗层渠道渗漏两种情况下的输水渗漏损失计算方法,对于农田水利工程建设中,注重渠道防渗作用,并据此计算,适当采取科学合理的防渗技术措施,达到较好的经济和社会效益,具有很好的指导意义。     

农村实用节水灌溉技术

一、低压管道输水灌溉技术低压管道输水灌溉简称“管灌”,由于投资少、方法简便已被成功地在我国推广应用,在今后相当长的一段时期内仍将在节水灌溉中占主导地位。管道输水是利用管道代替明渠进行输水的一种方法,与渠道输水相比,消除了渗漏损失和蒸发损失,输水过程中水的利用率     

我国推广的节水灌溉技术

我国水资源总量２８亿ｍ３,农业用水占７０％以上。每ｈｍ２耕地占有量仅１２６ｍ３,为世界平均耕地占有量的４／５,是水资源严重缺乏、干旱严重的国家。党的十五届三中全会指出：“大力发展节水农业,把节水灌溉作为一项革命性措施来抓。”为了推动节水灌溉技术的发展,撰此文以飨读者。目前适合我国大面积推广的节水灌溉技术有：１渠道防渗技术由于渠道渗漏,输水环节水的损失在２０％～４０％。渠道衬砌防渗技术可使输水损失降至８％以下。目前主要有混凝土衬砌、塑料薄膜防渗、混凝土Ｕ形渠槽等。经防渗处理后,渠系水的有效利用系…     

计算渠道输水损失及配水流量的积分解法

在《计算渠道渗漏损失及水的利用系数的改进公式》一文中,作者从考斯加可夫公式出发,推导了一组渠道配水计算的实用公式。这组公式计算简便而准确,无疑是一种行之有效的改进算法。但笔者认为,建立渠道输水微分方程时,必须以渠道的水量平衡原理为依据,以便充分地揭示渠道输水的内在物理规律。此外,为了扩大计算方法的应     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。