高压静电场对番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

用不同高压静电场强度和时间的组合处理番茄种子,研究不同电场处理条件对番茄种子萌发指标和生长指标的影响,根据实验数据结果筛选出最佳电场处理条件。结果表明,350kV/m×30min电场处理能有效促进番茄种子的萌发和番茄幼苗的生长。     

高压静电场对草莓采后生理变化的影响

以草莓为试材,用50 kV/m、100kV/m高压静电场处理草莓果实30 min后,在4～8℃低温,RH为90%左右条件下贮藏12天,研究高压静电场处理对其生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,经高压静电场处理的草莓果实腐烂指数、丙二醛含量、多酚氧化酶活性、花青素含量均明显低于对照,其中以100kV/m处理30min的效果最佳.另外,高压静电场不利于保持草莓果实外观品质.     

高压静电场处理种子对小麦幼苗抗寒性的影响

电场处理强度为EN =0.5×N(kV/cm),N=0,1,2,…,12,对照组为Eo(电场未处理),处理时间T=10 min和T=5 min处理小麦干种子.处理组幼苗在4℃的条件下进行低温胁迫处理,研究小麦幼苗各项抗寒性指标:相对电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和3种保护酶(POD、SOD、CAT)活性的变化情况.结果表明,电场预处理小麦种子不但明显提高了幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量,而且提高幼苗的抗低温胁迫能力.处理组幼苗在4℃的低温胁迫条件下与对照组相比具有较高的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及可溶性蛋白质含量.同时电场处理还降低了幼苗叶片的相对电导率及MDA含量,且小麦幼苗各个抗寒性指标变化的最大幅值均出现在处理条件4.5 kV/cm,10 min,由此得出高压静电场处理种子提高小麦幼苗的抗寒性的最佳处理条件.     

高压静电场(HVEF)处理黄瓜种子生理生化效应分析

研究了不同强度的高压静电场（HVEF）处理对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L．）种子发芽、α-淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、硝酸还原酶（NR）活性以及幼苗光合指标的影响。结果表明，用50～500kV／m的静电场预处理黄瓜种子后，萌发初期α-淀粉酶、CAT以及苗期叶片NR活性升高；种子发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数显著提高；幼苗叶面积、叶绿素含量显著增加，净光合速率和气孔导度也有明显提高，但各处理间种子发芽率以及胞间CO2浓度与对照比差异均不显著。表明HVEF处理黄瓜种子可以促进种子的萌发，提高幼苗叶片的光合能力，有利于黄瓜壮苗的培育。     

寻找最佳种子处理途径的实验研究

利用高压静电场(HVEF)作为处理源,将黄瓜、菜心、水稻品种的种子各分为5个实验小组,分别按不同的高压静电场强度和不同的处理时间对其进行处理,对在萌发期的种子活力生理指标进行检测和统计分析。结果说明:对于不同品种的种子经高压静电场不同强度和时间的处理,数值相差较大,但对于同一品种的种子,当处理源的强度(kV/cm)和处理时间(min)的乘积的数值为某一范围时,各项生理指标均高于其它处理条件下的数值,此项研究为处理种子寻找到了一条有效途径。     

高压静电场对甜瓜种子萌发及膜脂过氧化的影响

用不同强度的匀强电场作用于甜瓜种子,在不同的处理时间水平上研究其萌发状况.实验结果表明:电场对种子萌发及幼苗生长均有一定影响.与对照相比,电场作用后,甜瓜种子发芽率最大提高量为17.9%,电解质外渗率有不同程度的改善.适宜剂量的处理,膜脂过氧化的产物丙二醛和氢过氧化物含量显著降低,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量明显提高,起到了提前打破种子休眠、提高种子活力、促进种子代谢水平的作用.各项指标显示:以F、I效果最为显著,可视为高压静电场处理促进甜瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳剂量.     

高压静电场处理对蔬菜种子萌发期抗盐碱的试验研究

利用高压静电场,对茄子和刺青瓜种子进行处理,然后置于不同盐碱条件下萌发,采用U5(54)均匀设计,安排多因素多水平试验,测定了蔬菜种子的发芽势、发芽率及其SOD、VC、MDA等生化指标,建立了相应的数学模型,发现经过高压静电场处理后,种子萌发期抗盐碱能力减弱,生理生化指标也发生相应变化.     

三种处理对唐古特大黄种子萌发能力的影响

采用超声波、高压静电场和赤霉素处理唐古特大黄种子．观察其对种子萌发能力的影响。结果表明：超声波处理30min。种子的发芽势和发芽率分别为48％、94％：高压静电场强650KV／cm、处理50min,种子的发芽势和发芽率分别为64％、93％;赤霉素浓度50mg／kg、浸种24h,种子的发芽势和发芽率分别为48％和96％．浓度超过100mg／kg对种子的萌发具有一定的抑制作用．     

外源NO对干旱胁迫下大豆种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了探索外源NO对干旱胁迫下大豆种子的萌发及幼苗生长的影响,用5％ PEG-400模拟干旱胁迫,测定不同浓度的SNP处理后大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长指标的变化.结果表明,干旱胁迫十分明显地使大豆种子的萌发和幼苗的生长受到抑制.在SNP浓度为0～0.50 mmol/L时,种子萌发和幼苗生长的指标均有所提高,其中0.1 mmol/L SNP处理后,种子的发芽率和发芽指数最高,与ck 2相比分别提高了22.6％和1.45;用0.3 mmol/L SNP处理后,种子的发芽势及幼苗的芽长和根长最高,与ck 2相比种子的发芽势提高了20％o,幼苗的芽长增长了1.3 cm,根长增长了1.5 cm;0.5 mmol/L SNP处理后,种子的幼苗鲜重最大;而用0.7 mmol/L SNP及以上浓度处理后,种子的萌发及幼苗的生长都受到了抑制.因此,在SNP浓度为0.1 mmol/L时最适合种子的萌发,在SNP浓度为0.3 mmol/L时最适合幼苗的生长.     

赤霉素对韭菜种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响

试验研究了赤霉素处理对韭菜种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,用100mg/L赤霉素溶液浸种12~24h能显著提高韭菜种子的发芽势和发芽指数,并且显著促进了韭菜幼苗的生长,但对韭菜种子的发芽率没有影响。在种子未经浸种直接催芽的情况下,200~300mg/L赤霉素溶液处理24h也能显著提高韭菜种子的发芽势和发芽指数,50～100mg/L赤霉素处理能显著促进韭菜幼苗的生长。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.