自然保护区害虫综合治理对策

对自然保护区森林害虫的综合治理提出了在生态学理论基础上进行虫情监测，生物防治，应用营林措施，保护天敌资源和加强科学研究等综合治理对策来达到控制害虫种类和种群数量的目的。     

捕食马尾松毛虫的蝽类——马尾松毛虫天敌研究(1)

马尾松毛虫天敌的种类多,数量大,是这种害虫重要的死亡因子,甚至是终止害虫的猖獗因子。研究它的天敌种类组成,数量变化,种类的生物学、生态学,有利于充分地发挥天敌自然控制作用,合理地利用天敌和有计划地引进天敌。     

青海云杉种实害虫危害情况及综合治理调查分析

青海云杉的种实害虫有十几种，危害严重的有三种，即云杉球果小卷蛾、云杉蛀果斑螟和云杉梢斑螟，主要发生在甘肃祁连山林区。本文经过调查，根据青海云杉和种实害虫的生物学特性，提出加强青海云杉林的经营管理，尽量减少广谱性化学药剂的大面积使用；尽可能多的应用营林技术为主的、不杀伤天敌的防治措施，以达到青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的良性循环；并提出青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的策略、原则以及评价青海云杉种实害虫综合治理的步骤和方法。     

樟树蚧壳虫的发生及其综合治理

樟雪盾蚧（Chionaspis camphora Chen）及樟白轮盾蚧（Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana）是樟树的2种主要蚧类害虫;文章对这2种重要害虫的为害状况、形态特征、生物学特性、发生条件,天敌种类进行了调查总结,最后提出一套科学的综合管理策略。     

花椒波瘿蚊天敌种类初报

本文介绍陇南地区为害花椒的主要害虫花椒波瘿蚊及其重要天敌昆虫种类，并探讨利用天敌昆虫控制花椒波瘿蚊的可能性，同时对重要天敌的生物学特性作了初步观察。     

防治马尾松主要害虫又有新成果

由苍梧县林业局、广西林业科学院共同完成的“马尾松四种主要食叶青虫综合治理技术研究”项目日前通过了由广西区林业局组织的成果鉴定。该项目1991年开始在苍梧县建立了匕．4万公顷试验林，进行了9年的综合治理，基本摸清马尾松四种主要食叶害虫（马尾松毛虫、沙弥统尺蛾、松茸毒蛾、焦艺夜娥）发生规律和主要天敌；提出以营林措施为主的七项综合技术，使马尾松几种食”叶害虫灾害得到有效控制，改变了松树害虫严重发生的状况。该成果适用于我国南方历个省区对松树食叶害虫灾害的防治，提出了在生态学原理指导下采取掌握虫情动态，搞好测报…     

兴安落叶松种实害虫优势种及防治方法的研究

经过定点观测，初步掌握了大兴安岭中部西坡落叶松种实害虫的种类、生物学、生态学特性。对其优势种群动态进行了初步研究。发现一种小卷蛾，经鉴定为东北小卷蛾（Ｃｙｄｉａｉｌｕｔａｎａｄａｈｕｒｉｃｏｌａｎａ），为我国新记录种。     

传统生物防治中天敌利用存在的问题

生物防治主张充分利用生物手段对有害生物进行适度治理，尤其是希望通过天敌的引进、释放对主要农林害虫进行控制。但是，目前生物防治在理论和实践上均存在一些不足之处；主要表现在理论上较少注意天敌生存环境中的信息联系，实践中只注重引进和释放而较少注意本地天敌的持续利用。另外，在生物防治中，对天敌适合性的研究和环境的制约作用缺乏深入的研究。因此，如何在本地适合的条件下进行持续生物防治是现代生态学和昆虫学以及相关学科需要解决的问题，对这些问题的研究将大大推进生物防治的发展。     

天牛卵寄生蜂研究进展及应用前景

本文对天牛卵期寄生性天敌的研究进展进行了综述。已有文献表明该领域的研究多集中在天敌资源调查、天敌分类与系统发育、天敌生物学特性、行为学特性、生殖与遗传多样性、化学生态学等方面,大部分属于基础性研究;但相对其他类群害虫的卵寄生蜂研究较少;仅见对极少数几种天牛卵寄生蜂的行为学、化学生态学机制有过较深入的探讨。天牛卵寄生蜂应用于生物防治实践的研究更少,这可能与天牛卵寄生蜂虫源获取困难、饲养技术研究薄弱有关,天牛卵寄生蜂的规模化繁育技术也制约了其生物防治利用。本综述对全面了解天牛卵期寄生性天敌研究进展提供了便捷,为今后加强和深入对天牛卵寄生蜂的研究利用提供了参考。     

辽阳地区杨树主要害虫寄生性天敌调查

自１９７９年以来，对辽阳地区１３种杨树主要害虫寄生性天敌进行了调查。从２０００多号标本中鉴定出３４种，分属２目１９科。并对主要种类的生物学特性做了初步观察。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.