基于多方法的高海拔城市暴雨强度公式分析

以定量衡量区域降雨规律为目标,推求了林芝市巴宜区城市的暴雨强度公式,收集了1993~2016年共计24年的降雨数据整编资料;采用年最大值法筛选出11个不同降雨历时的暴雨数据并进行水文频率统计分析;选取对数正态分布曲线、耿贝尔分布曲线和P-Ⅲ型分布曲线进行频率适线;采用麦夸特全局优化法、准牛顿全局优化法、模拟退火法、粒子群算法以及遗传算法分别对三种适线结果进行暴雨强度总公式的参数求解。结果表明:耿贝尔分布曲线相对另两种曲线精度最好,五种计算方法对三种曲线结果进行求解得到的暴雨值与实测值误差分析均符合要求。     

多约束情形下的农机全覆盖路径规划方法

为满足自主作业农机自动导航作业的需求并优化农机作业效率,在处理多种车辆转弯方式约束和农业地块约束的基础上,基于模拟退火算法提出一种混合规则路径规划方法。在多种作业约束处理方面,引入了农机转弯代价邻接矩阵来量化农机地头转弯方式的影响,通过采用内缩改进的道格拉斯-普克(Douglas-Peucker)拟合算法与求解采样点的最小凸包分别处理地块边界及障碍物边界。在使用角平分线的平行偏移法求得转向预留地块后,以转弯代价最小为优化条件对多种形状地块进行了最优作物行生成。在农机遍历顺序方面,利用模拟退火算法求解得到最优路径集,并通过单元拆解及合成的方式求解全覆盖遍历顺序,解决了传统规则遍历走法适应性差和大规模农机作业时经典模拟退火算法易陷入局部最优解的问题。实验表明,本文方法所得路径平均作业覆盖率达90.78%,平均作业占空比达85.10%。在同等作业条件下,利用本文方法所得路径比传统规则路径最多可节约距离消耗30.3%,比模拟退火算法所生成路径节约6.9%。说明本文规划算法可在多种约束下对农机进行作业路径规划,且具有较好的规划效果。     

基于模拟退火算法求解灌溉制度优化模型

随着更加完善而复杂的灌溉制度优化模型被提出,对模型进行优化求解的方法成为研究热点。提出了应用模拟退火算法求解灌溉制度优化模型,通过实例应用来探讨该算法在模型求解过程中的特点和效果。结果表明,该算法所求目标函数值可以逼近全局,适用于最优灌溉制度优化模型的求解。尽管如此,但是该算法仍存在所求目标函数值不稳定的缺陷,需经多次计算再选最优,因此模拟退火算法仍有待改进。     

泵性能测试曲线分段最小二乘多项式拟合算法

针对现有水泵性能测试曲线拟合算法单一、对水泵非稳定性状态不规则、马鞍形等形状数据拟合精度差、近似效果不理想甚至丢失真实试验数据特性的现状,通过比较水泵性能曲线的各种拟合方法,分析了不同拟合方法在水泵特性曲线拟合中的优缺点,并针对特殊的水泵马鞍形性能曲线,设计了分段最小二乘多项式拟合方法.为了保证分段拟合曲线的连续可导性,在分段最小二乘拟合曲线的基础上,对各相邻分段曲线的分段点采用插值拟合的方法进行连接.最后通过试验验证,分别采用分段三阶最小二乘拟合算法和五阶最小二乘拟合算法对试验数据进行拟合,并对拟合结果进行对比分析.结果表明:采用分段最小二乘多项式的拟合方法对复杂特性曲线进行拟合,可以提高拟合曲线的拟合精度,并保证了拟合曲线的连续性.     

基于OpenCV-Python的土壤颗粒动态休止角试验

为准确快速获取新疆棉田机收膜杂中土壤颗粒的动态休止角,结合基于OpenCV-Python的计算机图像处理技术,搭建土壤动态休止角测量装置。为保证动态休止角测量的准确性,利用三维块匹配滤波算法对采集图像进行降噪处理,图像降噪前后的峰值信噪比为36.48 dB,结构相似指数为0.88;采用Canny算法提取土壤边界并通过改进的最小二乘法求解土壤边界拟合方程,获取土壤颗粒的动态休止角。依据该方法测定不同转速下土壤颗粒的动态休止角,分析转速对动态休止角的影响规律,分别构建线性拟合模型和多项式拟合模型。通过方差分析可知,多项式拟合模型拟合度较高,该模型R²为95.72%,均方差为0.061。在此基础上优化求解,得到土壤动态休止角最优测量转速为7 r/min。本研究采用的土壤动态休止角测量装置精度和准确性较高,其结果可为土壤流动特性的研究及土壤筛分、输送等机具的开发设计提供参考。     

基于梯度修正的遗传算法锥齿轮优化设计

对约束条件的处理是应用遗传算法求解约束问题所涉及的一个主要内容。本文首先描述了普遍采用的“惩罚函数遗传算法”,针对该算法存在的问题进行了分析,提出了基于梯度修正的模拟退火遗传算法,给出对不可行解的修正方法。算法的实施可分两步,第1步采用修正的遗传算法搜索目标函数的可行解或全局可行最优解;第2步利用模拟退火算法对可行解局部优化。最后以弧齿锥齿轮优化为例,对算法的可行性进行了验证。     

明渠平板闸门过闸流量特性研究

为研究中小型矩形渠道平板闸门自由出流状态下的流量特性,利用渠道水力学测试平台,对渠道平板闸门过水性能进行试验研究.通过测试闸门开度、上游水位、流量,利用Garbrecht公式、杜屿公式、武汉水利学院公式对过闸流量进行计算,并与实测流量等数据进行对比,结果发现三者偏差均较大.为进一步提高过闸流量计算精度,采用最小二乘法原理对实测流量系数μ0与闸门相对开度e/H0进行二次多项式拟合,获得了新的流量系数计算公式;比较分析该公式的计算结果与Garbrecht公式、杜屿公式、武汉水利学院公式,发现该公式的相对误差最大值、平均相对误差都减少了16.49％、17.23％以上,变差系数也位于一个较小值,且在标准的允许范围内.研究结果表明,对该类型的平板闸门,本文拟合的二次多项式公式精度更高,适用性更好,能够满足灌区量测精度要求.     

基于模拟退火与布谷鸟混合算法的树状灌溉管网优化设计

为实现树状灌溉管网低能耗、投资节约以及灌水均匀度高等目的,构建了树状灌溉管网非线性数学模型,设定压力、管径、流速为约束条件,设计了模拟退火与布谷鸟(SACS)混合算法,结合文献[14]资料数据分别采用遗传(GA)算法、模拟退火遗传(SAGA)混合算法、布谷鸟搜索(CS)算法、SACS混合算法4种优化算法对模型进行了求解.优化结果表明,采用SACS混合算法比GA算法灌溉管长减少了16.27％、投资节约了2.13％,比SAGA混合算法、CS算法,虽灌溉管长相等,但管径得到较大的优化,投资分别节约了3.76％、17.28％,验证了SACS混合算法的有效性.最后,以贵州省石阡县龙塘大屯茶叶园区216 hm2现代水利试点区喷灌工程为例,采用SACS混合算法对喷灌工程管网进行了优化,比传统设计方法灌溉管长减少了12.08 m,投资节约了17.93％,优化效果明显,为树状灌溉工程管网优化设计提供了新的思路.     

水库优化调度的粒子群算法

提出了在用粒子群算法求解水库优化调度问题时,将模拟退火因子引入罚函数,可以克服不变罚因子的缺陷.采用动态规划法和PSO算法优化调度程序,结果发现PSO算法计算结果更优于动态规划结果.实例计算表明,粒子群算法原理简单,易于编程,占用内存少,求解精度高,适合求解具有复杂约束的水库优化调度问题.     

基于改进模拟退火算法反演水文地

水文地质参数的反演是一个复杂的非线性优化问题，针对标准模拟退火算法收敛速度慢的缺陷，提出了反演水文地质参数的改进模拟退火算法。采取了设置内阀值、增加约束条件和记忆功能等措施，以提高标准模拟退火算法的收敛速度。实例分析结果表明，改进模拟退火算法在水文地质参数反演和含水层隔水边界的识别问题中不仅是可行的，而且求解精度较高。同时，结合实例的结果分析并给出了影响算法收敛性能的几个因素。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。