双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病研究现状

双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病是由黑须污蝇的幼虫寄生引发的主要危害母骆驼外部生殖器官的双峰驼重要寄生虫病之一。在我国,黑须污蝇的幼虫除寄生于双峰驼阴道外,还可寄生于山羊阴道和肛门、断尾绵羊及毛驴的阴道和肛门等部位。双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病不仅造成患病母骆驼外生殖器严重损伤,还可引起食欲不振、产奶量和繁殖率下降,甚至引起死亡,从而对养驼业带来较大的经济损失。为了让更多的养驼牧民和兽医技术人员较为系统地了解和更有效的防治母骆驼阴道蝇蛆病,论文从双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病的病原体、流行病学、临床症状、诊断、治疗及预防措施等方面进行阐述,并为双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病的防控提出有效方法。     

不同检测仪器对SD大鼠血液生理指标测定的影响

目的：比较实验动物专用血细胞分析仪与医用血细胞分析仪对SD大鼠血液生理指标测定值的差异,分析检测仪器对大鼠血液生理指标测定的影响。方法：36只SD大鼠,体重约200 g,雌雄各半,屏障环境饲养,试验前禁食12 h,麻醉后采血,分别用实验动物专用血细胞分析仪与医用血细胞分析仪测定20项血液生理指标。结果：两种仪器分别检测的SD大鼠的平均血红蛋白浓度、平均血红蛋白含量、白细胞数量、淋巴细胞数量、单核细胞数量、嗜碱性粒细胞数量、嗜中性白细胞百分比、单核细胞百分比、嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、嗜碱性粒细胞百分比、淋巴细胞百分比、血小板数量、血小板分布宽度差异极显著（P＜0.01）;血红蛋白浓度、嗜中性白细胞数量、红细胞分布宽度差异显著（P＜0.05）;红细胞数量、红细胞压积、平均红细胞体积、嗜酸性粒细胞数量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。结论：不同检测仪器对SD大鼠血液学指标的检测有影响。     

新疆双峰驼产奶性状与体尺、体重及血液理化指标的测定及相关性分析

【目的】揭示双峰驼泌乳期产奶性状、规律及影响因素,分析高、低产双峰驼差异性生长性状及血液和驼乳生理生化指标,为高产驼选育提供基础研究资料。【方法】以准噶尔泌乳双峰驼为研究对象,对产奶量进行监测,绘制哺乳期泌乳曲线,并分析不同胎次的产奶量。测定高、低产双峰驼体尺、体重、血液及驼乳理化指标并进行差异性及相关性分析。【结果】双峰驼挤奶期约10个泌乳月,前3个泌乳月产奶量高,第4～7个泌乳月产奶量呈持续下降,第7～9个泌乳月产奶量略有回升,第10个泌乳月产奶量达到最低,可归纳为4种类型的泌乳曲线。产奶量的高峰期一般在2～6胎,最佳年龄为6～15岁。高产驼组的产奶量极显著高于低产驼组(P<0.01);高产驼组的体重、血尿素氮及血尿素均显著高于低产驼组(P<0.05),而高产驼组血清白蛋白及血清钙含量显著低于低产驼组(P<0.05);高产驼组驼乳的乳脂、乳蛋白显著低于低产驼组(P<0.01);相关性分析结果显示,血液理化指标与产奶性状具有较强的相关性。【结论】双峰驼产奶性能受到机体、泌乳阶段、营养环境等多因素影响,体重、血液及乳成分与产奶量具有一定相关性。结果为进一步提高双...     

新疆双峰驼生理生化指标的测定

生理指标作为动物健康与否的基础指标,在疾病诊断和治疗过程中具有重要的参考价值,新疆双峰驼的生理指标数据陈旧且不完善,不能很好地为兽医临床诊疗过程提供参考。对新疆福海县、吉木乃县、达坂城地区的新疆双峰驼进行了研究,用兽医临床化学分析仪和动物血细胞分析仪测定其血液生化和血常规,再用常规方法测定其体温、呼吸和脉搏。结果测定的3个地区之间白蛋白(ALB)、肌酐(CREA)、球蛋白(GLOB)、尿素氮(BUN)、尿素(UREA)、白细胞总数(WBC),红细胞平均体积(MCV)、血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)等指标的含量各有不同;成年驼平均体温、呼吸、脉搏分别为37.60℃±0.38℃、8.38次/min±1.60次/min、41.08次/min±3.20次/min;幼驼平均体温、呼吸、脉搏分别为38.07℃±0.26℃、24.38次/min±4.82次/min、64.18次/min±6.00次/min。测得数据,与之前相关报道的数据之间大部分一致,但有少数数值存在差异,说明新疆双峰驼有自己独特的血液生理,新疆不同地区双峰驼的生理生化指标存在地域性差异。     

钼诱导双峰驼继发性铜缺乏症的研究

本文首次报道了双峰驼高钼诱导的继发性铜缺乏症。对甘肃河西地区双峰驼的血，毛及生存环境微量元素和血液指标的研究发现，该地双峰驼发生的以异嗜，运动障碍和容易骨折等为特征的疾病是由于土壤，牧草中含钼较高，诱导双峰驼体内铜缺乏所致。血液指标变化主要表现为低色素小红细胞性贫血和血清铜蓝蛋白含量降低。     

阿拉善双峰驼血液生理特性

阿拉善双峰驼主要分布于内蒙古阿拉善盟及周边干旱荒漠或半荒漠地区,适应性强,具有耐干旱、耐风沙、耐高温、耐寒冷、耐粗饲、耐饥渴、厌湿性和嗜盐性等独特的抗逆特性,是阿拉善双峰驼在长期生存和进化过程中,为了适应严酷的自然生态环境条件而逐步形成的;这种特性的形成可能与其本身的生理特性有关.因此,本试验通过对双峰驼血液的生理特性研究,为进一步探讨双峰驼抗逆特性的机理提供一些参考.     

4种毒蛇血细胞的比较研究

为了研究尖吻蝮(Deinagkistradon aultus)、短尾蝮(Gloydius brevicaudus)、竹叶青(Trimeresurus stejnegeri)和银环蛇(Bungarus multicinctus)血细胞的形态学特征,试验采用wright染色法对4种蛇类的血细胞染色,用lieca显微镜拍照、测量、计数,采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果表明:4种蛇的红细胞差异显著(P0.05),白细胞间差异不显著(P0.05),各种类的嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞含量都很丰富,而嗜酸性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞的含量少,在短尾腹、银环蛇中未观察到嗜酸性粒细胞;尖吻蝮的血栓细胞最大且与其他3种蛇相比差异显著(P0.05)。     

驴血液中主要急性期蛋白的筛选

为了筛选出驴血液中主要急性期蛋白(acute phase protein,APP),填补APP在驴上的空白并为驴临床疾病的早期诊断提供理论依据,试验采集70头驴颈静脉血后对血液生理指标、血液生化指标和急性期蛋白指标进行检测。结果表明:幼年临床病驴红细胞、血红蛋白、血细胞比容极显著高于幼年健康驴(P0.01);幼年临床病驴谷草转氨酶、尿素、磷含量显著高于幼年健康驴(P0.05)。成年临床病驴白细胞、中性粒细胞、单核细胞、总蛋白、尿素、肌酐和葡萄糖含量极显著高于成年健康驴(P0.01);而成年临床病驴嗜酸性粒细胞(P0.01)、血红蛋白(P0.01)、血细胞比容(P0.01)、血小板(P0.05)低于成年健康驴。C-反应蛋白(CRP)在健康驴与临床病驴血液中没有显著性差异(P0.05);成年临床病驴血液中触珠蛋白(HP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)含量极显著高于成年健康驴(P0.01);幼年临床病驴血液中α1-酸性糖蛋白(α1-AGP)、SAA含量显著高于幼年健康驴(P0.05)。说明健康驴和临床病驴血液中SAA含量差异明显,不受年龄限制,其对健康状况的反应最为灵敏,因此SAA可作为驴血液中主要APP用于驴临床疾病的早期诊断。     

阿拉善双峰驼阴道蝇蛆的形态结构观察

阿拉善双峰驼阴道蝇蛆病是由黑须污蝇(Wohlfahrtia magnifica)幼虫寄生而引起的一种疾病,论文对阿拉善双峰驼阴道蝇蛆形态结构进行了观察。一期幼虫为从野外捕捉的黑须污雌蝇体内获得或从双峰驼阴门附近采集雌蝇刚排出的一期幼虫;在患病驼阴道病灶处可以捕捉到二期、三期幼虫,采用扫描电子显微镜、一体式解剖显微镜、超景深成像仪等进行观察并描述。在解剖镜下看到蝇蛆具有12段体节,分别为1段双叶伪头、3段胸节、7段腹节和肛部。扫描电子显微镜下观察到一期幼虫双叶伪头上具有很多感受器和一对口钩,口钩附在头骨架上,蝇蛆体表有很多硬刺,每一体节上刺的数量与排列方式不同。黑须污蝇二期、三期幼虫前呼吸孔呈扇形,由5个分支组成。肛部为最后一体节,呈半球型,后呼吸孔隐藏在气门腔内。     

实验性急性角膜结膜炎兔NO含量与血细胞数量的关系

本实验将20只健康家兔随机分为试验组和空白对照组（每组10只），试验组用98％酒精滴眼，于实验后0h、24h、72h、120h对各组家兔血细胞计数并检测血液中NO含量的变化，通过分析实验性角膜结膜炎兔血清NO和血细胞变化及相互关系发现，血清中NO含量、红细胞总数及嗜中性粒细胞等实验组均较对照组高，血清NO含量与红细胞总数（r=0．870，P〈0．05），白细胞总数（r=0．923，P〈0．01）及嗜中性粒细胞数（r=0．936，P〈0．01）呈正相关，与嗜酸性粒细胞，嗜碱性粒细胞，淋巴细胞数量变化无相关性。因此我们可以得出：家兔急性角膜结膜炎时血细胞数和NO水平升高，该过程与炎症的发展和转归有密切关系。     

A survey for piroplasmids in horses and Bactrian camels in North-Eastern Mongolia

Equine piroplasmosis caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi is widespread in Asia. The presence of these haemozoans in Mongolia was previously confirmed in domestic as well as in reintroduced Przewalski horses in which they cause significant pathology. The data on occurrence of piroplasms from Bactrian camels in Asia is lacking. A total of 192 horses, 70 Bactrian camels, and additional 16 shepherd dogs from the Hentiy province were included in our study. No clinical signs typical for piroplasmid infection were observed during the field survey. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of T. equi in blood smears from 67% of examined horses, with camels and dogs being negative. A two step PCR approach was used to detect piroplasms in peripheral blood. In the first "catch all" PCR reaction, amplification of the 496 bp-long fragment of the SSU rRNA gene enabled the detection of Babesia and Theileria spp. Second round multiplex PCR reaction used for species discrimination allowed the amplification of T. equi- and B. caballi-specific 340 bp and 650 bp-long regions of the SSU rRNA, respectively. This assay detected T. equi in 92.7% of horses, while the infections with B. caballi and dual infections were rare. In both PCR setups, camels and dogs were negative indicating that in the studied region, these hosts do not share piroplasms with horses.     

Macroanatomy of coronary arteries in Bactrian camel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Camelus bactrianus</Emphasis>)

The aim of present study was to determine the origin, distribution and course of the coronary arteries in Bactrian camels. Ten hearts of adult healthy Bactrian camels of different sex constituted the material. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of 15% ABS coloured with red carmine to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in Bactrian camels was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. The results showed that ramus interventricularis subsinuosus is one branch of a. coronaria dextra in Bactrian camels, which is characteristic of a. coronaria dextra pattern. Ramus septi interventricularis that supplied the interventricular septum mainly originates from ramus interventricular paraconalis. Two muscular bridges ware observed crossing ramus interventricular paraconalis in the middle third of sulcus interventricularis paraconalis. Muscular bridge was not found above ramus interventricularis subsinuosus in this study.     

双峰驼尘肺研究

用光镜、电镜、电子探针微分析仪及原子发射光谱仪（ＩＣＰ）等，对内蒙古阿拉善右旗和甘肃民勤县的共４８例双峰驼的肺脏、支气管淋巴结及纵隔淋巴结进行了研究。结果表明，４８例的支气管淋巴结和纵隔淋巴结均有程度不等的尘沉着变化，其中１３例肺脏有程度不等的尘肺病变。肺脏的尘肺病变主要为局灶型，尘灶与尘细胞结节呈星散状分布，多位于细支管周围、肺泡隔和肺胸膜结缔组织。病变部常有程度不等的慢性炎症，少数病例发生灶性纤维化。电镜观察发现，淋巴结中，尘细胞的线粒体空泡化，内质网扩张，尘粒积聚体处细胞器完全破坏。元素分析表明，肺和淋巴结中的粉尘多为铝硅酸盐类化合物。作者认为，双峰驼铝硅酸盐尘肺的发生同该地区大气环境浮尘含量过高有关。但骆驼尘肺的病变比马的轻，这主要与骆驼呼吸道和肺脏有较完善的除尘机构有关。     

基于瘤胃转录组探究双峰驼沙漠适应性分子机制

旨在比较胚胎期和成年期双峰驼瘤胃在组织形态、编码基因表达上的变化,挖掘影响双峰驼瘤胃发育的关键基因和通路,从消化系统探究双峰驼的沙漠适应性机制。本研究选取3峰10~12岁健康状况良好的成年期阿拉善双峰驼,以及3峰9~10月龄健康状况良好的胚胎期阿拉善双峰驼,采集瘤胃组织样品,制作石蜡组织切片,观察成年期与胚胎期双峰驼瘤胃,比较其组织结构之间的差异。分别提取成年期和胚胎期双峰驼的瘤胃组织总RNA,利用Illumination Hiseq 2000测序平台分别进行转录组测序,对转录组数据进行质控、比对、差异基因筛选、GO、KEGG富集分析。随机选择6个差异表达基因进行荧光定量试验,关联转录组数据与荧光定量试验的表达趋势。结果表明,胚胎期瘤胃组织中上皮细胞和肌纤维细胞清晰可见,分布密集,在成年期的瘤胃组织中,可见明显的肌纤维,肌纤维直径较宽,肌纤维间的空隙较大。转录组测序结果显示,每个样本获得至少10G的数据量,各样本的质控率都在90%以上,Q30数据都在88%以上。对测序数据进行分析,以胚胎期为对照组,成年期为试验组,筛选到1 207个差异表达基因,其中上调基因456个,下调基因751个;对差异表达基因进行层次聚类分析,结果显示,成年期的3个个体（M1、M2、M3）表达模式接近,胚胎期的3个个体（T1、T2、T3）表达模式接近。对差异表达基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析,结果显示,上调差异表达基因显著富集到62条显著的GO条目,下调差异表达基因显著富集到366条显著的GO条目,73条显著的KEGG通路。差异表达基因主要富集在代谢过程的负调控、RNA生物合成过程的负调控、基因表达的负调控等GO条目中,KEGG主要富集到MAPK信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、糖尿病并发症中的AGE-RAGE信号、胰岛素信号通路、醛固酮的合成与分泌等通路中。同时筛选到MAPK12、MAPK13、FABP5、PPARγ、CaMK1等与双峰驼沙漠适应性相关的基因。荧光定量结果显示,差异基因在成年期和胚胎期瘤胃组织中的表达模式与RNA-Seq的结果一致。上述结果表明,双峰驼的瘤胃组织可能与脂肪细胞分化有关。在沙漠环境中,双峰驼可能降低瘤胃组织代谢效率、通过胰岛素抵抗作用提高血糖耐受性以及促进醛固酮的合成与分泌以调节血压平衡,以更好地在沙漠干燥缺水的环境中生存。     

A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan.

Information on incidences of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan is scarce. In this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four Jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. Intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli) and trypanasomiasis, two diseases of economic importance, were also diagnosed in 83% and 33% of the 32 and 257 examined camels, respectively. Rabies virus was detected in eight camels by use of fluorescent antibody examination of brain tissues. Foreign-body accumulation within the first and second stomach compartments was the predominant gastrointestinal disease of slaughtered adult camels (22%). Ten percent of slaughtered camels had bacterial pneumonia, with Pasteurella hemolytica most often isolated (56% of pneumonic lungs). Further investigation into the relationship between parasite burden and health in camels is required to assess the significance of the high prevalence of parasites.     

Studies on the Haematology and Trace Element Status of Adult Bactrian Camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China

Reference values were established for some haematological and serum biochemical constituents in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. The contents of seven trace elements in the blood, hair, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, lung, cerebrum, cerebellum, rib, ovary, pancreas and gluteal muscle of Bactrian camels were also measured. Some of these values are reported for the first time for Bactrian camels in China. Most haematological and serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, yaks, sheep and dromedary camels, but the mean serum albumin concentration and the albumim/globulin ratio were significantly higher than those in other ruminants and the mean thyroxine concentration was half that in dromedary camels. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese and iron, and the renal cortex contained the highest concentration of selenium. The concentrations of selenium, cobalt, zinc, manganese and molybdenum in the tissues were within the reference ranges for other ruminants, but the mean iron and copper concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than those in other ruminants.     

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) Diptera: Sacrophagidae) causing a vaginal myiasis in domesticated two-humped camels in the Mongolian People's republic]

Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner, 1862) [Diptera: Sarcophagidae] was established as the causal agent of a vaginal myiasis in female camels in the Mongolian Democratic Republic. Changes of the genitals occur nearly the beginning of June, 4-6 weeks after foaling, a spontaneous recovery is seen at the beginning of October. Clinical signs of the vaginal myiasis and morphology of the three stages of larvae are described in detail.     

内蒙古4种家畜乳硒含量测定及评价

[目的] 探明内蒙古4种家畜乳的硒含量水平。[方法] 从内蒙古东北部到西部8个旗县采集双峰驼、蒙古马、萨能山羊和荷斯坦牛4种家畜代表性混合乳样48份,涉及188头（只/匹）动物个体乳样。利用原子荧光光谱法测定乳硒含量,并对乳硒含量的地区和畜种差异进行统计学分析和比较。[结果] 4种家畜乳硒含量存在地区差异：阿拉善左旗双峰驼乳硒含量[（5.96±0.41）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗双峰驼乳硒含量[（2.89±0.12）μg/kg]的2倍;呼和浩特市荷斯坦牛乳硒含量[（8.74±0.22）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗荷斯坦牛乳硒含量[（2.26±0.41）μg/kg]的3.8倍;正蓝旗蒙古马乳硒含量[（6.65±0.57）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗蒙古马乳硒含量[（1.02±0.42）μg/kg]的6.5倍;同在西部区,杭锦旗萨能山羊乳硒含量为[（8.95±1.32）μg/kg],略高于五原县萨能山羊乳硒含量[（6.28±0.80）μg/kg],但二者差异不显著（P>0.05）。家畜种类不同乳中硒含量也存在差异：双峰驼、萨能山羊和荷斯坦牛的乳硒含量整体高于蒙古马;萨能山羊乳硒含量显著（P<0.05）高于蒙古马乳。4种家畜乳硒含量数据都较为离散,提示乳中硒含量不仅存在跨东西部地区的差异,还可能存在局部地质丰度效应,也可能与外来饲草料和舔砖等有关。[结论] 内蒙古家畜乳硒含量整体较低,并存在东北部显著低于中西部地区的现象;富硒饲养是内蒙古地区养殖业和乳品加工业高品质发展的一个有效途径。     

不同地区牛背最长肌营养成分对比分析

探索不同地区牛背最长肌的氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素等营养成分含量的差异。试验选取贵州、内蒙、新疆地区各6头36月龄左右公牛的牛背最长肌进行营养成分测定。结果表明：（1）内蒙地区牛背最长肌中甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸等含量均显著高于贵州和新疆地区（P<0.05）;（2）内蒙地区牛背最长肌中硬脂酸、油酸等含量极显著高于贵州和新疆地区（P<0.01）;（3）贵州地区牛背最长肌中牛磺酸含量显著高于内蒙和新疆地区（P<0.05）;（4）新疆地区牛背最长肌中总胆固醇含量极显著低于贵州和内蒙地区（P<0.01)。综上所述,内蒙地区氨基酸、脂肪酸含量高;贵州地区牛磺酸含量高;新疆地区胆固醇含量低。     

Abstracts: LVII Annual Meeting of the Italian Society for Veterin Ary Sciences (SISVET), Ischia 2003

The Bactrian camel is an important domestic animal in some of the desert and semi-desert areas of the world. However, there is no detailed report about the nervous supply to the nasal cavity of the Bactrian camel. In the present study, seven heads of adult Bactrian camels were collected and the nerve distribution in the nasal cavity was dissected grossly. The results demonstrated that the nerves supplying to the nasal cavity included the olfactory nerve, the ethmoidal nerve from the ophthalmic nerve, and the caudal nerve from the maxillary nerve. The general patterns of nervous distribution in the nasal cavity of the Bactrian camel corresponded with those of other domestic animals. However, the terminal nerve was not observed by this gross anatomical method in the Bactrian camel.