食动物线虫真菌的分离和鉴定I.从土壤中分离捕食线虫真菌

以山羊捻转血矛线虫第三期幼虫作为诱饵线虫,利用撒布分离法,对土壤中的食线虫真菌进行了分离和鉴定。结果从不同的土样中分离到了棣属于２个属,７个种的２６株捕食线虫真菌。７个真菌种分别为寡孢节丛孢菌（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙ ｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａ）,指状节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ）,蠕虫节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｖｅｒｍｉｃｏｌａ）,圆锥节丛孢菌（Ａ．ｃｏｎｏｉｄｅｓ）,白色单顶孢菌（Ｍｏｎａｃｒｏｓｐｏｒｉ     

口服少孢节丛孢菌孢子对家畜粪便中线虫幼虫的杀灭研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌（Arthrobotrys oligospora）菌株进行了临床杀家畜寄生性线虫幼虫作用的研究。结果表明：培养的少孢节丛孢菌分生孢子经口饲喂动物后，对粪便中线虫幼虫的杀虫率分别可达96.3％（羊）、96．5％（牛）和97．4％（马）。说明少孢节丛孢菌菌株分生孢子可通过家畜消化道，并保持了其捕食寄生性线虫的能力。研究结果为捕食线虫性真菌的临床应用奠定了重要基础。     

新疆石河子地区捕食线虫性真菌的分离鉴定

以山羊捻转血矛线虫第三期幼虫作为诱饵线虫,利用撒布分离法对新疆石河子地区土壤中的捕食线虫性真菌进行分离,并对所分离的捕食线虫性真菌进行了形态学及分子生物学鉴定.结果成功分离出了9株捕食线虫性真菌,其形态学符合少孢节丛孢菌.将分离株5.8S rDNA和ITS2基因序列与国内外已知少孢节丛孢菌菌株的对比分析,证明少孢节丛孢菌新疆分离株具有区域性特征,其捕食活性高于报道的菌株.分离出适合本地区生态环境的当地菌株对以后家畜线虫病的生物防控尤为必要.     

新鲜牛粪便中食线虫真菌的分离和鉴定

从78个新鲜牛粪样中分离到4株食线虫真菌（nematophagous fungi)，通过对其菌丝体、孢子、捕食器官等的形态学观察、测定，2株鉴定为节丛孢属（Arthrobotrys)的寡孢节丛孢菌（A.oligospora)，1株为指状节丛孢菌（A.dactyloides),1株为圆锥状节丛孢菌（A.conoides)。     

低能氮离子束诱变选育捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌

为获取理想的生物防治捕食线虫性真菌菌株,达到利用自然天敌有效控制家畜寄生性线虫病的目的,作者利用低能氮离子注入诱变捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛胞菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)的分生孢子,测定分生孢子萌发后菌丝的生长速度、产孢能力及菌株对线虫幼虫的捕食率,筛选正突变株。结果表明,低能氮离子束具有诱变少孢节丛孢菌的潜能,诱变后的1株少孢节丛孢菌的生长速度、产孢量和对线虫幼虫的捕食率呈现出了正突变效果。     

捕食线虫性真菌18S rDNA基因序列与种系发生关系研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌A1分离株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1)的18S rDNA基因序列进行了研究。结果表明：其18S rDNA全基因序列为1769bp，在进化树上与同种国外分离株A．oligospora var oligospora 1最为接近，同源性为94．7％。这与二者都具有捕食性结构—菌网的特点相一致。证实捕食线虫性真菌的捕食性结构与捕食线虫性真菌种系发生有关。从少孢节丛孢菌3个分离菌株(Arthrobotrys oligospora A1、A．oligospora 1、A．oligospora2)的进化树及同源性来看。不同国家地区的丛孢菌属(Arthrobotrys)分离株确实存在差异。     

捕食线虫性真菌--少孢节丛孢菌体外杀寄生性线虫幼虫的研究

对捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)菌株体外粪便捕杀马寄生性线虫幼虫进行了研究。结果表明：菌株可以在体外粪便中发育并发挥其捕食作用。在实验室条件下，其对寄生性线虫第一、二期幼虫的作用与对第三期幼虫的作用相比较．捕获致死速度快。菌株对马粪便中线虫幼虫的杀虫率高达98．7％；与对照组相比有显著差异。而且加入粪便的分生孢子数量在达到一定阈值后，再加入分生孢子，则杀虫率不再增加。此结论对捕食线虫性真菌今后临床的应用具有实际指导意义。     

捕食线虫性真菌-少孢节丛孢菌理化特性研究

研究了捕食线虫性真菌一少孢节丛孢菌(Arthrobotrys oligospora)的染色特性、分生孢子对外界理化因素的抵抗力以及菌丝对线虫第三期幼虫的吸引作用等。结果表明少孢节丛孢菌用革兰氏、瑞氏、姬姆萨氏液染色都能很好的着色；分生孢子对高温敏感，对抗生素不敏感，高浓度的氢离子或氢氧根离子能杀死分生孢子：但分生孢子耐低温，因此可用低温冷冻法保存捕食线虫性真菌分生孢子，其方法简便易行。首次解决了国内外在捕食线虫性真菌菌种保存中的难题。研究显示菌丝对线虫第三期幼虫无明显吸引力。     

捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌CIMH1株捕食特性研究

本研究首次对国内土壤中分离出的捕食线虫性真菌—少孢节丛孢菌ＣＩＭＨ１株（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂｏｔｒｙｓｏｌｉｇｏｓｐｏｒａｓｔｒａｉｎ：ＣＩＭＨ１）捕食马线虫第３期幼虫的活性、效力及杀虫机理进行了试验。结果表明菌株生长环境对其捕食活性有很大影响。在２０℃、有氧条件、玉米粉浓度相对较低（０．４ｇ／Ｌ）、菌丝生长较稀疏的ＣＭＡ培养基中,捕食活性最佳。捕食线虫时,在虫体运动刺激及虫体内部某些物质诱导下,菌株会产生一些特殊捕食性结构,如粘性菌丝（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｂｒａｎｃｈｅｓ）、粘性菌环（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｒｉｎｇｓ）和粘性菌网（Ｓｔｉｃｋｙｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ）等。通过这些功能性构造,菌株将线虫捕获并杀死消化。少孢节丛孢菌ＣＩＭＨ１株在最佳条件下,对马线虫第３期幼虫的平均捕食效力为７８．１５±３．８％。     

杀线虫真菌--少孢节丛孢菌胞外丝氨酸蛋白酶的研究进展

在家畜寄生性线虫的生物控制中,利用带线虫真菌——少孢节丛胞菌在侵染线虫过程中分泌的胞外蛋白酶,固定线虫并降解其体壁已显示出巨大的应用潜力。近年来,国外学者主要研究了杀践虫真菌胞外蛋白酶．特别是对少孢节丛孢简胞外丝氨酸蛋白酶基因PⅡ的分离、测序分析、诱导和利用基因工程技术对该蚤白酶基因克隆和异源表达进行了研究。笔者对杀线虫真菌少胞节丛孢菌的研究进展作了阐述。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -