犬瘟热诊断和防制研究进展

犬瘟热(CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(CDV)引起的一种世界性分布的传染病,对我国的各种犬及貂、狐等毛皮动物养殖业的发展危害最大。犬瘟热病毒(CDV)属于副粘病毒科,麻疹病毒属。CDV基因组为单股负链RNA,大小约15Kb,由7个基因构成,编码顺序为3核蛋白(N)-磷酸化蛋白(P)—基质蛋白(F)—血凝素(H)—大蛋白(L)——5’,此外还有一个C蛋白基因。犬瘟热作为犬的重要传染病,可表现为多种复杂症状,由于其典型的双相热型在近期的临床病例中并不常见,致使临床确诊较为困难。因此,实验室诊断CDV是非常必要的。目前对于控制犬瘟热的有效方法是疫苗接种,而大规模使用的疫苗是弱活毒疫苗。弱毒疫苗对犬瘟热的预防起到了一定的作用,在很大程度上控制了犬瘟热的发生,但是近年来CDV疫苗免疫存在失败现象。本文就近年来犬瘟热的诊断和防制方面作一综述。     

大熊猫犬瘟热的诊治及预防对策

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的犬等肉食动物、鼬科、大熊猫科等多种动物急性接触性传染病,在世界范围内广泛发生。2014年—2015年陕西圈养大熊猫突发犬瘟热,按照犬瘟热病毒(CDV)检测阴性个体、阳性个体和临床发病个体对大熊猫进行分组并采取治疗和隔离预防措施。其中所有CDV阴性个体疏散转移后,经严格防疫并接种疫苗,得到预期防疫效果;1只CDV抗体阳性的个体经冲击治疗转为阴性;5只临床发病个体未取得预期疗效,全部死亡。综合有记载的大熊猫感染犬瘟热病例说明,对于大熊猫犬瘟热发病个体的抢救,治愈率几乎为零。研发安全有效的犬瘟热疫苗进行免疫接种是目前保护圈养大熊猫免受犬瘟热病毒感染的唯一方法。     

犬瘟热的流行病学特征及临床对症治疗

犬瘟热由犬瘟热病毒引起,具有急性、高度接触性且致死性强等特点,是困扰宠物犬健康生长的重要疾病之一。有关犬瘟热的流行病学特征、临床症状及其有效的治疗措施仍是目前人们比较关注的问题。本文对犬瘟热的临床症状、实验室诊断及与典型传染病鉴别诊断,分析了犬的品种、年龄及接种疫苗对犬瘟热发病率的影响,并针对临床上不同类型犬瘟热的对症治疗及特异治疗方案进行了总结,这对于犬瘟热的防控、诊断和有效治疗具有重要的应用指导价值。     

圈养野生动物犬瘟热免疫初探

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的热性、急性、高度接触性和高度致死性传染病,发病率高、致死性强是该病显著特点。该病毒易感动物包括犬科、猫科、浣熊科、鼬科的多种动物,成为危害野生动物生命安全的重大威胁。而目前,尚无犬瘟热特异性疗法,采用疫苗进行免疫接种成为预防该病的重要措施。为此,本文介绍了圈养野生动物犬瘟热疫苗免疫现状、失败的原因;提出了解决问题的对策:出台适用动物园等圈养野生动物养殖场所的防疫条件、防疫要求和防疫程序等,加大对野生动物疫病研究的投入,鼓励研究机构、生产厂家开展跨物种疫苗研究并给与足够的专利保护和经费补助,建立圈养野生动物养殖场所交流平台等,以期加强对野生动物犬瘟热防控的重视程度,加快特定犬瘟热疫苗研发进度并完善现有动物园内犬瘟热免疫程序。     

犬瘟热的诊断与治疗

犬瘟热是一类具有极高传染性和致死性的传染病。目前对此病还没有特效疗法,主要采用定期注射疫苗方法来进行预防。然而,在现实应用中由于种种因素所致,免疫效果并不太理想,犬瘟热仍然非常流行,本文通过对犬瘟热临床诊断典型案例及防治措施进行比较系统的综述,以期为该病的诊断和防控提供参考。     

犬瘟热的研究进展

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的一种急性高度接触性传染病,严重危害着犬和毛皮动物养殖业的发展。文章根据目前国内外最新研究资料从病原、诊断、疫苗以及治疗对犬瘟热进行综述,对国外先进的基因疫苗预防以及多种抗病毒药物的治疗效果进行探讨,为犬瘟热进一步防控研究奠定基础。     

犬瘟热的诊断与治疗

本文通过临床诊断、犬瘟热诊断试剂盒和血常规检查,对一典型犬瘟热病例进行诊断与治疗,报告如下。1发病情况2012年3月24日,一例6kg体重灰色德国牧羊犬(3月龄母犬)来兽医院就诊,主述:从狗场买回不到一周,未曾给其注射过任何疫苗。3d以后该     

大熊猫犬瘟热研究进展

由农业部最新公布的动物疫病病种名录可知犬瘟热属于三类动物疫病。在犬所患的各种疾病中,犬瘟热无论是传染强度,病情的严重程度,还是死亡率都可列为榜首。不仅如此,大熊猫对犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)也有高度易感性,并且犬瘟热已经成为威胁大熊猫种群数量和生命安全的第一大烈性传染病。至今为止,对于该病的防治措施除定期进行免疫接种外,全球范围内尚无特异性治疗方法。因而对于大熊猫而言,早期诊断和有效预防该病显得尤为重要。现将国内外大熊猫犬瘟热的临床诊断和疫苗免疫现状综述如下。     

犬瘟热的诊断和防制研究进展

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒（CanineDistemperVirus，CDV）感染而引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病。CDV不但可感染犬科动物（如犬、狐、狼等），还能感染鼬科、浣熊科和猫科（如狮、虎、豹）等多种动物。近年来其感染范围不断扩大，已延伸至西湍、日本猕猴和人，甚至还从患Pagets疾病的病人组织中检测出CDV核酸，这使得犬瘟热有可能成为继狂犬病之后犬传播给人的第二种疫病，引起了动物学界及医学界的普遍关注。本文主要探索犬瘟热的诊断及防制的研究进展。１犬瘟热的诊断１．１常规方法诊断犬瘟热的常规诊断主要依据流行病学资料和临床…     

犬瘟热临床诊断和治疗

<正>犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的一种高度接触性传染性病毒病。以双向热型、白细胞减少、急性鼻炎、支气管肺炎、严重的胃肠炎和神经症状为特征。现以临床接触情况为基础,结合文献报道,对临床犬瘟热的诊断和治疗进行介绍。1诊断根据临床症状可作出初步诊断,但确诊尚需实验室诊断。1.1临床症状犬瘟热症状初期狗的体温高达39.5~41℃,持续l~2d后降至正常,经2~3d后,体温再次     

Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical Presentation

In dogs with neurological disturbances without myoclonus and extraneural signs, the clinical diagnosis of distemper is difficult perform. Considering the great infectious potential of the disease, the possibility of carrying out an antemortem diagnosis of distemper is important, particularly in hospitalized patients with neurological disease. The present study was carried out to evaluate RT-PCR for antemortem CDV detection in hospitalized dogs with neurological disturbances without the typical findings of distemper. We investigated five dogs with canine distemper virus (CDV) encephalomyelitis, in which the clinical diagnosis was not performed owing to the absence of characteristic signs of the disease, such as myoclonus and systemic signs. We observed an apparent high sensitivity of RT-PCR in urine samples for detection of CDV: four out of five urine samples were RT-PCR positive. The results of the present study suggest that urine is a good biological sample for antemortem CDV detection by RT-PCR in dogs with distemper encephalomyelitis in which the clinical diagnosis is likely to be difficult owing to the absence of suggestive distemper signs. The use of two different body fluids (urine and CSF) may increase the RT-PCR sensitivity for antemortem diagnosis of distemper in such cases.     

犬瘟热病毒研究概况

犬瘟热(CD)是由犬瘟热病毒(CDV)引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病,流行范围广,发病率、致死率高,临床症状多样。CDV感染宿主广泛,所有日龄的犬都有可能感染。CDV属于副黏病毒科麻疹病毒属,有囊膜包裹的单股负链线性RNA病毒。CDV基因组编码6种蛋白:核衣壳(N)蛋白、磷(P)蛋白、基质膜(M)蛋白、融合(F)蛋白、血凝素(H)蛋白和大(L)蛋白。N、P和L蛋白与病毒复制有关;M蛋白与病毒的装配和出芽有关;F、H蛋白在病毒的侵染过程中起到关键作用。近年来,随着我国宠物业、毛皮经济养殖业的迅速发展,CD在我国的发病率有升高的趋势。论文对CDV分子生物学研究进展进行归纳总结。     

RT-PCR方法检测犬瘟热的流行情况

犬瘟热是由犬瘟热病毒引起的犬科烈性传染病,给患病动物带来重大危害。本研究基于犬瘟热病毒的NP蛋白基因设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR获得287 bp目的片段,经TA克隆并测序。结果表明,该片段与NCBI上公布的犬瘟热病毒NP序列(登录号:EU716322)同源性达到98%。利用该特异性的RT-PCR方法,检测杭州市及周边部分地区犬瘟热的流行情况,结果表明,整个杭州及周边地区犬瘟热病毒总阳性检出率为6.7%,杭州城区阳性个体数最多,阳性率最高达到18.8%,其他地方(临安、台州、舟山)阳性率较低。该研究为犬瘟热的综合防制提供基础数据。     

Canine distemper virus.

Vaccine-based prophylaxis has greatly helped to keep distemper disease under control. Notwithstanding, the incidence of canine distemper virus (CDV)-related disease in canine populations throughout the world seems to have increased in the past decades, and several episodes of CDV disease in vaccinated animals have been reported, with nation-wide proportions in some cases. Increasing surveillance should be pivotal to identify new CDV variants and to understand the dynamics of CDV epidemiology. In addition, it is important to evaluate whether the efficacy of the vaccine against these new strains may somehow be affected.     

非典型犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白基因序列分析及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

为分析当地非典型犬瘟热病毒(CDV)核衣壳蛋白(N)基因的序列特征及其表达产物的抗原性,根据已发表CDV的N基因序列设计引物,用RT-PCR方法从引起非典型症状的CDV细胞培养物中扩增N基因,进行克隆和序列分析,结果表明:该非典型CDV的N基因与已发表的12个CDV强毒株的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别在96.6%～99.2%和97.9%～99.4%之间,与已发表的4个CDV疫苗弱毒株的同源性分别在93.2%～93.6%和96.4%～97.5%之间;在N基因系统发育进化树上,非典型CDV与12个强毒株处在同一亚群,而且与9个中国分离毒株的亲缘关系近于3个国外毒株。N基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重组N蛋白的分子量为62 ku,主要以包涵体的形式存在;用western blot分析,重组N蛋白可与CDV阳性血清发生特异性反应;以纯化的重组N蛋白为抗原建立的CDV抗体间接ELISA检测方法具有良好的特异性。     

Canine distemper virus associated proliferation of canine footpad keratinocytes in vitro

Infection of canine footpads with canine distemper virus (CDV) can result in so-called hard pad disease characterized by footpad epidermal proliferation and hyperkeratosis. Cultured canine footpad keratinocytes (CFK) were inoculated with a virulent canine distemper virus strain (A75/17-CDV) to study the effects of CDV-infection on keratinocyte proliferation. Infection was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for CDV nucleoprotein (N-protein) antigen and mRNA. CDV caused a persistent, non-cytocidal infection with spread from single cells to infection of the confluent cell layer 7 days post infection (p.i.). Absolute cell numbers were significantly higher in infected cultures compared to control cultures from day 4 until day 6 p.i. Infected cultures contained significantly more total DNA on day 5 p.i. compared to controls. Immunohistochemical investigation of proliferation markers Ki67 and BrdU demonstrated a nearly two-fold increase in numbers of positive cells on day 5 p.i. compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that canine distemper virus infection of canine footpad keratinocytes in vitro was associated with proliferation.     

Apoptosis in the cerebellum of dogs with distemper

Canine distemper virus (CDV) may induce multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system of infected dogs. The pathogenesis of this process is not clear. The present work identifies the presence of apoptotic cells in white and grey matter of dogs'cerebellum, naturally infected with CDV. Fifteen dogs with clinical signs of canine distemper that tested positive for CDV nucleoprotein were used. Brain specimens were processed and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5 microm thick were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Shorr. Other sections were submitted to TUNEL reaction and to immunohistochemistry for CDV nucleoprotein detection. Acute and chronic demyelinated plaques were observed in the white matter, while apoptosis occurred particularly in the granular layer of grey matter. Apoptosis seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine distemper demyelination.     

犬瘟热病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据GenBank上发表的犬瘟热病毒融合蛋白F基因序列,设计合成了1对寡聚核苷酸引物,扩增大小为337bp的目的片段,建立犬瘟热病毒F基因的RT-PCR检测方法。结果表明,该方法具有很强的特异性和很高的敏感性,可作为犬瘟热临床快速诊断的一种方法。     

Anosmia associated with canine distemper

The sense of smell in dogs infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) was examined by use of EEG olfactometry, behavioral olfactometry, and electro-olfactography. Infection with CDV was confirmed by a direct immunofluorescence technique in 8 active cases and was suggested by clinical history compatible with canine distemper 10 to 26 weeks earlier in 6 cases. Pathologic alterations of the olfactory mucosa in 3 clinically affected dogs was examined by light microscopy. Infection with CDV was found to be associated with anosmia and lack of recorded responses on electro-olfactogram in 8 of 8 dogs with clinical signs of acute distemper from naturally acquired infections. Anosmia was found in 5 of 6 dogs that had recovered from acute distemper 10 to 26 weeks earlier. The sixth dog had hyposmia, with abnormalities on the electro-olfactogram. Histologic examination was not performed on the 6 dogs that had recovered. Histologic lesions observed at necropsy in 3 dogs that had had clinical signs of acute distemper were those of subacute purulent rhinitis and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. Altered olfactory function could be explained by mucopurulent exudate blocking odors from olfactory receptors in the acutely affected dogs, but alteration of olfactory function in the dogs that had recovered without clinical evidence of rhinitis could not be explained.