河北省坝上不同土地利用方式土壤可蚀性研究 —以河北省丰宁县大滩乡三道河为例

计算研究河北省坝上不同土地利用方式土壤可蚀性结果表明 ,弃耕地潜在可蚀性 (其值 6 3.85 5 % ) >人工林地 (5 4 .2 12 % ) >耕地 (5 3.0 2 0 % ) >草地 (5 0 .787% ) ,表明草地为最适合该区发展的土地利用方式。     

鱼类乳酸脱氢酶同工酶B_4性质的研究

本文报道草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)心肌乳酸脱氫酶同工酶LDH-B_4(E.C.1.1.1.27)的理化性质,并利用B_4的抗体IgG对几种鱼的组织和器官进行了免疫化学分析,从而确定了这几种鱼中B_4基因产物的表达情况。     

基于GIS的黑龙江省耕地集约利用水平的空间格局分析

利用现代信息手段研究一定尺度的耕地集约利用水平空间分布,为促进区域规模化耕地集约经营以及缩小区域耕地集约利用水平差距具有重要的作用.以黑龙江省64个县(市)为评价单元,采用熵值法和综合指数法定量计算各县(市)耕地集约利用水平,利用GIS手段和地学模型方法,分析和研究各县(市)耕地集约利用水平的空间分布.结果表明,64个县(市)耕地集约利用水平呈现4级分布,东南部耕地集约利用水平明显高于西北部,全局Moran指数,为0.23,各县(市)耕地集约利用水平趋向聚集,但聚集程度不强,耕地集约利用高值区的扩散效应不显著.     

水培条件下重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对作物种子萌发影响的试验研究

为保证再生水安全灌溉利用,通过试验研究了重金属Cr(Ⅵ)对4种典型作物种子芽的影响.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)在低浓度(<1 mg/L)时4种作物种子的各项发芽指标与对照均无显著性差异,随着浓度的增高则逐渐转变为抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越强.Cr(Ⅵ)对种子芽、根牛长的影响远大于对发芽率的影响.对Cr(Ⅵ)浓度与芽长、根长及鲜重的抑制率进行相关分析,呈极显著正相关.通过计算EC25并比较发现,Cr(Ⅵ)对根生长的抑制作用大于对芽生长的抑制作用,4种作物根对Cr(Ⅵ)的敏感性强弱顺序为:西红柿小麦黄瓜玉米.     

油-稻轮作条件下土壤硫形态消长规律的研究

土壤无机硫主要是水溶和吸附态SO2-4,它能被作物直接吸收.有机硫是作物利用硫的主要来源,分为HI还原有机硫(硫酸酯)、碳键硫(C-S)和惰性硫.有机硫只有转化为SO2-4后才能为作物吸收[1].     

新疆察布查尔县土地质量及其可持续利用评价

以新疆伊犁河谷察布查尔县为研究对象,选择土地利用集约化系数(K_i)、土地消耗回报系数(K_r)、土地产出效益系数(K_p)和土地污染替代性系数(K_c)4项宏观评价指标,对近5 a研究区土地质量及其可持续性进行了评价.从土地资源的社会经济利用及其产出效益与社会经济发展和生态环境变化的关系着手,提出一种简单易行的模式去宏观地评价土地资源的质量变化和土地利用效益,为土地资源可持续利用管理提供科学依据.研究结果表明,新疆察布查尔县土地资源的集约化程度较低,虽然土地消耗回报系数较高,但土地生产力未能很好发挥.应加强土地资源的集约利用,加强化肥和农药的科学施用,减轻土壤污染,以促进区域土地资源的可持续利用.     

毛竹4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析

4-香豆酸:辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate:CoA ligase,4CL)基因是植物木质素、类黄酮和其他次生代谢产物合成的关键基因之一.为探究毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)4CL基因的分子特征和表达模式,利用生物信息学方法对毛竹4CL同源基因进行鉴定,并对其基因结构、保守结构域和系统进化等进行全...     

猪黑素皮质激素受体-4基因(MC4R)启动子克隆及其分析

本研究旨在对猪黑素皮质激素受体-4基因(MC4R)的转录调控机制进行初步探讨.首先通过PCR方法扩增MC4R基因5’上游启动区l 234 bp(-1 264～-31 bp)的片段,再利用生物信息学方法对这一区域内潜在的转录起始位点进行了预测,最后采用步移缺失获得了11段长度不等的启动子片段,并分别克隆到荧光素酶(LUC)报告基因表达质粒(pGL3-Basic)中.同时,通过双荧光素酶报告活性分析检测MC4R基因启动子区不同长度片段在猪上皮型肾细胞(PK15)中瞬时转染后的活性.结果表明,猪MC4R 5’端-682 bp处存在1个潜在的转录起始位点(TSS),细胞检测结果显示-514～-486bp区域内存在控制MC4R基础转录活性的顺式调控元件,推测该序列内的热休克转录因子(HSF)结合位点可能对MC4R基因的表达调控及功能行使具有重要作用.     

稻米蒸煮特性QTL定位及与感官食味品质的相关性分析

稻米蒸煮特性和感官食味品质是稻米品质的重要评价指标,其遗传复杂.为挖掘与利用优异的稻米品质基因,本研究利用籼稻昌恢121为受体亲本和优质粳稻越光为供体亲本构建的一套染色体片段置换系(CSSL),对稻米的吸水率(WA)、延伸率(CRE)和膨胀率(VE)3个蒸煮特性进行QTL定位.共检测到4个QTL,分布于第8和第11号染...     

温度对鱼类同工酶活性的影响

通过人工低温环境,对某些鱼类乳酸脱氫酶(LDH)同工酶,葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)同工酶,乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)同工酶活性进行了测定,对LDH-A,LDH-B亚基变化进行了分析,以探索鱼类酶系统对低温环境的适应和抗低温机制。     

藏系绵羊乳酸脱氢酶A的分离纯化和酶学性质

采用HiTrapTM Blue HP亲和层析和DEAE-Sephadex离子交换层析分离方法，对1只雄性高原藏系绵羊(Ovis aries) 大腿骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶-A(LDH-A)进行了分离纯化，并对其酶学参数进行了测定。纯化的藏系绵羊乳酸脱氢酶-A比活力为100.94 U/mg蛋白，纯化倍数为 12.0。经PAGE和SDS-PAGE分析均显示1条带。酶动力学参数测定显示：Km(米氏常数)NADH(reduced nicotinamide adenine denucleotide)=0.022，Km丙酮酸钠=0.444，均比家兔的高；丙酮酸还原反应的最适pH约为5.8；草酸和二价汞能抑制LDH-A的活力；二价汞是LDH-A的可逆性抑制剂。     

Chemometric discrimination among wild and cultured age-0 largemouth bass, black crappies, and white crappies based on fatty acid composition

The potential to distinguish juvenile wild from cultured fishes and to discriminate among juvenile fishes by species based on fatty acid composition was demonstrated. Statistical approaches to data evaluation included analysis of variance, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). Differences were determined between wild and cultured fishes both within and between species and between hatcheries. Fatty acid compositions were compared among individual (not composited) specimens of wild and cultured, age-0, freshwater species: largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus, white crappies P. annularis, and black-nose crappies. Four fatty acids were investigated: linoleic acid (18:2n-6), linolenic acid (18:3n-3), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3). Linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid used to differentiate juvenile wild from cultured fishes. Concentrations of linoleic acid were significantly different (p < 0.05) in cultured largemouth bass and black crappies from the wild counterparts. Linolenic acid concentrations were not significantly different (p < 0.05) between wild and cultured largemouth bass but were significantly different between wild and cultured black crappies. Wild largemouth bass contained higher concentrations of arachidonic acid than the cultured bass, and concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid were twice as high in wild black crappies than cultured black crappies. On the basis of four signature fatty acids, 90 of 91 juvenile fishes were correctly classified as wild or cultured; 32 of 37 wild juvenile fishes originating from the same reservoir were differentiated by species. Data from the training set were used to classify a test set of fishes as to species, source, or origin with 100% accuracy.     

Capacity,selectivity, and reversibility for nitrate exchange of a layered double‐hydroxide (LDH) mineral in simulated soil solutions and in soil

The leaching of nitrate is an important way of N losses from agricultural soils in humid regions. Nitrate leaching is difficult to control as most soils under crop production do not have anion‐exchange properties, and nitrate remains mobile in the solution. The present work evaluated the potential use of a synthetic layered double‐hydroxide (LDH) mineral as a nitrate exchanger in soil. The LDH used was a chloride form of a magnesium‐aluminum layered double hydroxide with the formula: [Mg²⁺_0.82Al³⁺_0.18(OH)₂]^0.18+[(Cl^–)_0.18 0.5(H₂O)]^0.18–. Experiments were carried out in aqueous solutions as well as in soil with the following objectives: (1) to characterize the nitrate adsorption capacity on the LDH, (2) to study its selectivity for nitrate adsorption in solution, (3) to evaluate the reversibility for nitrate exchange, and (4) to study the nitrate adsorption capacity and nitrate diffusion towards the LDH in soil.     

Quillaja saponin can modulate ovalbumin-induced IgE allergic responses through regulation of Th1/Th2 balance in a murine model

Quillaja saponin is the extract from the balk of a South American tree, and it is considered to modulate immunological responses. We hypothesized that Quillaja saponin may change allergy-associated cytokine profile and antigen-specific immune responses. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Quillaja saponin can suppress ovalbumin (OVA)-induced IgE-mediated allergic responses through promoting a dominant Th1 immune response. The spleen cells from BALB/c mice, which were primed by OVA, were used for an in vitro challenge test. The level of total and OVA-specific IgE, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-12 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BALB/c mice were orally administered with saponin for 35 days. The mice were immunized intraperitoneally with OVA on days 14 and 21. After intraperitoneal challenge with OVA on day 35, anaphylactic symptoms were monitored. Total and specific IgE and IgG, specific IgG1 and IgG2a, and histamine levels in serum were analyzed by ELISA. The increase of IL-12 and IFN-gamma levels was observed in the presence of Quillaja saponin, while the IL-4 level was decreased. Furthermore, Quillaja saponin suppressed total and OVA-specific IgE secretion in spleen cells. Balb/c mice that were orally administered Quillaja saponin exhibited lower total and OVA-specific IgE and OVA-specific IgG secretions, whereas total IgG levels remained unchanged. Suppression of OVA-specific IgG1 and an increase of OVA-IgG2a were observed in mice fed saponin. Quillaja saponin also decreased serum histamine levels and diminished anaphylactic symptoms. The present study indicates that Quillajasaponin can suppress allergen-specific IgE-mediated reactivity in a murine model of food allergy, which results from shifting from a Th2-dominated to a Th1-dominated immune response.     

Efficiency and protective effect of encapsulation of milk immunoglobulin G in multiple emulsion

Milk immunoglobulin G (IgG), separated with protein G affinity chromatography, and IgG in colostral whey were encapsulated by 0.5% (w/v) of Tween 80, sucrose stearate, or soy protein, which were used as secondary emulsifiers in the water in oil in water type multiple emulsion. The residual contents of separated IgG and IgG in colostral whey, ranging from 58.7 to 49.7% and from 13.2 to 21.3%, respectively, in the inner water phase (water phase surrounded by oil phase) with emulsifiers were determined by ELISA. However, the emulsion stability decreased after 24 h, and the residual IgG content in the inner water phase was lowered. Encapsulation of IgG in the multiple emulsion increased the stability of separated IgG against acid (pH 2.0) and alkali (pH 12.0) by 21-56% and 33-62%, respectively, depending on the emulsifier used. Moreover, multiple emulsion also provided a remarkable protective effect on separated IgG stability against proteases. The residual contents of separated IgG in multiple emulsion, using Tween 80 as secondary emulsifier, incubated for 2 h with pepsin (pH 2.0) and trypsin and chymotrypsin (pH 7.6) (enzyme/substrate = 1/20) were 35.4, 72.5, and 82.3%, whereas those of separated IgG in enzyme solution were only 7.2, 33. 1, and 35.2%, respectively. However, the separated IgG loss during the preparation of multiple emulsion was almost 41-50%.     

Purification and partial characterization of Lactobacillus species SK007 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzing phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) conversion into phenyllactic acid (PLA)

Phenyllactic acid (PLA) is a novel antimicrobial compound synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and its production from phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) is an effective approach. In this work, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the reduction of PPA to PLA, has been purified to homogeneity from a cell-free extract of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme had a dimeric form with a molecular mass of 78 kDa (size exclusion chromatography) or 39 kDa (SDS-PAGE). The ratio of enzyme activity with PPA to that with pyruvate being almost invariable at every purification step indicated that, in Lactobacillus sp. SK007, LDH is responsible for the conversion of PPA into PLA. HPLC profiles of PPA transformation into PLA by growing cells, cell-free extract, and purified LDH of Lactobacillus sp. SK007 were also investigated. Results showed that the presence of NADH was found to be necessary for the enzymatic production of PLA from PPA. The purified LDH displayed optimal activity for PPA at pH 6.0 and 40 degrees C. The Km values of the enzyme for PPA and pyruvate were 1.69 and 0.32 mM, respectively. Moreover, because other screened LAB strains exhibiting relatively high LDH activity toward PPA produced also considerable amounts of PLA, LDH activity for PPA could be therefore used as a screening marker for PLA-producing LAB.     

Distribution of mercury in the aquatic food web of Onondaga Lake,New York

Historical discharges of mercury (Hg) to Onondaga Lake, New York, have resulted in elevated Hg concentrations in lake fishes. In 1990, a remedial investigation and feasibility study (RI/FS) was initiated to evaluate problems related to Hg and other hazardous substances in the lake. As part of the RI/FS, the distribution of Hg in the aquatic food web was determined to provide input to a site-specific model of Hg cycling and to evaluate potential ecological risks of Hg in the lake. Mercury concentrations were measured in surficial sediments, sediment interstitial water, lake water, phytoplankton, Zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes (including planktivores, benthivores, and piscivores). The percentage of total Hg accounted for by methyl-Hg (CH₃Hg) generally increased with higher trophic levels, confirming that CH₃Hg is more efficiently transferred to higher trophic levels than is inorganic Hg. Concentrations of total Hg in amphipods and chironomids were closely related to concentrations of total Hg in sediments, suggesting that sediments are a likely source of Hg for benthic macroinvertebrates. Mercury concentrations in edible muscle tissue (fillets) of lake fishes have declined substantially from values found in the early 1970s, reflecting the large reductions in Hg discharges to the lake that have occurred since that time. The CH₃Hg concentrations in fillets and whole bodies of fishes generally were similar, indicating that concentrations in fillets often can provide estimates of concentrations in whole bodies. Methyl-Hg concentrations and bioaccumulation factors increased with higher trophic levels in both the pelagic and benthic components of the lake food web.     

Effects of Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxide on Nitrate Leaching and Nitrogen Uptake by Maize in a Calcareous Soil

The potential use of a layered double hydroxide (magnesium aluminum nitrate (Mg-Al)-LDH) to suppress the leaching of nitrate from a calcareous sandy loam soil and to enhance the nitrogen utilization efficiency of maize was assessed. The results of column studies showed that nitrate leaching efficiently decreased by 24, 46, and 76% compared to control when 2.5, 5, and 10 g LDH kg^–1 soil were applied, respectively. Nitrate leaching was also reduced by use of LDH in pot experiments. The hindrance effect of LDH in using ammonium nitrate was higher than urea. Application of 2.5, 5, and 10 g LDH kg^–1 soil increased mean nitrogen uptake of maize by 14, 20, and 44% over the control. The studied LDH has a potential to be used as a nitrate-selective exchanger to reduce risks of nitrate leaching. However, the use of Mg-Al-LDH (4:1) can be limited because of its relatively high solubility in soil.