和田多胎红羊泌乳规律初步研究

本研究旨在探明和田多胎红羊泌乳规律,提高双羔成活率。选取6只产双羔和田多胎红羊母羊为试验动物,检测其产后1~28 d泌乳量、乳成分变化规律;测量产后第1天母羊乳房体尺指标,并与泌乳量进行相关性分析。结果显示,和田多胎红羊产后1~28 d总泌乳量为29.87 kg,平均每日泌乳量为1.07 kg,泌乳量在第1~3天上升速度最快,在第21天达到峰值1.23 kg,泌乳曲线方程为：y=537t^0.477e^-0.033t;乳脂、非脂乳固体、密度、乳糖、固形物、蛋白质指标在和田多胎红羊母羊产后1~3 d快速下降,7~28 d趋于稳定,且6项指标第1天与第7、14、21、28天均差异极显著（P<0.01）;和田多胎红羊母羊产后第1天与第14、21、28天的泌乳量之间相关性不显著（P>0.05）,产后第2天与第28天的泌乳量相关性不显著（P>0.05）,其他均显著相关（P<0.05）;母羊产后第1、2、3、7天泌乳量与乳房宽呈显著相关（P<0.05）,母羊产后第14、21、28天泌乳量与乳房体尺指标相关性不显著（P>0.05）。以上研究结果为和田多胎红羊新类群种质特性、选育、饲料配制、羔羊早期断奶等提供理论依据。     

饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对莱芜黑山羊泌乳母羊营养物质消化、泌乳量和血清生化指标及羔羊增重的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对莱芜黑山羊泌乳母羊(1~60泌乳日龄)营养物质消化、泌乳量和血清生化指标及其产出羔羊增重的影响。饲粮能量和蛋白质水平设计参考《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004)。1~30泌乳日龄:消化能12.78 MJ/kg,粗蛋白质15.00%;31~60泌乳日龄:消化能13.00 M J/kg,粗蛋白质17.00%。高、低水平分别设计为标准推荐量的120%、100%。将40只分娩后的莱芜黑山羊母羊平均分为4组,各组分别饲喂高蛋白质、高能(A组),低蛋白质、高能(B组),高蛋白质、低能(C组),低蛋白质、低能(D组)饲粮。结果表明:1)A组的羔羊平均日增重显著高于其他3组(P0.05),D组母羊体重呈负增长现象,但变化幅度较小。1~30日龄羔羊增重速度高于31~60日龄,羔羊平均日增重以C组在1~30日龄和A组在31~60日龄最高。2)整个泌乳期A、C组的母羊泌乳总量显著高于B、D组(P0.05),各组泌乳量峰值均出现在30泌乳日龄,随后逐渐降低。3)饲粮蛋白质水平影响母羊的泌乳量及羔羊的平均日增重,饲粮能量水平的影响不如蛋白质明显。4)母羊粗蛋白质采食量、泌乳量及羔羊平均日增重具有相似的变化趋势,有一定相关性。总之,1~30泌乳日龄母羊饲粮消化能、粗蛋白质、干物质适宜水平分别为1.145 MJ/(kg W0.75·d)、17.67 g/(kg W0.75·d)、93.73 g/(kg W0.75·d),31~60泌乳日龄分别为1.139 MJ/(kg W0.75·d)、19.65 g/(kg W0.75·d)、90.14 g/(kg W0.75·d)。     

提高母羊泌乳量的喂养法

母羊的泌乳可分为初期、盛期和后期三个阶段。每个阶段母羊的生理状况和营养需求都不同。为了提高母羊的泌乳量,不同时期必须采用不同的饲养管理方法。泌乳初期:母羊产羔后,腹部空虚,体质衰弱,消化机能较差,因此要及时补充营养和水分的损失。产后7天内每天应饮3—4次温水,水中应加入少量麸皮和食盐。日粮应以嫩干草为主,7天后逐渐增加青草和青贮饲料,两周后恢复正常的精料量。泌乳盛期:这个时期,母羊泌乳量不断上升。一般产后30—45天为泌乳高峰期。高产羊泌乳高峰期到来较晚,约在产后60—70天。这个时期母羊食欲旺盛,饲料利用率高。为了使…     

不同蛋白质水平日粮对云岭黑山羊泌乳期生产性能的影响

选用云岭黑山羊泌乳母羊100只,随机分为5组,每组20只,采用单因子设计,以NRC山羊泌乳期蛋白质需要量为参照,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ5个梯度,研究补饲不同蛋白质水平日粮对云岭黑山羊母羊泌乳期生产性能的影响。试验结果表明,在试验期内,母羊平均日减重为36、35、34、25、29 g,以第Ⅳ减重最少;从组间的泌乳量来看,第Ⅴ组的泌乳量在整个泌乳期均明显高于其他各组, 第Ⅳ组比第Ⅴ组的产奶量略低,但也高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组;羔羊增重与母羊泌乳量呈正相关。     

舍饲绵羊产后30天产奶量及乳成分变化规律

选取舍饲甘肃肉用绵羊新品种核心群母羊14只,对其产后1～30 d产奶量及乳成分指标的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,舍饲甘肃肉用绵羊新品种核心群母羊产后30 d内具有较高的泌乳性能,30 d总泌乳量为(32.82±0.19) kg,日均泌乳量为(1.09±0.08) kg,1～30 d泌乳曲线方程为Y=530.60t^0.368e^-0.015t,日增重可达(0.234±0.033) kg。母羊产后30 d内各种常规成分及物理性质均以第1天变化最为显著,到第3天趋于平稳;初乳中各种成分的含量均与常乳不同并呈现一定规律性变化,产后1～7 d常规成分中可溶性固形物、非脂固形物、蛋白质和脂肪含量呈下降趋势;乳蛋白、非脂固形物、密度和酸度在产后1～21 d呈下降趋势,随后呈上升趋势;乳脂、可溶性固形物和酸度在产后30 d内一直呈下降趋势;乳糖含量在1～14 d呈上升趋势,随后其含量趋于平稳;冰点在1～5 d呈上升趋势,随后呈缓慢下降,而乳密度在产后30 d内变化不显著(P>0.05)。以上结果为甘肃肉用绵羊新品种群种质特性和早期断奶羔羊的补饲提供了基础数据。     

不同能量水平日粮对云岭黑山羊泌乳期生产性能的影响

选用云岭黑山羊泌乳母羊采用单因子设计,以NRC山羊泌乳期能量需要量为参照,研究补饲不同能量水平日粮对云岭黑山羊母羊泌乳期生产性能的影响.     

甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳规律及哺乳期羔羊体重生长规律研究

为探讨舍饲半舍饲条件下甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳规律及哺乳羔羊生长规律,试验以25只二胎次甘肃高山细毛羊泌乳母羊和29只哺乳期羔羊为研究对象,测定母羊2~75d的泌乳量以及哺乳期羔羊1~75d体重变化。结果表明:甘肃高山细毛羊产后2~75d泌乳曲线符合Wood模型;羔羊性别对母羊泌乳量和泌乳曲线方程参数无显著影响(P0.05);羔羊累积生长曲线呈近似直线变化,且羔羊体重增长量与母羊的泌乳量呈极强正相关(r=0.988)。研究结果表明,甘肃高山细毛羊母羊泌乳曲线具有泌乳初期上升速度快,泌乳高峰期出现较早且峰值较高,泌乳后期下降速度较快的特点。羔羊生长规律表现出生后1~10日龄日增重快速增加,11~50日龄日增重平稳上升,50~75日龄日增重波动下降。     

补喂瓜氨酸对妊娠90 d湖羊母羊繁殖性能和泌乳性能的影响

本试验旨在研究补喂瓜氨酸对妊娠90 d湖羊母羊繁殖性能和泌乳性能的影响,为瓜氨酸在湖羊母羊中的应用提供科学依据。试验选取妊娠90 d的湖羊母羊50只,随机分成2组,每组25只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加瓜氨酸10 g/d进行补喂。试验一直进行到母羊产后45 d,记录羔羊初生重和45日龄体重。每组选取6只母羊,测定产后16～30 d泌乳量及乳成分变化,采集母羊产后第15、30、45天晨饲前颈静脉血样。结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组羔羊初生重极显著提高了19.6%(P <0.01);试验组羔羊45日龄体重显著提高了6%(P <0.05);试验组母羊产后第16～30天平均日泌乳量和总泌乳量分别极显著提高了19.6%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第1天乳蛋白率极显著提高了20%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第7～15天以及20～30天乳脂率分别极显著提高了21%和16.7%(P <0.01);试验组母羊产后第15天血浆中催乳素（PRL）含量极显著提高了167%(P <0.01),其血浆中孕酮（P4）含量显著降低207%(P <0...     

不同TMR对贵州黑山羊生长母羊育肥效果及血清指标的影响

试验旨在探讨不同全混合日粮(TMR)对贵州黑山羊生长母羊强度育肥效果及相关血清指标的影响.选取3～4月龄、平均体重为(24.70±0.70)kg的贵州黑山羊生长母羊21只,随机分为3组,每组7个重复,每个重复1只羊.3组分别饲喂颗粒TMR、TMR和发酵全混合日粮(FTMR).预试期为10 d,正试期75 d.结果表明:...     

鱼粉对妊娠晚期和泌乳早期的母羊的影响（1）

本试验研究妊娠晚期和泌乳早期的母羊在日粮中添加鱼粉对羊初乳和母羊所产羔羊血浆中的脂肪酸组成的影响。8只妊娠100d的初始体重为97±5kg的阿尔科特母羊用于该试验,将母羊随机分成两组,一组为对照组（对照组追加豆粕）,一组为鱼粉组。在母羊生产前6周和产后7周分别追加豆粕和鱼粉。母羊生产后,在产后的第0d和母羊泌乳期的第36、49d分别采集羊乳样本;在产后的第0、36和49d分别采集哺乳羔羊的血液样本。结果表明,在母羊妊娠晚期和泌乳早期时追加鱼粉可明显提高羔羊血浆中的DHA含量,从而对羔羊的存活率、增加羔羊免疫力等方面有积极作用。     

围产期补饲对放牧蒙古羊母羊泌乳性能及羔羊生长性能的影响

旨在研究围产期补饲精补料对戈壁地区妊娠期放牧蒙古羊母羊增重、血液生理生化指标、泌乳性能以及羔羊生长性能的影响。选取20只体况相近、平均体重为（60±5.54）kg的妊娠期蒙古羊母羊, 按平均体重分为试验组和对照组, 每组10只。对照组按照传统补饲方法补饲玉米300 g/（只·d）, 试验组补饲精补料300 g/（只·d）。补饲试验预饲期5 d, 正饲期60 d。测定试验母羊初始体重和补饲试验末体重, 计算总增重;补饲试验结束时, 采集试验母羊血液样本, 测定血液常规指标和血清生化指标;从产后第15天起使用差重法测定母羊泌乳量, 持续到产后第85天;测定羔羊的初生重、90日龄重, 计算羔羊在90日龄内的日增重。利用统计学方法对对照组和试验组的上述指标进行分析。结果表明, 在补饲试验期间, 试验组母羊与对照组母羊的总增重差异不显著（P>0.05）, 试验组母羊的体重减少幅度比对照组母羊低1.71%;试验组母羊的各项血液常规指标和血清生化指标与对照组母羊相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）;整个泌乳期试验组母羊的泌乳量都高于对照组母羊, 其中, 产羔后75 d和85 d, 试验组母羊的泌乳量显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）高于对照组母羊;与对照组羔羊相比, 试验组羔羊的90日龄体重和90日龄内日增重有所提高（P>0.05）。综上提示, 围产期补饲精补料能够提高放牧蒙古羊母羊的产后泌乳量, 并且有助于提升羔羊日增重。     

围产前期饲喂DCAD对奶牛营养代谢疾病的影响

试验通过在奶牛围产前期日粮中以?瘙
厫560 g/kg的标准添加阴离子盐,以观察DCAD的饲喂效果.结果表明:在奶牛围产前期饲喂阴离子盐有利于牛体健康,能显著降低产后瘫痪及乳房炎的发病率(P＜0.05),极显著降低胎衣不下和子宫内膜炎的发病率(P＜0.01),同时有利于奶牛产后体况的恢复,缩短奶牛产后第一次发情时间26.5天(P＜0.05),显著提高奶牛产奶量,产后30天奶牛日产奶量可提高11.7%(P＜0.05).     

代乳料原料组成对早期断奶羔羊生长及脏器发育的影响

为了探讨代乳料原料的不同组合效应对早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选取25只甘肃高山细毛羔羊,分为5组,每组5只,对照组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳和放牧;试验组羔羊30日龄断奶,饲喂4种代乳料:A组主原料未膨化,B组主原料膨化,C组主原料膨化+血浆蛋白粉,D组在C组基础上增加乳清粉。试验期为30~90日龄。结果表明:50、70日龄时,对照组羔羊体质量最大,试验组羔羊受断奶应激的影响,相应指标较小。90日龄时,D组体质量显著高于B、C组(P0.05),超过了对照组。30~90日龄阶段,D组日增体质量最大,且显著高于B、C组(P0.05)。对照组脾脏质量显著高于4个试验组(P0.05),且脾脏指数最高。说明在代乳料中添加血浆蛋白粉及增加乳清粉,有利于羔羊健康发育,使代乳料的饲喂效果最佳。     

Factors affecting milk yield and composition of Tunisian camels (Camelus dromedarius) over complete lactation

This study aimed to investigate the milk production potential and the impact of nongenetic factors on milk yield and composition of Tunisian dromedary camels. Milk recording and sampling were carried out at monthly intervals over complete lactation for 3 years from 95 camels reared in intensive and semi-intensive systems. The overall means of daily milk yield and fat, protein, total solids, and ash contents were 4.21 ± 1.98 l/day, 2.45 ± 0.9%, 2.67 ± 0.74%, 10.75 ± 1.41%, and 0.85 ± 0.08%, respectively. The total milk yield was 1388.41 ± 575.46 l/lactation for 11 months of lactation. The daily milk yield increased regularly throughout lactation until it reached its peak in the 4th month postpartum and then decreased until the 17th month postpartum. The chemical components, except ash, followed an opposite trend to the milk yield. Their minimum contents were recorded during the 7th and 8th months postpartum, while the maximum levels were observed during the 17th month postpartum. Regarding seasonal variation, the highest daily milk yield was recorded during summer (June), whereas the lowest was found in winter (December). In contrast, the maximum and minimum contents of fat and protein were observed during winter (December) and summer (July), respectively. Similarly, total solids content was maximum in January and minimum in August. Parity had no effect on daily milk yield, while all chemical components were higher in milk from primiparous than multiparous camels. Calf sex and management system did not affect the milk yield and composition. These results are useful in order to develop feeding strategies and breeding programs for improving milk production.

     

Transmammary transfer of nitrates and nitrites in ruminants and methemoglobin blood levels in the young and their mothers

Transmammary transfer of nitrates was studied in ewes as model animals and in a dairy cow during the colostrum period and shortly after it. Ewes were administered per os 35 mg NaNO3.kg-1 of live weight twice daily during five days post partum and the dairy cow 50 g KNO3 during ten days post partum. Methaemoglobinaemia in ewes and their lambs had consistent dynamics during the whole period of study with slightly higher values in lambs than in ewes. Differences in the averages of methaemoglobin (MtHb) concentrations in blood were statistically higher from the fourth till the 72nd hour after administration. NaNO3 concentration in milk highly and significantly increased after the first administration, with a subsequent decline to an insignificant level during further clays, as compared with the initial data. NO2 ions were not observed to be present in any milk sample. Dynamics of methaemoglobinaemia in the dairy cow and her calf was the same as in the ewes, with a tendency of regular increasing four hours after administration. The increase in methaemoglobinaemia the last day of the trial was at the limit of significance. NaNO3 content in milk significantly increased on the 3rd, 9th and 10th day after administration. Nitrates in urine showed similar trend as in milk with a significant increase only on the 2nd and 10th day post partum. The finding of 14.5 mg.l-1 NaNO3 in the amniotic fluid provides evidence of a simultaneous transplacental transfer of nitrates.     

Longitudinal observation on reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche,Oromia region,central Ethiopia

A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cattle in Fitche, central Ethiopia. Twenty-four smallholder dairy farms were monitored and data on reproductive, breeding, lactation and management aspects of crossbred dairy cows (n = 69) were collected and analysed. Moreover, milk samples were collected and analysed for progesterone. The overall Least-squares means for calving interval (CI), calving to conception interval (CCI) and first observed oestrus after calving were 516, 253 and 141 days, respectively. Suckling significantly prolonged these intervals. The mean first onset of luteal activity (OLA) after calving was 52 days, while 67.4% (n = 43) had a delayed (>55 days) return to cyclicity after calving. Suckling and parity number significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the OLA. The mean lactation length was 54.4 weeks. The overall daily mean milk yield for the first 43 weeks of lactation after calving was 11.7 L/day. The estimated daily milk yield increased slowly and reached peak (13.8 L/day) around the 11th week post partum and declined gradually and steadily. Suckling status, season of calving and parity number significantly influenced the estimated daily milk yield. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the smallholder crossbred dairy cows in the study area had prolonged intervals to first oestrus after calving, to conception and to the next calving, and thus their reproductive performance is unsatisfactory. Delayed first onset of luteal activity (postpartum anoestrus) contributed to these extended intervals. Further detailed investigation is suggested to examine the effects of other relevant factors on the reproductive and lactation performances of smallholder crossbred dairy cows for appropriate intervention.     

Hormonal induction of lactation in nonpregnant ewes

Exogenous hormone treatments designed to induce nonpregnant ewes to lactate at levels sufficient to rear orphan lambs were investigated in three breeds (Blackface, Dorset and Greyface) and in a total of 14 groups. The hormone treatments consisted of an induction phase lasting 1–6 weeks during which most ewes received daily subcutaneous injections of 75 mg of progesterone and 100 µg of oestradiol-17β and a trigger phase lasting 1 or 2 weeks during which 5 mg of oestradiol-17β and/or 10 mg of dexamethasone were given daily and the daily dose of progesterone was reduced to zero. From the end of the trigger phase for at least 2 weeks, milk production was determined three times daily by hand milking after prior intravenous injections of 5 IU of oxytocin. The linear dimensions of the udder were measured in each ewe at 5–6 day intervals throughout the induction and trigger phases.

Udder sizes increased in response to hormone treatment in all cases, and the rate of increase was usually 1.75–11.3 times greater during the trigger phase than during the induction phase. Accumulation of milk in the udder during the trigger phase resulted in mean milk yields of 212–763 ml on the first day of milking, which were higher than the mean yields of 130–354 ml on the second day. Thereafter the mean daily milk yields increased progressively to reach 579–1301 ml after 14 days of milking. Group comparisons revealed the following: an induction phase of at least 4 weeks duration was required to ensure that all hormone-treated ewes produced 800 ml or more of milk/day by 14 days of milking; during the trigger phase, oestadiol-17β alone was a more effective lactogenic agent than dexamethasone alone, and dexamethasone apparently hindered the lactogenic actions of oestradiol-17β when both hormones were given together; extending the duration of the trigger phase from 1 to 2 weeks did not improve subsequent milk yields; and there were no significant breed differences in milk yield responses to similar hormone treatments.

It is concluded that a 4–6 week induction phase followed by a l-week trigger phase using the progesterone and oestradiol-17β doses noted above but excluding dexamethasone would induce in most nonpregnant ewes lactation at levels sufficient to rear orphan lambs. Compared to the compositions of normal colostrum and milk, the milk from some of the present ewes had lower dry matter contents, fat concentrations and immunoglobulin-G concentrations and generally similar lactose concentrations. These differences were not considered to be sufficient to jeopardise the survival of lambs reared by such ewes.     

哺乳期陕北白绒山羊羔羊体重生长发育规律研究

 为揭示陕北白绒山羊哺乳期羔羊体重生长发育规律,为羔羊培育方案制定提供基础研究资料,以24只1日龄羔羊为研究对象,在每天准确测量其体重的基础上,分别绘制出哺乳期羔羊的累积生长量、绝对生长速度和相对生长速度曲线。结果表明：（1）1～75日龄羔羊体重随日龄增加呈近似于直线的曲线变化,且羔羊累积生长量与母羊累积产奶量呈极强正相关;（2）羔羊出生后1～10日龄日增重随日龄增加而快速增加,11日龄后日增重随日龄增加开始逐渐下降,其中11～20日龄期间羔羊日增重下降速度较快,21～75日龄期间羔羊日增重下降速度趋于平缓。