混凝土衬砌渠道保温防冻胀技术研究

通过调研我国北方大型灌区渠道保温防冻胀技术应用现状,并进行理论分析,提出了混凝土衬砌渠道保温防冻胀最佳结构型式,并确定了其适用条件和范围。基于热传导理论和热阻等效原理建立了相应的保温板厚度计算公式,利用黑龙江蛤蟆通灌区试验数据确定了冻土等效导热系数计算方法,并对保温板厚度计算公式进行了验证。结果表明,计算值与最佳方案保温板厚度的最大误差为5.62%,说明该计算公式有较高精确度,可以在黑龙江及其相似地区推广应用。     

玛纳斯河灌区渠道防渗改造的几点经验

简要介绍了玛纳斯河灌区及防渗渠道建设的基本情况,结合灌区改造工程实践,针对严寒地区渠道冻胀破坏问题和高流速渠道冲刷破坏问题,总结了采用各种砌石衬砌结构防渗、防冲的优越性;提出了在高地下水位区要解决防冲问题,应采用跌水控制土渠纵坡及流速或采用透水的干砌石衬砌结构,慎用混凝土村砌;提出了风积沙中的细颗粒含量为6％～9％时,仅具弱冻胀性,可以作为抗冻胀置换垫层的观点;认为在严寒地区应加强苯板保温防冻胀的原型观测和理论研究,以便科学合理地确定苯板的厚度,降低工程造价。     

渠道防渗保温防冻胀标准化技术模式

渠道冻胀破坏是我国北方季节性冻土地区发展渠道衬砌与防渗工程技术的关键制约因素。本文在分析我国渠道保温防冻胀技术研究及应用的基础上,建立了渠道防渗保温防冻胀标准化结构型式,并确定了其适用条件和范围,总结了确定保温板厚度的经验法和基于热阻等效原理的计算法,提出了保温板铺设的技术要求和质量检验的控制标准,对季节性冻土地区渠道防渗保温防冻胀技术的进一步推广应用具有重要的指导意义。     

季节性冻土地区渠道防渗防冻胀技术与应用模式

在我国北方季节性冻土地区,混凝土衬砌防渗渠道的冻胀破坏比较广泛,对工程的危害程度最大。在灌区续建配套与节水改造中,目前常用的渠道防冻胀技术措施主要有保温措施、置换措施、隔水排水措施和结构措施等。根据北方16个大中型灌区调查资料,总结了不同条件下渠道防渗防冻胀技术的应用模式,认为在渠道防渗工程冻胀破坏严重的地区,应结合灌区的具体情况,采用防渗防冻胀复合结构形式,才能起到较好的防冻胀效果。     

渠道防渗防冻复合衬砌结构的研究

在我国北方地区的渠道衬砌工程中,存在着因基土冻胀而造成的衬砌破坏问题。本文提出了以珍珠岩板作为衬砌渠道防冻胀新材料,以及制作珍珠岩板和混凝土防渗板相结合复合板的生产工艺。这为我国季节性冻土地区渠道防渗工程的设计提供了依据。     

渠道保温防冻胀中冻土层等效导热系数的计算

针对渠道保温防冻胀设计中计算保温板厚度时关键参数冻土层等效导热系数采用经验法确定、计算误差大等问题,建立了北方寒冷地区粉质黏土的基于分形理论的冻土层等效导热系数λ*的计算公式,利用蛤蟆通灌区试验资料拟合得到系数C的计算公式,并通过内蒙古河套灌区、新疆冲乎尔灌区和黑龙江蛤蟆通灌区渠道保温防冻胀试验资料对建立的冻土层等效导热系数公式进行了验证。结果表明,计算得到的聚苯板厚度与试验观测的最佳厚度基本一致,最大相对误差仅为7.0%,说明其计算精度较高。利用该公式计算得出了粉土及粉质黏土常用冻土层等效导热系数,对于地下水埋深较浅、渠基土冻结期间存在水分迁移、冻胀较为严重的地区,在实际工程应用中可根据设计渠道情况进行选用。     

聚氨酯保温板在渠道中的应用与研究

在寒旱地区刚性衬砌防渗渠道由于冬季负温常常遭受不同程度的冻害破坏,严重影响渠道的正常运转及防渗效果。针对内蒙古临河地区混凝土衬砌渠道严重冻胀破坏问题,提出在该地区渠道混凝土衬砌下面铺设不同厚度的聚氨酯保温板来解决此问题,进行了现场试验,并采用有限元分析软件ADINA分析了不同厚度保温板下的冻胀规律。结果表明:该地区阴坡渠道下部采用6 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板可削减冻胀量11.4 cm,冻胀削减率达到81%;阳坡渠道下部采用5 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板可削减冻胀量3.2 cm,冻胀削减率达到68%,有效地阻止冻胀破坏,为后续渠道衬砌施工中聚氨酯保温板厚度设计提供了技术支持。     

内蒙古临河地区渠道衬砌工程保温防冻胀试验研究

在我国北方的季节性冻土地区,防渗衬砌渠道的冻胀破坏对输水工程的危害最大.针对内蒙古临河地区南边分干渠冻胀破坏问题,提出了在渠道混凝土衬砌下铺设聚氨酯保温板新材料的措施.通过进行现场保温防冻胀试验,分析了各种保温措施下渠道基土的地温、冻深、含水率和冻胀量等影响冻胀变化因素的规律及其特征,总结了不同方案下的保温防冻胀效果,得出了适合该地区混凝土衬砌渠道中聚氨酯保温材料的防冻胀破坏方案:渠道阳坡上部使用3 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板,阳坡下部使用4 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板,阴坡上部使用4 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板,阴坡下部使用5 cm厚的聚氨酯保温板就可以保证混凝土衬砌体不发生冻胀破坏,同时为后续刚性衬砌渠道中采用聚氨酯保温材料防冻胀提供了技术支持.     

两拼式U形渠道混凝土衬砌结构冻胀破坏力学模型

两拼式小型U形渠道混凝土衬砌属薄壳拱形结构。通过对两拼式小型U形渠道砼衬砌冻胀破坏机理及破坏特征的力学分析,确定了在法向冻胀力、法向冻结力及切向冻结力和重力共同作用下混凝土衬砌整体结构的计算简图,建立了该衬砌结构冻胀破坏的力学模型并推导出冻胀控制内力及最大拉应力的计算公式。结合混凝土板抗裂条件,给出了胀裂部位、衬砌板厚及抗冻胀破坏验算的方法。结果表明,与三拼式U形渠道相比,两拼式U形渠道衬砌结构法向冻胀力小、分布均匀、恢复力大、整体适应变形及抗冻胀能力强。     

南疆渠道冻胀破坏与盐胀破坏的探讨

冻胀是造成衬砌渠道破坏的主要因素,同时抗冻胀问题处理也是渠道工程建设中的重点和难点.在南疆地区,除冻胀作用外,还涉及到盐胀对衬砌渠道的破坏作用,如何正确分析冻胀与盐胀对渠道的破坏作用是保证工程安全使用的关键.通过对冻胀与盐胀的破坏机理分析,浅析冻胀与盐胀在南疆渠道使用过程中的破坏,阐述并分析了造成冻胀与盐胀破坏的原因,并提出了建议性的对策措施.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。