Mineral balance in Oreochromis mossambicus: dependence on magnesium in diet and water

Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) confronted with magnesium shortage in water and diet, continue to grow, but develop magnesium deficiency, in particular when the diet is magnesium poor. Pronounced decreases in scale and vertebral bone magnesium content occurred within 8 weeks of magnesium deficient conditions and magnesium appears to be mobilized from scales and bone, probably to guarantee muscle magnesium homeostasis. Magnesium deficiency coincided with increased calcium and sodium content, and a low potassium content of the body. The slight, but significant, decrease in muscle magnesium concentration was accompanied by a marked increase in sodium concentration. Decreased tissue magnesium levels accompanied by high sodium levels were also observed for vertebral bone, but not for scales. An increased opercular chloride cell density was found in all experimental groups, but the branchial Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase specific activity was not affected. The prolactin cell activity was comparable in all groups. We conclude that magnesium deficiency leads to severe perturbations of the mineral homeostasis of hard, and eventually, soft tissues and that fish are less sensitive to such perturbations than higher vertebrates. The relation between magnesium deficiency and mineral balance may reflect the dependence of cellular ion transport mechanisms and cell membrane permeability to ions on magnesium.     

Calcium balance in embryos and larvae of the freshwater-adapted teleost,Oreochromis mossambicus

Changes in Ca²⁺ content and flux, and the development of skin chloride cells in embryos and larvae of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were studied. Tilapia embryos hatched within 96h at an ambient temperature of 26–28°C. Total body Ca²⁺ content was maintained at a constant level, about 4–8 nmol per individual, during embryonic development. However, a rapid increase in body Ca²⁺ level was observed after hatching, 12.8 to 575.3 nmol per individual from day 1 to day 10 after hatching. A significant influx and efflux of Ca²⁺ occurred during development, with the average influx rate for Ca²⁺ increasing from 5.9 pmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 48h postfertilization to 47.8 pmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 1 day posthatching. The skin was proposed as the main site for Ca²⁺ influx before the development of gills, and the increased Ca²⁺ influx may be ascribed to gradual differentiation of skin surface and chloride cells during embryonic development. Ca²⁺ efflux was 16–56 pmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹ in 1-day-old larvae. The resulting net influx of Ca²⁺, 10–12 pmol mg⁻¹ h⁻¹, accounted for the increased Ca²⁺ content after hatching. When comparing the measured and estimated ratios of efflux and influx, active transport was suggested to be involved in the uptake of Ca²⁺. Chloride cells, which may be responsible for the active uptake of Ca²⁺, started to differentiate in the skin of embryos 48h after fertilization, and the density of chloride cells increased following the development. A possibility of active transport for Ca²⁺ in early developmental stages of tilapia is suggested.     

Effect of environmental calcium levels on calcium uptake in tilapia larvae Oreochromis mossambicus

Effects of environmental calcium concentrations on the survival, growth, body calcium content and calcium uptake kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were studied. Fertilized eggs were incubated in high- and low-calcium artificial freshwater (0.88–0.96 mmol l^–1 vs. 0.02–0.03 mmol l^–1 CaCl₂ or CaSO₄) until 3 days after hatching. Tilapia larvae showed similar hatching rates and wet weights in either high- or low-calcium medium, indicating neither the development nor the growth in tilapia larvae was affected by the environmental calcium levels. The body calcium content in low-calcium groups was about 90–95% that of high-calcium groups, No matter what calcium source was used (CaCl₂ or CaSO₄), acclimation to low calcium medium caused a stimulation of calcium uptake (measured in 0.2 mmol l^–1 calcium),i.e., 1.2–1.3 fold higher than that of high calcium groups. This enhanced calcium uptake capacity was characterized by a 50% decrease in K_m and a 25% increase in J_max. Effect of different calcium salts on calcium influx was significant only in low calcium level,i.e., calcium influx in low-CaCl₂ group higher than that in low-CaSO₄ group. These results suggest that tilapia larvae are able to modulate their calcium uptake mechanism to maintain normal body calcium content and growth in environments with different levels of calcium.     

Developmental changes in drinking rate and ion and water permeability during early life stages of euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, reared in fresh water and seawater

Euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) can breed either in fresh water (FW) or in seawater, and the developing embryos and larvae withstand direct transfer from FW to SW or vice versa, before the development of osmoregulatory organs. In the study, developmental changes in drinking rate and ion and water permeability were examined after transfer of the embryos from FW to SW. Drinking was measured by accumulation of fluorescent beads in the intestine and also by 14C-dextran accumulation he whole body. The drinking rate increased steadily from 2 to 10 days after hatching, and the larvae in SW consistently imbibed more water than those in FW. The diffusional water permeability remained low during embryonic stages but increased markedly after hatching in both FW and SW; the water permeability was consistently less in SW-adapted embryos and larvae than those in FW. In contrast, the turnover rates of chloride ion in SW were 50 to 100 times greater than those in FW, and increased markedly after hatching. The drinking rate as well as ion and water permeability of the tilapia embryos and larvae in FW and SW were comparable with those reported for stenohaline species. These results clearly indicate that different water and ion regulatory mechanisms are operating in the tilapia embryos and larvae in FW and those in SW to convey their strong euryhalinity.     

Effects of cadmium on the kinetics of calcium uptake in developing tilapia larvae, Oreochromis mossambicus

The toxic effects of Cd²⁺ on Ca²⁺ influx kinetics in developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae were evaluated. Addition of 20 µg l^-1 of Cd²⁺ to the environment of 0 and 3 day-old larvae competitively inhibited the Ca²⁺ uptake within 4h resulting in a great increase in K_m values for Ca²⁺ influx (19.3 and 17.4 fold, respectively) as compared with their respective controls. Consequently, the actual Ca²⁺ influx of larvae in solutions of 0.2 mM Ca²⁺ are suppressed by 32–45%. Also, 3 day-old larvae were more sensitive to internally accumulated Cd²⁺ than 0 day-old larvae. Although the Ca²⁺ influx in 0 and 3 day-old larvae may be restored to the levels of their respective controls with 24h of being transferred to a 20 µg l^-1 Cd²⁺ solution, total body Ca²⁺ content was significantly reduced in 3 day-old larvae. Increased Ca²⁺ uptake efficiency ensures sufficient Ca²⁺ for normal growth. However, rapid increase in Ca²⁺ influx after hatching also leads to higher Cd²⁺ uptake. Exposure to Cd²⁺ will lead to a drop in body Ca²⁺ content resulting in retardation of larval growth. Therefore, we conclude that if Ca²⁺ uptake is interfered with at this critical stage of development, larvae will not be able to maintain normal levels of body Ca²⁺ and will show signs of Cd²⁺ poisoning.     

Vitellogenin in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): Induction of two forms by estradiol,quantification in plasma and characterization in oocyte extract

Two forms of vitellogenin were isolated by DEAE agarose ion-exchange chromatography from plasma of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. The monomers have apparent molecular masses of 200 and 130 kDa, as indicated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and a total amount of phosphorus of 1.7 and 0.1%, respectively. Antibodies specific to the two forms, designated tVTG-200 and tVTG-130, were generated in rabbits and used to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and in Western blot analyses of plasma and oocyte extract. SDS-PAGE of the oocyte extract showed a major protein band at 106.6, minor bands at 26.6, 24.2, and 23.7 kDa, and very faint bands at 83.4 and 17.5 kDa. Western blots of the oocyte extract revealed that the antiserum to tVTG-200 recognized strongly the protein bands at 24.2 and 23.7 kDa, and less strongly the bands at 25.1 and 22.6 kDa, whereas the antiserum to tVTG-130 recognized mainly the protein band at 106.6 kDa. The presence of both VTGs in untreated male tilapia was detected with the ELISAs using relatively high plasma volumes. Their presence in males was confirmed by VTG-like immunoreactive materials eluting from the ion-exchange column at the same positions as tVTG-200 and tVTG-130. The concentrations of the VTGs in males were several orders of magnitude lower than in vitellogenic females. Treatment of male tilapia with estradiol-17β (E₂) induced both VTGs within 24h. After 7 days, tVTG-130 reached a maximum concentration in plasma, whereas tVTG-200 continued to increase. Our findings demonstrate that the two vitellogenins are biochemically distinct, possibly differentially regulated, and made by both sexes.     

Lysozyme in the ovary of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus): its purification and some biological properties

Lysozyme was purified from the ovary of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, with two steps, chitin coated-cellulose and Sephadex G-100, and its biological properties were investigated. Purified lysozyme had a molecular mass of 15kDa on SDS-PAGE under reducing condition. Analyses with antibody (a-EL) against the purified lysozyme revealed that serum and egg extract reacted with a-EL and the precipitin lines fused completely. The enzyme activities in serum and egg extract were inhibited by adding serially diluted a-EL. Therefore, egg extract and serum lysozyme was immunologically identical. Immunohistochemically, lysozyme was observed in the ooplasm of the oocytes laden with yolk but not in the follicle layers, egg envelope or immature oocytes (the peri-nucleolus stage). In addition, the enzyme activity in the large oocytes was higher than that in the small ones. These results suggest that lysozyme detected in the oocytes is derived from extra-ovarian tissue and transfers from the maternal circulation. Lysozyme activity in the serum of female tilapia increased with oocyte development, suggesting that the change in the enzyme level may be partially related to the reproductive events (especially vitellogenesis) of the female fish.     

Mitochondria-rich cells in the branchial epithelium of the teleost,Oreochromis mossambicus,acclimated to various hypotonic environments

Branchial mitochondria-rich (MR) cells were examined on the afferent side of gill filaments in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) acclimated to different hypotonic environments, local fresh water (LFW), hard fresh water (HFW) and 5 salt water (SW). Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) identified three types of apical surfaces of the MR cells, wavy convex, shallow basin and deep hole. In spite of the different types of apical surfaces, light microscopic (LM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) studies suggested that these cells were MR cells. The relative abundance of these 3 types of branchial MR cells varied with external hypotonic milieus. Wavy-convexed MR cells were dominant in the gills of fish adapted to HFW, whereas shallow-basined MR cells were evident in LFW-adapted fish. In SW-adapted fish, most of the MR cells were deep holes. Experiments on adaptation to various hypotonic milieus revealed that the changes of the branchial MR cells were reversible and occurred within 24 hours following transfer. The morphological alterations of the MR cells correlated with ionic changes in different milieus, indicating that these distinct types of MR cells may play key roles for osmoregulation in hypotonic media.     

Effects of cortisol on growth and development in tilapia larvae,Oreochromis mossambicus

Treatment of one-day-old yolksac larvae of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), by immersion in cortisol solution for two weeks, significantly enhanced growth. The standard length, tail length, head width and wet weight showed dose-dependent increases at concentrations of cortisol (hydrocortisone) from 0.05 ppm to 0.5 ppm, with no further increase at 1.0 ppm. However, cortisol at 5.0 ppm retarded the growth of the larvae without causing any morphological abnormality. Yolk absorption and the onset of free-swimming activity in the larvae were also accelerated by cortisol treatment.     

Effects of dietary magnesium on the growth,carapace strength and tissue magnesium concentrations of soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann)

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary magnesium on the growth, carapace strength, tissue and serum Mg concentration of soft‐shelled turtles, Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann). Juvenile soft‐shelled turtles of approximate 5.4 g body weight were fed diets with seven levels of Mg (48, 206, 369, 670, 955, 1195 and 1500 mg Mg kg^?1) for eight weeks. No significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) was found in weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio or protein efficiency ratio among treatments. However, the WG of turtles continued to increase with increasing dietary Mg levels up to 670 mg kg^?1, beyond which the WG levelled off. The plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the muscle, bone Mg concentrations of the turtles increased with the increasing dietary Mg levels between 48 and 955 mg kg^?1, beyond which the tissue Mg concentrations remained relatively constant. Furthermore, the carapace strengths of turtles fed with the control diet of 48 mg Mg kg^?1 were significantly weaker (P < 0.05) than that of turtles fed with diets containing higher Mg levels. Based on a broken‐line modelling analysis, the required dietary Mg level for the optimal WG of juvenile soft‐shelled turtles was estimated to be approximately 650 mg kg^?1. By contrast, the required dietary Mg levels for turtles to reach the optimal muscle and bone Mg concentrations were 1050 and 1000 mg kg^?1 respectively. The required dietary Mg level for maximal alkaline phosphatase activity was approximately 980 mg kg^?1.     

水体中钙和镁对凡纳滨对虾幼体成活率和生长的影响

在相同饲养条件下,Ca2 浓度为494 mg/L时,幼虾增重效果显著(P<0.05);Mg2 浓度为1 185mg/L的增重效果显著优于1 135 mg/L水平;Ca2 浓度为444和494 mg/L时,分别对提高M3育成P1和P10的成活效果具有极显著作用(P<0.01);Mg2 浓度为1 185 mg/L和Ca2 浓度为494 mg/L(R=2.40)的交互作用对提高M3育成P10的成活效果最佳(P<0.01);Ca2 浓度为444和494 mg/L时,其R值可适范围分别为2.67~2.78和2.30~2.50。Ca2 浓度是影响凡纳滨对虾增重和成活的主要因子,但对体长增长无显著影响(P>0.05),其可适范围为444~494 mg/L;Mg2 浓度对凡纳滨对虾的生长影响均不显著;Ca2 浓度和Mg2 浓度的交互作用极显著影响凡纳滨对虾M3育成P10的成活率。     

Stimulation of insulin-like growth factor-I production by recombinant bovine growth hormone in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

We have previously reported growth-promoting effects of recombinant bovine growth hormone (rbGH) in Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, after 4 weekly injections or a single injection of slow-releasing formulation (Posilac^®) (Leedom et al. 2002). In order to obtain further understanding of the role of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis in growth in the tilapia, the effects of rbGH on plasma and mRNA levels of IGF-I were examined. Plasma IGF-I levels were significantly increased after rbGH and Posilac^® injections, and a significant correlation was observed between plasma IGF-I levels, body length and mass in both treatments. IGF-I mRNA levels in the liver and in the skeletal muscle were also significantly increased after rbGH and Posilac^® injections, indicating that IGF-I gene expression in these tissues is under control of circulating GH. IGF-I mRNA levels in the gill were not affected by treatment. Liver IGF-I mRNA levels were significantly correlated with body length and with body mass after rbGH and Posilac^® injections. These results indicate that the growth-promoting effect of rbGH in this species is mediated to a significant extent via its stimulation of hepatic production of IGF-I and the resulting increase in plasma IGF-I, and also possibly through locally produced IGF-I in the skeletal muscle, acting in a paracrine or autocrine fashion.     

Effects of supplementation of pineapple waste extract in diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) on growth,feed utilization,and nitrogen excretion

An eight-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the supplementation of pineapple waste extract (PWE) at levels of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% on growth performance of Nile tilapia (8.76 ± 0.17 g) for 8 weeks. PWE supplementation improved pepsin digestibility significantly but not protein digestibility. Thus, fish fed PWE showed better growth than those fed the control feed. The fish fed the feed supplemented with 1% PWE resulted in the optimum protein digestibility, growth, and feed utilization (P < 0.05). No significant differences among dietary treatments were found for free ammonia and total nitrogen excretion (P > 0.05).     

Role of thyroid hormones in tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus): I. Effects of the hormones and an antithyroid drug on yolk absorption,growth and development

Treatment of one-day old yolksac larvae of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) by immersion in 0.05 ppm T₄ or 0.01 ppm T₃ significantly accelerated the differentiation and growth of all the fins, particularly pectoral and tail fins. Both the treatments also significantly accelerated yolk absorption and transition to free-swimming activity in the larvae. The treatments also significantly accelerated the growth of the larvae, with T₃ at 0.01 ppm having a greater effect than T₄ at 0.05 ppm. The yolk conversion efficiency was found not to be significantly affected by the hormone treatments but the treated larvae exhibited an increased heart beat, suggesting metabolic stimulation by the hormones.On the other hand, yolk absorption and free-swimming activity were significantly delayed in tilapia larvae immersed in 25 ppm solution of an antithyroid drug, phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). PTC also retarded the growth of the larvae. T₄ (0.05 and 0.10 ppm) or T₃ (0.01 and 0.02 ppm) therapy removed the PTC-inhibition,albeit not completely, suggesting that thyroid hormones are involved in the larval growth and development of tilapia.     

饲料中添加几丁聚糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化力、血清激素及肌肉营养的影响

以吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼为研究对象,探讨添加不同剂量的几丁聚糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼肝脏抗氧化力、血清生化与肌肉品质的影响。选择体重为(2.97±0.02)g的健康吉富罗非鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、1%、2%、3%和4%几丁聚糖溶液(有效成分为0.6%)。养殖63 d后,测定肝脏抗氧化性能、血清生化和激素水平以及肌肉中氨基酸与脂肪酸组成。结果显示,饲料中添加1%和2%几丁聚糖能显著提高血清C3、T3和Po水平,降低Lac与T4水平(P0.05)。同时,1%和2%添加组能显著降低肝脏MDA含量,提高SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活力(P0.05)。各实验组水分、灰分与粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P0.05)。然而,随几丁聚糖添加水平的增加,粗脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。各实验组氨基酸组成与脂肪酸组成无显著差异(P0.05);2%和3%几丁聚糖组氨基酸组成中EAA、DAA和TAA含量与PUFA含量略高于其它实验组。     

Effects of Na/K and Mg/Ca ratios in saline groundwaters on Na-K-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae

The effects of the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios in saline groundwaters on Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival and growth of Marsupenaeus japonicus postlarvae were investigated. The results indicate that the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity, survival rate and weight gain of postlarvae were significantly affected by the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios (P < 0.05). The Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of postlarvae, in every treatment, changed corresponding to Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios, and came to a stable level after 24 h. There was a negative relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, while there was a positive relation between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio. Compared with seawater (the Na⁺/K⁺ and Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios are 27.8 and 4.64 respectively), the Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity of the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 30 treatment showed no significant difference, while the Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment showed distinct difference. The survival rates and weight gain of postlarvae increased markedly when the suitable amount of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ was added to test water, and arrived at their maximum in the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio 20-30 or Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio 4.5 treatment, having no significant difference compared with normal seawater. Therefore, considering the Na⁺/K⁺, Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios and the absolute concentration of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ in the experimental saline groundwaters applied to Marsupenaeus japonicus farming, it should be modulated to around 30, 4.5 and 1312 mg/l, 291 mg/l, respectively.     

Effects of pH on contractility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal muscle in vitro

Extreme acid-base imbalances in salmonids have been shown to impact on gastrointestinal motility. Changes in pH are known to affect cardiac and skeletal muscle in fish and mammalian intestinal smooth muscle preparations. This study was conducted to determine if the contractility of rainbow trout intestinal muscle was sensitive to pH fluctuations and to begin the investigation into the mechanisms by which pH affected contractility. Isolated duplicate or triplicate segments of rainbow trout intestine were suspended in organ baths containing modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. The pH was adjusted by varying the concentration of CO₂ aerating the solution and with HCl or lactic acid. Contractility was determined as response to the administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), KCl, and transmural stimulation within the pH range of 6.3 to 8.5. Optimum pH for proximal segments was 7.85 while the range was much wider for distal segments. Decreasing the pH with CO₂ resulted in a greater inhibition of smooth muscle contractility than when the pH was decreased in 100% O₂ with either HCl or lactic acid, particularly when the tissues are stimulated electrically. This effect was ameliorated as the fish attained sexual maturity, although the mechanisms involved were not clear. The Cl^-/HCO ₃ ^- exchanger appeared to be involved in recovery from acidotic stress, particularly at pH levels below 6.5. The role played by the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger is still unclear. Although contractility was inhibited in the presence of the amiloride analog EIPA (5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride), whether the inhibition was due to blockage of ion transport or to cytosolic effects is yet to be determined.     

罗非鱼湖病毒核蛋白的克隆表达、抗体制备及其组织分布

近年来罗非鱼湖病毒(TiLV)在多个国家流行,对世界罗非鱼养殖业造成严重威胁。中国是罗非鱼第一养殖大国,尽管我国大陆还没有TiLV的正式报道,鉴于吉富罗非鱼是我国重要的罗非鱼养殖品种,其对TiLV的感染特性研究具有重要意义。本实验采用TiLV对吉富罗非鱼进行人工感染,随后在肝脏组织中克隆和测定了TiLV第6片段基因。罗非鱼湖病毒第6片段基因cDNA全长1 044 bp,开放读码框(ORF)为954 bp,编码317个氨基酸,预测分子量为36.38 ku;5′非编码区(NCR)为19 bp,3′非编码区(NCR)为972 bp。系统进化树分析表明该蛋白属于TiLV核蛋白(NP)。随后在大肠杆菌中表达和提纯了GST融合NP蛋白,在新西兰大白兔上制备了多克隆抗体。通过酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测抗体效价为1∶51 200,且抗体可特异性识别感染组织中的病毒NP蛋白。对吉富罗非鱼不同组织进行苏木精—伊红(H.E)染色观察,发现肝脏组织坏死并形成合胞体,脾脏部分细胞出现空泡、坏死,含铁血黄素增多,头肾细胞坏死,鳃丝上皮细胞明显解离脱落,鳃小片黏连,脑组织细胞肿大。通过蛋白印迹法(WB)和免...     

急性pH和碳酸盐碱度对缢蛏存活率、Na+/K+-ATPase活性及血淋巴吞噬能力的影响

采用静态毒理学实验方法,分析了2种规格缢蛏(小规格SSc和大规格LSc)在pH和碳酸盐碱度(C_A)急性胁迫条件下的存活率,Na~+/K~+-ATPase(NKA)活性以及血淋巴的吞噬能力。结果显示,当C_A浓度为2.5 mmol/L、pH值为7.5～9.5时,2种规格缢蛏的存活率均接近100%;当pH值大于9.5时,2种规格缢蛏的存活率均显著下降。当C_A浓度为0～44.58mmol/L、pH值为9.0～10.0时,随着C_A浓度的上升,缢蛏的存活率明显下降;在pH值为9.5条件下,LSc的鳃组织NKA活性,随着C_A浓度的上升而升高,LSc血淋巴的吞噬能力随着C_A浓度的上升而下降。由此可见,缢蛏在高pH或高C_A下表现出较强的耐受性,但高pH和高C_A协同胁迫下对缢蛏的存活率具有较大的影响,研究结果为进一步探索缢蛏在盐碱地的养殖提供了一定的理论参考。     

Effect of androgens on seawater adaptation in Arctic char,Salvelinus alpinus

Sexually immature two-year old Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were implanted with Silastic capsules containing testosterone or 11-ketoandrostenedione in early spring. Seawater adaptability of the hormone-treated and sham-operated fish was tested periodically from May to August using a 48h seawater challenge test with 25‰ seawater. The sham-operated control fish displayed a seasonal pattern in seawater adaptation, showing a good hypoosmoregulatory ability until mid June followed by a marked increase in plasma sodium and magnesium levels in July and August. Gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity decreased concurrently with the observed decrease in seawater adaptability. Over the same period the androgen-treated fish displayed a similar pattern in seawater adaptability, however, in May and June the plasma sodium levels were significantly higher in both androgen-treated groups compared to the control group. Plasma magnesium regulation was impaired in both androgen-treated groups in August. Gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in the testosterone-treated fish was lower in June compared to the control fish, whereas the activity was not affected by 11-ketoandrostenedione treatment. The results show that while androgens impair the hypoosmoregulatory capacity in Arctic char, the seasonal pattern of seawater adaptability is not affected.