中国龙虾叶状幼体摄食的研究

中国龙虾叶状幼体孵出后1－2h就开始摄食、其适宜的开口饵料为卤虫无节幼体，叶状幼体Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期摄食卤虫无节幼体后的变态率分别为80％、40％和32．5％。卤虫幼虫体和贻贝卵巢混合投喂，可提高叶状幼体的存活率。叶状幼体对不同饵料具有选择性，昼夜均可摄食，没有明显的摄食节律性。光照和黑暗对叶状幼体的摄食和存活没有影响。在适宜的卤虫无节幼体下，叶状幼体5－9min就可饱食，然后经过45－90min消化完毕；初孵叶状幼体对不同大小的卤虫无节幼体（349．5－604．9μm）的摄食没有明显差异，本试验可为开展中国龙虾的人工育苗积累资料。     

盐度对九孔鲍摄食_生长及存活的影响

九孔鲍摄食人工饲料的盐度范围为２０￣３８,其中较适宜的盐度范围为２５￣３５,在此盐度范围内,小规格鲍（平均壳长１．３０ｃｍ,平均体重０．３７ｇ）的壳长日增长为９１．５￣１０２．３μｍ,日增重为８．６０￣１２．５５ｍｇ;大规格鲍（平均壳长２．７ｃｍ,平均体重２．３ｇ）的壳长日增长为５６．３０￣８１．８０μｍ,日增重为１２．６８￣２２．４８ｍｇ,其最适生长的盐度为３０￣３５,存活率为９７％￣１００％。     

甘露寡糖对波纹龙虾叶状幼体生长的影响

为探索甘露寡糖(mannose-oligosaccharides, MOS)对波纹龙虾叶状幼体生长的促进作用,本研究设置3个试验组,分别投喂用不同浓度甘露寡糖强化的卤虫,统计各试验组培养3d、5d、7d后波纹龙虾叶状幼体的成活率。实验结果表明,1#饵料组(0.4%甘露寡糖强化)培养3d、5d、7d的成活率分别为(72.5±2.5)%、(57.5±2.5)%、(42.5±2.5)%,明显高于其它试验组。饵料中添加甘露寡糖可提高波纹龙虾叶状幼体的成活率,甘露寡糖最佳添加浓度为0.4%。     

中国龙虾早期叶状幼体消化道的组织结构观察

利用光镜和电镜对中国龙虾叶状幼体发育早期(Ⅰ～Ⅳ期)消化道的组织学、组织化学和超微结构进行了研究。消化道可分为前肠、中肠和后肠。前肠包括口、食道和胃。消化道壁由粘膜层、结缔组织层、肌肉层和外膜组成。除中肠外,其余消化管壁上皮均覆盖有几丁质层。消化道结构随幼体发育逐渐复杂化。口部的口器发达。食道壁内褶形成四个食道嵴。贲门胃的结构简单,至Ⅳ期幼体只有胃磨齿的雏形;幽门胃内具有由栉状刚毛组成的腺滤器,其结构与过滤功能逐渐完善。中肠上皮细胞具微绒毛,胞质中富含胞器。后肠有六个纵嵴。各段管壁上皮细胞内的胞器以线粒体与内质网居多。在各期幼体消化道中,几丁质层具较多的多糖类物质,中肠上皮细胞含少量糖原;肌细胞内含丰富蛋白质,幽门胃与中肠上皮的含量次之。还探讨了龙虾幼体消化道的结构与功能的关系。     

中国龙虾的人工繁殖及早期叶状幼体培育的研究

中国龙虾的繁殖季节在4-9月,每尾雌虾可抱卵2-3次,抱卵盛期在6-7月份。在水温26-29℃的条件下,雌虾抱卵后在18-22d内孵出叶状幼体,叶状幼体破膜时间一般为19:30-23:00,高峰期出现在21:00-22:30之间,初孵幼体平均体长为1565.79±24.57μm。在静水、无投饵条件下的生存指数SAI值可作为检测叶状幼体活力的一个指标,其大小为30.50-80.67。SAI值的变化与时状幼体的变态率和存活率呈正相关。经方差分析,各实验批次的Ⅰ期叶状幼体存活率与变态率差异不明显,Ⅱ期幼体之后呈显著性差异,叶状幼体生长发育的适宜盐度为33-35。     

中国龙虾早期叶状幼体肝胰腺的显微与超微结构

利用光镜和电镜研究中国龙虾发育早期（Ⅰ～Ⅳ期）叶状幼体的肝胰腺的形态学、组织学、组织化学和超微结构。结果表明：肝胰腺左右对称各分成3叶,每叶由许多分支的肝胰腺管组成。根据其结构与功能的不同,腺管上皮细胞可分为泡状细胞（B细胞）、纤维细胞（F细胞）、吸收细胞（R细胞）和胚性细胞（E细胞）四种类型。各类细胞的游离面具微绒毛。B细胞有明显胞饮现象,内含一个大消化泡和许多液泡,起吸收和细胞内消化作用。R细胞内线粒体、内质网较丰富,含少量脂滴,具吸收与储存养分的功能。F细胞具有发达的粗面内质网、丰富的游离核糖体和酶原颗粒,行细胞外消化作用。E细胞胞器不发达,是细胞分化的起点。组织化学研究表明：各类细胞大多有多糖类物质,R细胞含少量糖原和脂类,F细胞内含丰富蛋白质,其它细胞含量次之。本文还讨论了肝胰腺细胞的类型及各细胞结构与功能的关系。     

盐度对菲律宾蛤仔浮游幼体存活和生长的影响

研究结果表明:菲律宾蛤仔受精卵在26℃水温下的最适孵化盐度为23 8～34 8,孵化率平均在80%以上;盐度38 3和21 2组,对受精卵的孵化有一定负面影响,孵化率为30%～60%;盐度低于15 9,受精卵基本上不能孵化;盐度29 5为幼体生长的最适盐度,8d可生长成下潜幼体,平均日生长16μm,成活率90%,盐度高于或低于29 5,其幼体的存活和生长都受到很大影响。     

波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体的培育及其形态观察

为了探索波纹龙虾(Panulirus homarus)幼体培育新方法,并系统描述其幼体形态特征.在室内以5种不同的饵料组合投喂波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体.结果表明,扁藻(Platymonas sp.) 卤虫(Artemia salina)组的存活率和变态率最高,到48 d后,幼体存活率达25%,并25%的幼体能顺利完成6次蜕皮;卤虫组、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.) 卤虫组的存活率和变态率较低,没有幼体能顺利完成4次蜕皮.对叶状幼体的形态特征进行观察,发现刚孵出和蜕皮1次的叶状幼体无眼柄,第2次蜕皮后开始出现眼柄,第3次蜕皮后开始出现第4步足,第5次蜕皮后开始出现第5步足,在随后的几次蜕皮后,第4步足明显增长,第9次蜕皮后第4步足出现带有羽状刚毛的外肢.以扁藻 卤虫作为饵料时,波纹龙虾早期叶状幼体培育效果较好,并获得了脱皮9次的叶状幼体.     

盐度对紫海胆受精、胚胎发育、幼体生长、摄食和变态的影响

为研究盐度对紫海胆受精、孵化、胚胎发育、浮游幼体生长发育、摄食和变态的影响,本研究采用实验室培养幼体的方法,设置了不同盐度(15、20、25、30、35和40)的水体,对紫海胆的胚胎和浮游幼体进行实验。结果显示,紫海胆在盐度20～35范围内的受精率超过95%,但在盐度15和40下无法受精;盐度30下胚胎发育最快,孵化率显著高于其他盐度,为89.8%;浮游幼体期适宜盐度为25～35,最适盐度为30,盐度20和40下幼体仅能发育至八腕幼体Ⅰ期,而盐度15下幼体发育受抑制,一直停留在四腕幼体阶段,7 d后死亡;盐度为15～40时的八腕Ⅳ期幼体在72 h的变态率超过21.4%,其中盐度30下幼体变态率最高,为54.7%,且变态速率最快,能在24 h时出现稚胆。浮游幼体在盐度35时前侧腕和口后腕生长最快,胃面积在盐度30时最大,摄食率在盐度30时最大。研究表明,盐度对紫海胆的早期发育有较显著的影响。本研究能够为紫海胆人工育苗培育提供基础资料。     

早期的岩龙虾叶状幼体对温度和光照期变化的反应

研究了温度和光照期对早期阶段岩龙虾叶状幼体的存活、蜕壳间期、蜕壳期、生长以及摄食活动的影响。在第一次实验中，从新孵化的幼体长到第Ⅱ生长期，期间其生长增量在温度为14．3℃和18．2℃下饲养时都比较高，而在温度10．5cc和21．5℃下则最低；生长至第Ⅱ生长期的存活率在不同的温度之间没有显著差异。     

Temperature and Salinity Tolerances of the Tropical Spiny Lobster,Panulirus ornatus

Interest in the development of aquaculture of the tropical spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, has increased markedly over the past 10 yr because of strong market demand and high prices. In Australia, economic conditions will necessitate that a semi‐intensive approach be taken, possibly involving managed environmental conditions. Identification of optimal temperature and salinity levels will be necessary, and therefore two experiments were performed to examine these two parameters. Juvenile lobsters were grown in tanks at five temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 C). Growth was significantly affected by temperature (P < 0.01), and maximal growth occurred at 25–31 C. Examination of the temperature effect on molt increment and intermolt period indicated that 27 C was the optimal temperature, at which molt increment was greatest and intermolt period the least. Temperature also had a significant (P < 0.01) positive effect on apparent feed intake (AFI). Juvenile lobsters were also exposed to four different salinities (20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt) over a period of 91 d. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were apparent for both survival and growth. Lowest survival occurred at 35 ppt which may be attributable to higher cannibalism at that salinity. Growth was highest at 35 ppt and progressively less at lower salinities. Although full marine salinity (35 ppt) will generate best performance of P. ornatus, its capacity to tolerate reduced salinity will provide greater opportunity to develop commercial aquaculture.     

中国龙虾耗氧率及窒息点的研究

研究了中国龙虾在不同温度、盐度及pH条件下的耗氧率和窒息点。试验结果表明,耗氧率随着水温的上升而上升,由25℃的0.0931mg/(g.h)升至33℃的0.2061mg/(g.h);而盐度变化对中国龙虾耗氧率的影响并不显著,在盐度为28和31时,耗氧率较低,分别为0.1033mg/(g.h)和0.1082mg/(g.h)。低pH对中国龙虾耗氧率有较大影响,当pH由7.3升至8.0时,耗氧率由0.3028mg/(g.h)降至0.1092mg/(g.h)。在水温29℃、盐度28、pH 8.0条件下,体质量97g的中国龙虾的窒息点为0.1561mg/L。     

Stability of Formulated Diets and Feeding Response of Stage I Western Spiny Lobster, Panulirus cygnus, Phyllosomata

This study is a preliminary assessment of suitable binders and formats of potential formulated diets for hatchery growout of early‐stage western spiny lobster, Panulirus cygnus, phyllosomata. Six dry meal (each bound with a different binder) and three gelatinous (all bound using gelatine) diets were tested for stability in water over increasing periods of time (4, 8, and 12 h), and the feeding response to each was observed by video analysis. The gelatinous krill diet appears most suited to the larval feeding biology of P. cygnus phyllosomata as it elicited a heightened feeding response immediately following immersion, was most stable in water up to 4 h, and did not foul the maxillae during ingestion. The dry meal diets were not as stable in water and contributed to excessive fouling of the maxillae during ingestion. Of the dry meal diets, the most suitable was bound with 5% k‐carrageenan, presumably because of high moisture content and softer texture.     

Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth,Survival, and Behavior of Postpuerulus Western Rock Lobster,Panulirus cygnus (George) (Decapoda: Palinuridae)

The effect of four stocking densities (30, 60, 100, and 150 lobsters/m²) on the growth and survival of Panulirus cygnus postpueruli was determined over a 112‐d grow‐out trial. Agonistic behavior at each experimental density was recorded using infrared filming. Survival and growth decreased with increasing density, although this trend was only significant between the lowest (30/m²) and the highest densities (150/m²) (P < 0.05) at the conclusion of the grow‐out trial. Density had no significant effect on apparent feed intake but significantly affected food conversion ratios (FCR) across all four densities, with FCR being best at 30/m² and worst at 150/m². The number and frequency of agonistic encounters per tank differed significantly with density, with agonistic encounters being highest at 150/m² and lowest at 30/m². Agonistic encounters coincided with the crepuscular foraging pattern of postpueruli. The reduction in survival and growth of postpueruli at the highest density (150/m²) can be attributed to the significant increase in the number of agonistic encounters. This study supports that P. cygnus postpueruli should be stocked at densities less than 100/m² in order to minimize the negative effect of density on growth and survival.     

Cd2+和Hg2+对波纹龙虾的急性毒性

采用毒理学方法,在水温28.0~29.0℃下于0.5 m^3的圆形玻璃钢桶中,用氯化镉和氯化汞配成不同质量浓度的Cd^2+和Hg^2+试验溶液,研究Cd^2+和Hg^2+对体质量49.10~52.10 g波纹龙虾的毒性,用直线内插法求得Cd^2+和Hg^2+的半致死质量浓度及安全质量浓度。试验结果显示,Cd^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是2.5169、1.3378、1.0445、0.9500 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.0095 mg/L;Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的24、48、72、96 h半致死质量浓度分别是0.0560、0.0333、0.0246、0.0227 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.000227 mg/L。Hg^2+对波纹龙虾的毒性作用强于Cd^2+的毒性作用。     

盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼存活、生长及摄食的影响

盐度对漠斑牙鲆幼鱼的存活的影响较小,将漠斑牙鲆幼鱼从盐度为32的海水直接放入盐度为24、16、8、0的水中观察48 h存活情况,仅盐度0组成活率为75%,其他盐度组均为100%.在盐度为32、24、16、8、0各试验组中,经1个月饲养,生长速度和饵料系数均无显著差异.盐度越低越有利于漠斑牙鲆白化个体康复正常体色.     

干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹的影响

采用单因子分析方法,在生化培养箱中设置5个干露梯度,15个盐度梯度及12个温度梯度,研究干露、盐度、温度变化对中华虎头蟹仔蟹存活及其活力的影响。试验结果表明,不同干露温度梯度下,随着温度的升高,时间的延长,仔蟹爬行、游动、钻沙能力不断减弱;在0、1、2、45、50盐度梯度下,24h后仔蟹成活率、活力下降明显;10～35℃温度梯度下,24h后成活率超过90%,能正常摄食、活动,其他温度试验组,随温度变化,仔蟹活力不断减弱至无法摄食活动。     

Bioeconomic Analysis of Improved Diets for Lobster,Panulirus ornatus,Culture in Vietnam

Culture‐based growout of tropical spiny lobster, Panulirus ornatus, is a nascent and unique industry that faces a number of challenges and opportunities. Of particular interest to this study is the imminent development of pelleted diets for lobster (probably within 3 yr) that will potentially reduce the industry's dependence on bycatch for feed (with benefits to wild stocks of fish and reduced downstream environmental impacts). The aim of this paper is to conduct a bioeconomic analysis of lobster growout farming in Vietnam and analyze the cost‐effectiveness of potential manufactured feed diets for these farms. Growout lobster farming is found to be a high‐cost and high‐return industry, with a benefit cost ratio of approximately 1.44. Approximately 60% of the total costs are feed related, with the quantity of feed being the production parameter with the highest variability. Hence, reducing the cost and increasing the efficiency of feeding will have a significant impact on the level and variability of profit. It is expected that manufactured diets will improve the profitability by approximately 267 million VND/yr for an individual farmer (15,000 USD) and approximately 435 billion VND/yr for the industry (24 million USD). This is expected to double again if the diets have the added benefit of reducing mortality through the inclusion of vitamins and other additives.     

盐度对透明溞存活、生长和繁殖的影响

采用试验生态学方法,在恒温(20±1)℃条件下,研究盐度变化对透明溞存活、生长和繁殖的影响。试验结果显示,透明溞的24 h和48 h半致死盐度分别为4.16和2.67,安全盐度为0.36。透明溞的产前发育期和有效积温随盐度上升而增加;体长增长率随盐度的升高先升后降,存活时间和内禀增长率随盐度的升高而下降。盐度对透明溞生存、生长及繁殖的影响显著(P<0.05),0.5盐度组的透明溞壳刺长显著大于对照组。研究结果表明,透明溞为嫌盐种,对盐度耐受性低。透明溞可作为水产经济动物开口饵料、水体盐碱变化的指示生物,对水环境监测具有重要意义。