棉铃疫病菌对甲霜灵的抗药性风险研究

在实验室条件下,对分离自安徽省芜湖、无为、宣城、望江、肥东、寿县、滁州等7个地区的棉铃疫病菌(Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada)对甲霜灵的抗药性进行了测定。结果显示,甲霜灵对各供试菌株的EC50分布为0.008 3～0.079 1μg／mL,平均为0.026 1 μg／mL,远小于1 μg／mL,且供试菌株在含甲霜灵质量浓度为1μg／mL的LBA平板上菌丝生长几乎完全被抑制,表明各供试菌株对甲霜灵十分敏感,但其敏感程度地区间存在较大差异。通过室内药剂直接诱变,获得抗甲霜灵菌株,经抗性测定结果表明,抗性菌株的抗性水平较其敏感亲本菌株高13 000倍以上,提示安徽省棉铃疫病菌对甲霜灵具有潜在的抗药性风险。     

广东南瓜细菌性叶枯病及其病原鉴定

 在广东省雷州市发生一种南瓜(Cucurbita moschata)叶枯病,病株叶片边缘开始出现水渍状病斑,逐步发展成大病斑,后期病斑焦枯;在叶片上也可形成近圆形水渍状病斑,伴有黄色晕圈,后期病斑联合形成不规则大枯斑;叶柄和匍匐茎被侵染后呈水渍状腐烂。从病斑上分离到一种细菌,在KB培养基上,菌落为椭圆形,乳白色,半透明,边缘参差不齐,紫外灯照射下产生荧光反应。致病性测定结果表明,该病原细菌可侵染6个南瓜品种引起与田间症状相同的叶枯病。生理生化试验结果表明,该病原细菌与丁香假单胞丁香致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)的特性一致。应用假单胞菌属特异引物Ps-for/Ps-rev和丁香假单胞丁香致病变种组群特异性引物Group III-F/Group III-R,可从该病原细菌中扩增出预期大小分别为1 018 bp和750 bp的目的片段。应用丁香致病变种syrB基因特异性引物B1/B2,可从该病原菌中扩增出预期大小为750 bp的丁香霉素基因片段。基于16S rDNA与gyrB基因序列系统进化分析均表明,南瓜叶枯病菌株与已报道的P. syringae pv. syringae菌株HS191(CP006256)亲缘关系最近,二者聚类在一起形成一个小分支。人工接种条件下,该病原细菌还可侵染西葫芦、丝瓜、茄子、番茄、菜豆、扁豆等植物。这些结果表明,引起广东省南瓜叶枯病的病原为丁香假单胞丁香致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)。这是首次在中国发现丁香假单胞丁香致病变种引起南瓜叶枯病。     

梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌及其他几种杀细菌剂的敏感性

噻唑锌是近期在我国登记为防治梨火疫病的新型杀菌剂。为明确梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora对噻唑锌及其他几种杀细菌剂的敏感性现状,本研究选用2016年-2020年从新疆不同地区分离的50个E. amylovora 代表菌株,通过药剂-病原菌共培养结合平板菌落法测定E. amylovora 对噻唑锌的敏感性,比较不同来源菌株的敏感性差异,并分析E. amylovora 对噻唑锌与农用链霉素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素的敏感性差异。结果表明,来自新疆不同地区、不同寄主和不同年份的E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的敏感性差异明显,EC50分布在2.67~38.13 μg/mL, 平均（18.60±6.35） μg/mL。阿克苏地区阿瓦提县的杜梨分离菌株H10最敏感,EC50为2.67 μg/mL,巴州轮台县的山楂分离菌株Y126的敏感性最低,EC50为38.13 μg/mL,二者的EC50相差13.28倍。供试E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的敏感性频率分布呈连续的单峰曲线,符合正态分布,将EC50平均值(18.60±6.35)μg/mL确定为新疆梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的敏感基线,适用于新疆梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的抗药性检测。供试E. amylovora 菌株对噻唑锌的抗性水平为0.13~2.05 (均值为1.00±0.35),均为敏感菌株,未发现抗药性菌株。相关性分析表明,E. amylovora 对噻唑锌的敏感性与农用链霉素（r=0.138,P=1.56）、噻霉酮(r=0.417,P=0.78)和春雷霉素(r=0.434,P=0.65)的敏感性之间不存在相关性(P>0.05)。本研究结果为后期评估梨火疫病菌对噻唑锌的抗药性风险奠定了基础,为制定梨火疫病的合理用药策略提供了依据。     

Occurrence of Fusarium-produced naphthazarins in citrus trees and sensitivity of rootstocks to isomarticin in relation to citrus blight

Fusarium solani , the causal fungus of root and crown rot of citrus, produces naphthazarin toxins that were shown to be toxic to citrus plants. It was found that citrus trees in South Africa had varying levels of naphthazarins in their xylem. Significantly higher concentrations of these toxins were detected in trees with blight symptoms than in symptomless trees. Citrus seedlings grown in hydroponic culture containing isomarticin showed inhibition of growth, shortening of roots and accumulation of zinc in the trunk wood. Zinc deficiency symptoms were also observed on certain rootstocks. A procedural ranking of rootstocks indicated that trees with observed tolerance to blight in the field generally had higher tolerance to isomarticin in hydroponic culture, whereas trees susceptible to blight were more sensitive to the toxin. These findings indicate that Fusarium -produced isomarticin is involved in the induction of some of the symptoms associated with citrus blight syndrome.     

海里康叶枯病及病原鉴定

 海里康(Heliconia stricta cv. Dwarf Jamaican)属于芭蕉科蝎尾蕉属,是原产热带美洲的草本植物,该属包括200多个种^[1]。海里康花形独特,花色鲜艳,颇受消费者欢迎,是夏威夷花卉生产的一个新兴产业。近年来,随着我国花卉产业的迅速发展,有必要在传统花卉种类的基础上,拓宽生产的种类和品种。2004年云南省元江县引进5个海里康品种,示范面积达6.67 hm²。调查发现,种植的海里康植株叶片出现大量枯斑,甚至整个叶片枯萎、破烂。为此对病害症状及发病状况进行了调查,对病原物进行了分离、培养、鉴定,以期为病害的有效防治提供依据。     

Four near-isogenic lines of cotton with different genes for bacterial blight resistance

ABSTRACT The development and genetic characterization of four near-isogenic lines (NILs) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is described herein. Each line contains a single, but different, gene for resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. The lines were derived using at least six backcrosses to the susceptible recurrent parent 'Acala 44', followed by single plant-progeny row selection for uniformity. The NILs are homozygous for the B(2), B(4), B(In), or b(7) genes and are designated as AcB(2), AcB(4), AcB(In), and Acb(7), respectively. In the 'Acala 44' background, B(2), B(4), and B(In) are partially dominant genes; b(7) is partially recessive. Relative strengths of resistance conferred by those genes toward race 1 of the pathogen were B(4) b(7)>B(In) B(2). B(4), B(In), and b(7) each conferred resistance toward X. campestris pv. malvacearum carrying a single avirulence gene, whereas B(2) was less specific.     

稻纹枯菌酯酶同工酶、可溶性蛋白及致病力的研究初报

 对稻纹枯菌25个菌株分别进行了致病力测定、酯酶同工酶和可溶性蛋白分析.结果表明:不同菌株存在明显的致病力分化,而酯酶同工酶图谱却有较强的一致性,它们的主酶带基本相同,但在副酶带上反映出一定的同工酶表型异质性,表现为带的数目及着色深浅的不同;可溶性蛋白图谱比酯酶同工酶图谱表现出更多的多样性,大多数致病力较强的菌株都有l~2条特征谱带,而且它们的谱带数目比弱毒力菌株的多出3~5条.     

137份云南省地方稻抗白叶枯病多菌系多基因鉴定

为选育水稻抗性品种和发掘抗白叶枯病基因,以来自中国、日本和菲律宾的9株革兰氏阴性菌黄单胞菌水稻变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae菌株为供试菌株评价137份云南省地方稻种质资源对白叶枯病菌的抗性,同时检测供试材料中含14个已克隆抗白叶枯病基因的情况。结果显示,供试材料中至少对1株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株有抗性的材料有104份,抗1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8和9株黄单胞菌水稻变种菌株的材料分别有25、19、14、19、11、6、5、2和3份;其中白杂一号、珍白18、麻旱谷、老来红、晋糯、香谷、毫冷薅、齐头蚂蚱谷、九谷和来之不易10份材料抗谱较广。大部分抗性材料携带1～7个白叶枯病抗性基因或其同源基因,未检测到含有Xa7、xa13、Xa21和Xa45(t)基因或其同源基因的材料。供试材料携带的抗性基因数量与抗性水平均呈极显著相关。     

Present status of bacterial blight in cotton genotypes evaluated at Busia and Siaya counties of Western Kenya

Bacterial blight (BB) incited by Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm) is an important bacterial disease occurring in all cotton growing areas throughout the world, including parts of Western Kenya, that are characterized by a hot and humid climate. The disease causes seedling blight, angular leaf spot, boll rot and black arm on petioles and branches leading to a loss of fruiting branches with yield losses of up to 35 %. Fifty- one Kenyan cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were established in the two counties of Siaya and Busia famous for their cotton cultivation in the western region. The BB symptoms caused by natural Xcm infection in the field were scored for each cotton accession. In addition artificial inoculation with the same strains was done to confirm the status under controlled greenhouse conditions. The results of BB disease scoring revealed that some accessions (e.g. T 24A and T 24B) possess a reasonable level of resistance. However, most of the Kenyan genotypes surveyed showed medium to severe symptoms of BB, including KSA 81 M, the only commercially grown cultivar in the region of Western Kenya. Overall, 71 % of the genotypes showed susceptibility and 29 % were classified as either resistant or moderately resistant. There is therefore need to improve the local commercial genotypes by introducing new genetic resources with a more durable BB resistance to ensure a successful revitalization of the Kenyan cotton sector.     

甜樱桃流胶病原菌的分子鉴定和致病性检测

 为明确甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌,采用普通细菌学方法从15个病样中分离获得10个代表性菌株,对病原菌的形态学特征、生理生化特性以及致病性进行了研究。利用PCR对菌株的16S-23S rDNA转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行扩增,扩增产物克隆测序,结果显示该菌株属于丁香假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)。用MegAlign构建系统发育树,结果显示该菌株与丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(P. syringae pv. syringae)亲缘关系最近,两者最先聚在一起。分离菌株中均可检测到syrB基因。研究结果表明P. syringae pv. syringae为甜樱桃流胶病的病原菌。     

Summary of cotton pest control practices in the Sudan

Abstract

This paper describes the treatment of plant material entering Australia through quarantine. The methods used for screening plants during post-entry quarantine are discussed and the plant-houses and equipment and techniques used for sterilising soil and controlling pests are described. A list of plants tested for the effects of fumigation with methyl bromide is given and recommendations for fungicide and pesticide are listed.     

Genetic resistance to bacterial blight disease in Persian walnut

Bacterial blight disease of Persian walnut (Juglans regia, L.), caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (Xaj), leads to significant nut losses in northern, central and western areas of Iran. To identify the natural sources of resistance to disease in the endemic walnut genotypes of Iran, sixteen walnut genotypes, collected from different areas of Hamedan province, were inoculated with Xaj in a randomized complete block design with five replicates for each genotype. Two-year old genotypes were gently sprayed with a suspension of bacteria adjusted to approximately 2 × 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹ of distilled water in May. Infected leaves were rated for disease 28 and 42 days after inoculation, using a 0 to 5 severity scale, based on the number, size and distribution of lesions on the leaves. Data analyses showed that there were variations among genotypes in response to pathogen. Upon inoculation by bacterial suspension genotype 94 showed the highest resistance to both disease incidence and its progress after 4–6 weeks of infection. Genotype 65 showed high susceptibility to disease and genotype 69 showed high susceptibilities both to disease incidence and its progress after 4–6 weeks of infection.     

西藏辣椒疫病菌及其对新型杀菌剂的敏感性测定

经分离鉴定,引起西藏辣椒疫病的病原菌为辣椒疫霉,菌丝生长温度为10~37℃,最适生长温度25~30℃,致死温度40℃。交配型为A2自育型。烯酰吗啉和腈嘧菌脂均对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长具有很强的抑制作用,分别抑制菌丝的生长速度和菌丝的生长量,EC50分别为0.241 mg/L和0.302 8 mg/L,比常规杀菌剂甲霜灵EC50分别低32.6和25.9倍。     

花椒枯穗病病原鉴定

Ten Zanthoxylum bungeanum ear blight diseased samples were collected from the Research Base of Forestry Research Institute of Hebei Province of China during 2009. Three isolates were obtained from diseased samples and no distinct difference could be observed among them. The fungus E-1 was determined to be responsible for this disease by the Koch’s Postulation. Morphological and the phylogenetic tree constructed based on ITS sequences showed that the morphological characters were the same as Alternaria alternata and the homology between E-1 and A. alternata was up to 100 percent. It indicated that E-1 was A. alternate（JQ973810）.     

狗牙花叶枯病病原菌分离鉴定

狗牙花叶枯病是江西农业大学花圃重要病害之一。本文按照柯赫氏法则对狗牙花叶枯病病原进行了分离鉴定，鉴定结果为胶孢炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloeosporioides(Penz.)Sacc.).     

矮化核桃枝枯病病原菌的形态与分子鉴定

为了明确河南省洛阳地区核桃枝条一种新病害的病原种类,对采自田间的典型症状枝条进行了常规组织分离,对单孢菌株进行了形态鉴定、rDNA ITS序列分析及致病性测定。结果表明,病原菌在PDA培养基上菌落初为白色,随着色素的积累,由中心向边缘变为灰绿色,再变成墨绿色,最终全部变成黑色;气生菌丝棉絮毛状,菌落边缘不整齐,近圆形或不规则形。分生孢子器散生或聚生,呈黑色小粒状,分生孢子器球形或近球形,深褐色,具孔口;分生孢子梗短缺,无色,杆状,末端产生分生孢子;分生孢子梭形、纺锤形,无色,无隔,基部钝圆,顶部稍尖,单孢(24.5～29.0)μm×(4.8～7.5)μm。离体枝条接种结果表明,该菌能侵染核桃枝条引起与田间相同的症状。据此将分离物鉴定为葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea。     

鸡骨草叶枯病调查及其病原鉴定

在广西鸡骨草种植基地,发现一种发生严重的叶枯病,植株自下部叶片开始枯黄,然后向上蔓延,严重时整株枯死。经田间调查、标本采集、病原菌分离、形态学鉴定及致病性测定,明确该病害由丝核菌属（Rhizoctonia）引起。该病害在田间的发病率为69%～88%,病情指数为17.4～34.6。     

广西玉米纹枯病菌培养性状及其致病力研究

从广西玉米主产区的8个县市秋玉米的纹枯病病株中分离出8个玉米纹枯病菌株,经生物性状的观察和菌丝融合群测定表明,它们都属于立枯丝核菌AGk-1-IA融合群;腐生定殖能力和致病力测定表明,菌株GX4、GX1的腐生定殖能力和致病力最强。     

Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the gummy stem blight pathogen Didymelta bryoniae on cucurbits

Benzimidazoles were used successfully against gummy stem blight of cucurbits for only one growing season (1980). It was soon noticed in experiments in vivo that they were not effective against some isolates of the pathogen. In a survey during the 1981 crop season, 76 out of 102 isolates collected from 20 plastic greenhouses all over the main cucurbit-growing areas of Crete were resistant to benomyl. The average benomyl concentrations that reduced mycelial growth rates of seven resistant and seven sensitive isolates by 50% were 716 ± 49 and 1.2 ± 0.34μg/ml respectively. The average growth rate of resistant isolates was lower than that of sensitive isolates but there were no differences in spore production and spore germination. The pathogenicity of resistant isolates on young cucumber plants was lower than that of sensitive isolates. The application of benomyl, carbendazim, cypendazole and thiophanate methyl to young cucumber plants at the rate of 300μg a.i./ml 1 day before inoculation with 500 000 spores/ml of the resistant isolates did not affect the infection rate of the disease after 4 days. Sensitive isolates caused no onslight symptoms on similarly treated plants.     

Small molecules cause virulence attenuation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas oryzae</Emphasis> pv. oryzae,the pathogen causing bacterial blight of rice

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight in rice, has developed resistant strains due to rampant usage of chemical pesticides and disease resistant rice cultivars. Virulence attenuating agents could be an alternative strategy to combat this pathogen; therefore, the main objective of the present study was to screen phenolic compounds of plant origin as well as a thiadiazole derivative, acibenzolar S methyl for their effect on various virulence determinants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae such as the type three secretion system, motility, extracellular polysaccharide production and secretion of exoenzymes through the type two secretion system. From the compounds screened, cinnamic acid and its derivatives like ferulic acid, caffiec acid and p-coumaric acid showed significant reduction in promoter activity of xopQ, an effector secreted through type three secretion system. None of the compounds used in this study showed substantial inhibitory effect on other virulence determinants indicating that their effect was specific on the type three secretion system except acibenzolar S methyl which, along with inhibitory effects on promoter activity of xopQ, also showed reduction in motility of bacteria. Wheat-bran-derived natural medium was effective for induction of type three and type two secretion systems at detectable levels. We also performed virulence assay that showed significant reduction in disease symptoms confirming cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid as effective virulence attenuating agents of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae BXO43. These studies demonstrate the potential of selected small molecules for development of new alternative strategies to control the bacterial blight of rice.