理囊散治疗排卵延迟不孕奶牛血清白介素与激素的相关性分析

为探讨理囊散治疗排卵延迟不孕奶牛血液生殖激素和白介素含量关系,以及分析其之间的相关性与回归方程,通过用ELISA法测定了理囊散治疗排卵延迟不孕奶牛前后血清中促卵泡激素(FSH)、促黄体激素(LH)、孕激素(P)和雌二醇(E2_)的浓度,以及测定了血清IL-1、IL-6含量,统计了4种激素和2种白介素间的相关关系与回归方程。结果表明IL-1、IL-6与P正相关;IL-1与E_2正相关,IL-6与E_2为负相关;IL-1、IL-6与FSH为负相关;IL-1、IL-6与LH负相关。由此得出排卵延迟不孕奶牛血清中白介素含量与生殖激素的分泌存在一定的相关性。     

理囊散对不孕奶牛血清中微量元素和白介素影响的研究

本试验旨在探讨经理囊散治疗不孕症奶牛前后,血清中微量元素(Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn)与白介素(IL-1、IL-6)的含量变化规律。利用火焰法原子吸收光谱法和酶联免疫吸附法分别检测试验组和对照组治疗前、后血清中微量元素和白介素的含量。试验结果表明,①理囊散治疗卵泡囊肿有效率为83.33%,排卵延迟有效率为90.91%;②在卵泡囊肿型奶牛中,Mn、Zn含量治疗前均显著低于正常组(P<0.05),Fe治疗前显著高于正常组(P<0.05),经治疗后逐渐达到正常值水平,Cu、IL-1、IL-6含量治疗前后差异不显著;③在排卵延迟型奶牛中,Fe治疗前显著高于正常组(P<0.05),Mn含量治疗前极显著低于正常组(P<0.01),Zn含量治疗前显著低于正常组(P<0.05),经治疗后逐渐达到正常值水平,Cu、IL-1、IL-6含量治疗前后差异不显著。因此,理囊散对奶牛不孕症血清中部分微量元素和白介素含量有微调作用,在奶牛不孕症治疗效果上有不可忽视的作用。     

理囊散治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的试验

利用理囊散对奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟进行分组治疗,并与激素治疗作对比。结果表明：理囊散治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿的有效率91.3%,配种受胎率85.71%;理囊散治疗牛排卵延迟的有效率88.89%,配种受胎率93.75%;促排卵3号治疗牛卵泡囊肿的有效率55.88%,配种受胎率84.21%;促排卵3号治疗牛排卵延迟的有效率63.89%,配种受胎率91.30%。由此说明,理囊散治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟性不孕症效果显著。     

理囊散治疗奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症的试验研究

用理囊散对奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟进行分组治疗,并与激素治疗作对比.试验结果表明,理囊散治疗卵泡囊肿试验牛的有效率为91.3%、配种受胎率为85.71%;理囊散治疗排卵延迟试验牛的有效率为88.89%、配种受胎率为93.75%;促排卵3号治疗卵泡囊肿试验牛的有效率为55.85%、配种受胎卒为84.21%;促排卵3号治疗排卵延迟试验牛的有效率为63.89%、配种受胎率为91.30%.由此说明,理囊散治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿和排卵延迟性不孕症效果显著.     

奶牛卵泡囊肿的治疗

卵泡囊肿是由于激素分泌紊乱引起不孕的奶牛常见病。我们在近年的临床实践中对12例患牛采用三种不同的方法进行治疗,产生了不同的效果,现将治疗经过作一介绍。     

绒毛膜促性腺激素治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿

卵泡囊肿是奶牛不孕症常见的疾病，主要是由于卵泡上皮发生变性，卵细胞死亡，卵泡液增多未被吸收与排出，而形成大的囊泡。通过临床治疗实践认为，绒毛膜促性腺激素治疗该病效果较好。     

绒毛膜促性腺激素和促排卵素2号治疗奶牛卵泡囊肿效果的研究

目前虽然治疗卵泡囊肿的方法很多,但其治疗效果唯有激素治疗方法为最佳。兹将其治疗方法和结果报道如下。一、材料与方法1.药品:绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)和促排卵素2号(促排2号)都是由宁波市激素制品厂生产,批号分别为861027和861118。2.供试牛的选择和分组:选择长期发情、屡配不孕患卵泡囊肿的黑白花奶牛16例,并将这些病例随机分成A(6例)、B(5例)和C(5例)组。3.试验方法:A组静脉注射一次HCG5000单位(两侧均有较重的卵泡囊肿2例第二日再注);B组每日肌注一次促排2号500微克,连续肌注4;次C组每日对有囊肿侧的阴唇粘膜下注射500微克,连续肌注2次。4.疗效判定标准:发情周期恢复正常并排卵,两次发情输精受胎者为治愈;发情周期恢复正常,两次发情输精未受胎者为有效;治疗后仍持续发情者为无效。二、结果A组患畜治疗效果最佳。6例患畜全     

奶牛发情周期中生殖激素浓度与卵泡发育对比分析

选择从澳大利亚购进的2岁左右发情周期为21d育成母牛10头,用放射免疫测定法（RIA）测定发情周期血清中促卵泡素、促黄体素、孕酮、雌二醇17β的浓度,用B-型超声波诊断仪检测发情周期卵巢卵泡发育变化。结果显示：优势卵泡发育体积和FSH、LH、与E2浓度在奶牛发情周期中主要表现出两个波峰．对比分析显示奶牛在发情周期第12天（优势卵泡峰时）不发情与不排卵主要原因可能是体内前列腺素等激素量不足所致。     

Association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst with mastitis in dairy cows

The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components, but not a viable bacterium. This study aimed to determine the association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst (OFC) with mastitis in dairy cows. Ninety-eight Holstein dairy cows were clinically examined for endometritis and OFC approximately 30–50 days after calving. Blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of milk somatic cell count (SCC); milk interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations; and plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Of the 98 dairy cows included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with endometritis and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive, whereas the remaining 49 cows were healthy (without endometritis or OFC). The average and maximum SCCs and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were not significantly different between the healthy cows and those with endometritis or OFC. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower in the endometritis and OFC-positive groups than in the healthy group. These results suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC during the postpartum period exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components can be transferred between organs.     

Ovarian follicular dynamics and hormones throughout the estrous cycle in Thai native (Bos indicus) heifers

Relatively few studies have been reported regarding the reproductive physiology of female Thai native cattle. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the follicular dynamics and concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) during the estrous cycle in Thai native heifers (TNH) and to compare obtained results with those of European and Indian cattle breeds previously reported. For the detection of estrus, ovaries of all 20 heifers were examined twice daily (12 h intervals) by ultrasonography for three consecutive estrous cycles. From data of 60 estrous cycles (n = 60 estrous cycles from 20 heifers), it was found that 14 (70%) and 6 heifers (30%) had two (42 estrous cycles collected from 14 heifers) and three follicular waves (18 estrous cycles collected from 6 heifers), respectively. The days when estrus was detected, interovulatory intervals, life‐spans of corpus lutea (CL), and days for growing and regression of CLs were shorter in the two follicular waves than those in the three follicular waves (P < 0.05). In both two and thre follicular waves, larger maximum diameters and higher growth rates of the dominant follicle (DF) in an ovulatory wave were observed than those of the preceding waves without ovulation (P < 0.05). There was a progressive increase in follicular size and FSH and E2 production during follicular growth in each follicular wave. In addition, the FSH and E2 peak concentrations during the ovulatory wave were higher than those of the anovulation waves (P < 0.05). Moreover, although the ovarian follicular dynamic patterns in Thai native heifers were similar to those previously reported for European and Indian cattle breeds, the diameter of the largest preovulatory follicle (OF), subordinate follicles (SF) and CLs were smaller than those in European and Indian cattle breeds. In conclusion, when compared with European and some breeds of Indian cattle, the length of interovulatory intervals was shorter, and the sizes of dominant SF and CLs were smaller in Thai native heifers.     

Determination of serum ionized calcium concentration in dairy cattle after frozen anaerobic storage

The stability of serum ionized calcium concentration (ICa) from dairy cows was studied after anaerobic collection and frozen storage. Paired blood samples were obtained from five groups of cows: nonlactating, first third of lactation, midlactation, last third of lactation, and 2-year-old nonlactating heifers. Vacutainer multiple sample needles and serum separator tubes (SST) were used for venipuncture. Aspiration of serum was within 1.5 hours after collection: one sample for immediate determination (within 2 hours of collection); the other sample stored at -4 degrees C in evacuated plastic vacutainer tubes filled with serum to provide dead space of less than 75% of volume, and analyzed after 14 to 30 days in storage (half, 15, of the samples from each lactation group were analyzed after frozen anaerobic storage at 14 or 30 days, respectively). Processing samples in this manner significantly altered the values obtained for ICa, normalized calcium concentration (NCa), and pH. Analysis after frozen storage in evacuated tubes caused ICa and NCa concentrations to decrease and pH to increase (P< 0.05); total calcium levels were not significantly different from initial values. There were no significant differences among lactation groups. The difference between values obtained from these paired samples was either due to loss of CO(2) during transfer from the SST to the evacuated tube or during frozen storage. Changes in samples assayed after freezing and storage could be adjusted to original values by using the mean difference between the fresh and frozen levels as correction factors: ICa (+0.4379), NCa (+0.2797), and pH (-0.0926). It was concluded that immediate determination of serum ICa in dairy cattle is the ideal but using this methodology and performing analyses later may be acceptable if correction factors are determined.     

Cluster analysis to evaluate disease risk in periparturient dairy cattle

Predicting periparturient disease risk is of immense value to the dairy industry. Periparturient diseases are interrelated with each other; however, predicting the onset risk of these diseases has predominantly been based on a single blood parameter for a single disease. This study examined a new diagnostic method to predict the risk of periparturient diseases. We conducted cluster analysis of multiple blood constituents from 20 Holstein cattle at 1 week post‐partum, and the cattle were divided into two groups, A or B. We then compared the periparturient and early‐lactation blood constituents of these groups. Group B had significantly higher 3‐hydroxybutyric acid concentrations and were suspected to have subclinical ketosis. Group B also had significantly lower calcium concentrations, with a tendency for subclinical hypocalcemia. We also performed discriminant analysis using blood parameters at 1 week post‐partum, which grouped the population into the same two groups as the cluster analysis based on three variables: inorganic phosphorus, calcium, and either phospholipids or total cholesterol. We further showed that these discriminant functions could be used to predict the risk of periparturient disease even before parturition. Our results indicate that cluster analysis with multiple blood constituents is useful for predicting periparturient disease risks.     

A herd level analysis of a Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis outbreak in a dairy cattle herd

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in an Israeli dairy cattle herd is described. The disease was characterized by ulcerative granulomatous lesions, which occurred in an epidemic form. Thirty-two cows and two heifers were affected, the ratio of the number affected to number at risk being 17.5 : 1 and 9.5 : 1, respectively. The culling rate was 50% of the affected animals. Most of the affected animals were cows (91.2%), with one first-calving cow (2.9%) and two heifers (5.9%) also affected. The infection occurred during the summer to autumn months (August-December), and lasted 118 days. The incubation period is about 2 months. The disease appeared in two clinical forms - cutaneous and mastitic - or as a mixed form. C. pseudotuberculosis organisms that were isolated from the ulcerative granulomatous lesions and from milk samples failed to reduce nitrate. A decrease in milk production (4%) and an increase in the bulk-milk somatic cell count from a herd mean of 240 x 10(3) mL(-1) to 460 x 10(3) mL(-1) were noted during the morbidity period. The organism was isolated from milk samples of eight animals (25%). Clinical, epizootiological and microbiological aspects of the infection are described.     

不同牧草在奶牛瘤胃内的降解规律

试验用尼龙袋法研究了不同种类牧草(黑麦草Lolium multiflorum、羊草Leymus chinese、返青期和盛花期紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa)的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)和粗纤维(CF)的在奶牛瘤胃内动态降解率变化规律.结果表明:在相同培养时间段内,返青期的紫花苜蓿DM的降解率显著高于黑麦草、羊草和盛花期的紫花苜蓿;不同生长期的紫花苜蓿其DM、CP的降解率差异显著(P<0.05),且返青期高于盛花期;各种牧草在48 h 的 CP 降解率都趋于平稳;经相关分析,各种牧草的DM、CP表现为强正相关关系.     

Relationship between reproductive and productive traits in Holstein cattle using multivariate analysis

Multivariate procedures are used for the extraction of variables from the correlation matrix of phenotypes in order to identify those traits that explain the largest proportion of phenotypic variation and to evaluate the relationship structure between these traits. The reproductive traits (days from calving to first estrus [CFE], days from calving to last service [CLS], calving interval [CI] and gestation length [GL]) and milk production traits (milk yield at 305 days of lactation [MY305], peak yield [PY] and milk yield per day of calving interval [MYCI]) of 5,217 Holstein females (primiparous and multiparous) were measured. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis of the correlation matrix were used to estimate the correlation between traits. Analysis grouped the seven traits into three principal components and four latent factors that retained approximately 81.5% and 88.9% of the total variation of the data, respectively. The production variables exhibited positive phenotypic correlation coefficients of high magnitude (>.67). The phenotypic correlation estimates between the productive and reproductive traits were low, ranging from .13 to .22. A strong association (.99) was observed between CLS and CI. Our results indicate that multivariate analysis was effective in generating correlations between the traits studied, grouping the seven traits in a smaller number of variables that retained approximately 81% of the total variation of the data.     

铜缺乏奶牛琥珀酸脱氢酶的组化特征

为探讨铜缺乏对奶牛心脏、肝脏、肾脏琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDHase)组化特征 (分布特点及活性 )的影响 ,本实验选择铜缺乏症高发区自然发病的奶犊牛 6头 ,剖杀后采集心、肝、肾作冰冻切片及酶组化染色 ,以 6头同年生健康奶犊牛为对照。实验结果表明 ,发病组奶牛心脏中 SDHase计数值显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,而肝脏、肾脏中SDHase计数值显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;健康组奶牛心脏、肝脏、肾脏中 SDH活性扫描值均显著大于发病组(P<0 .0 5 )。发病奶牛组组织中 SDHase酶颗粒的分布也发生特征性的变化。结论 :氧化呼吸链关键酶活性的改变是导致奶牛铜缺乏症病理过程的重要原因