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1.
Challenges in marine,soft-sediment benthoscape ecology 总被引:4,自引:7,他引:4
The thematic resolution of mapped data determines the amount of detail of geospatial information, and influences various aspects
of landscape classification and the relevance of derived pattern attributes to particular ecological questions. Here we show
that changing thematic resolution may significantly affect landscape metrics and in turn their ability to detect landscape
changes. The effects of thematic resolution on many landscape metrics tend to show consistent general patterns, but the details
of these patterns are likely to be dependent on specific landscape patterns and classification criteria. Thus, the effects
of thematic resolution, like those with regard to grain and extent, must be considered in landscape pattern analysis. 相似文献
2.
Tzeidle N. Wasserman Samuel A. Cushman Michael K. Schwartz David O. Wallin 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(10):1601-1612
Individual-based analyses relating landscape structure to genetic distances across complex landscapes enable rigorous evaluation
of multiple alternative hypotheses linking landscape structure to gene flow. We utilize two extensions to increase the rigor
of the individual-based causal modeling approach to inferring relationships between landscape patterns and gene flow processes.
First, we add a univariate scaling analysis to ensure that each landscape variable is represented in the functional form that
represents the optimal scale of its association with gene flow. Second, we use a two-step form of the causal modeling approach
to integrate model selection with null hypothesis testing in individual-based landscape genetic analysis. This series of causal
modeling indicated that gene flow in American marten in northern Idaho was primarily related to elevation, and that alternative
hypotheses involving isolation by distance, geographical barriers, effects of canopy closure, roads, tree size class and an
empirical habitat model were not supported. Gene flow in the Northern Idaho American marten population is therefore driven
by a gradient of landscape resistance that is a function of elevation, with minimum resistance to gene flow at 1500 m. 相似文献
3.
Determining an appropriate minimum mapping unit in vegetation mapping for ecosystem restoration: a case study from the Everglades,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper documents the analyses that were conducted with regards to investigating an appropriate Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU)
to be used to capture the potential changes in vegetation patterns for a 10,924 square km restoration project being conducted
in south Florida, USA. Spatial landscape and class metrics that were shown to change predictably with increasing grain size
were adopted from previous studies and applied to a multi-scale analysis. Specifically, this study examines the effects of
changing grain size on landscape metrics, utilizing empirical data from a real landscape encompassing 234,913 ha of south
Florida’s Everglades. The objective was to identify critical thresholds within landscape metrics, which can be used to provide
insight in determining an appropriate MMU for vegetation mapping. Results from this study demonstrate that vegetation heterogeneity
will exhibit dissimilar patterns when investigating the loss of information within landscape and class metrics, as grain size
is increased. These results also support previous findings that suggest that landscape metric “scalograms” (the response curves
of landscape metrics to changing grain size), are more likely to be successful for linking landscape pattern to ecological
processes as both pattern and process in ecological systems often operate on multiple scales. This study also incorporates
an economic cost for various grain dependant vegetation mapping scales. A final selection of the 50 × 50 m grain size for
mapping vegetation was based on this study’s investigation of the “scalograms”, the costs, and a composite best professional
judgment of seasoned scientists having extensive experience within these ecosystems. 相似文献
4.
We argue that thematic resolution, i.e., the level of categorical detail of a thematic map expressed by the number of classes
included in the map legend, is an inherent component of the scale at which a landscape is analyzed. Changing the number of
classes can change the configuration of the patch mosaic as much as changing the grain does. We address recent calls in this
and other journals to deepen research in this topic. In particular, we report how thematic resolution affects the patchiness
of mosaics representing natural landscapes, which have seldom been studied in this respect. We selected seven 50 × 50 km landscapes
within national parks, each representative of a world biome. We applied an object-based unsupervised classification to Landsat
TM imagery of these landscapes using increasing numbers of classes, between 2 and 50, and derived curves of mean patch size
and patch density for each site. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the patchiness of output mosaics
increases monotonically with increasing thematic resolution, with a higher rate of increase up to eight classes that declines
until it becomes roughly constant for more than 16 classes. However, this constant rate of increase is still considerable,
meaning that, at least for natural landscapes, there is no threshold beyond which the patch-mosaic model is independent of
the conceptual filter applied. This dependence on human fiat calls for re-thinking the patch-mosaic paradigm. 相似文献
5.
6.
The effect of spatial scale on Konza landscape classification using textural analysis 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Spatial scale is inherent in the definition of landscape heterogeneity and diversity. For example, a landscape may appear heterogeneous at one scale but quite homogeneous at another scale. In assessing the impact of burning and grazing on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area (a tallgrass prairie), spatial scale is extremely important. Textural contrast algorithms were applied to various scales of remote sensing data and related to landscape units for assessment of heterogeneity under a variety of burning treatments. Acquired data sets included Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS), with 80 m resolution, Landsat thematic mapper (TM), with 30 m resolution, and high resolution density sliced aerial photography (with a 5 m resolution). Results suggest that heterogeneous areas of dense patchiness (e.g., unburned areas) must be analyzed at a finer scale than more homogeneous areas which are burned at least every four years. 相似文献
7.
Fire and grazing are ecological processes that frequently interact to modify landscape patterns of vegetation. There is empirical
and theoretical evidence that response of herbivores to heterogeneity is scale-dependent however the relationship between
fire and scale of heterogeneity is not well defined. We examined the relationship between fire behavior and spatial scale
(i.e., patch grain) of fuel heterogeneity. We created four heterogeneous landscapes modeled after those created by a fire–grazing
interaction that differed in grain size of fuel patches. Fire spread was simulated through each model landscape from 80 independent,
randomly located ignition points. Burn area, burn shape complexity and the proportion of area burnt by different fire types
(headfire, backfire and flankfire) were all affected by the grain of fuel patch. The area fires burned in heterogeneous landscapes
interacted with the fuel load present in the patch where ignition occurred. Burn complexity was greater in landscapes with
small patch grain than in landscapes with large patch grain. The proportion of each fire type (backfire, flankfire and headfire)
was similar among all landscapes regardless of patch grain but the variance of burned area within each of the three fire types
differed among treatments of patch grain. Our landscape fire simulation supports the supposition that feedbacks between landscape
patterns and ecological processes are scale-dependent, in this case spatial scale of fuel loading altering fire spread through
the landscape. 相似文献
8.
The influence of landscape features on the movement of an organism between two point locations is often measured as an effective distance. Typically, raster models of landscape resistance are used to calculate effective distance. Because organisms may experience landscape heterogeneity at different scales (i.e. functional grains), using a raster with too fine or too coarse a spatial grain (i.e. analysis grain) may lead to inaccurate estimates of effective distance. We adopted a simulation approach where the true functional grain and effective distance for a theoretical organism were defined and the analysis grains of landscape connectivity models were systematically changed. We used moving windows and grains of connectivity, a recently introduced landscape graph method that uses an irregular tessellation of the resistance surface to coarsen the landscape data. We then used least-cost path metrics to measure effective distance and found that matching the functional and analysis grain sizes was most accurate at recovering the expected effective distance, affirming the importance of multi-scale analysis. Moving window scaling with a maximum function (win.max) performed well when the majority of landscape structure influencing connectivity consisted of high resistance features. Moving window scaling with a minimum function (win.min) performed well when the relevant landscape structure consisted of low resistance regions. The grains of connectivity method performed well under all scenarios, avoiding an a priori choice of window function, which may be challenging in complex landscapes. Appendices are provided that demonstrate the use of grains of connectivity models. 相似文献
9.
Disturbances such as grazing, invading species, and clear-cutting, often act at small spatial scales, and means for quantifying
their impact on fine scale vegetation patterns are generally lacking. Here we adopt a set of landscape metrics, commonly used
for quantifying coarse scale fragmentation, to quantify fine scale fragmentation, namely the fine scale vegetation structure.
At this scale, patches often consist of individual plants smaller than 1 m2, requiring the grain of the analysis to be much smaller. We used balloon aerial photographs to map fine details of Mediterranean
vegetation (pixel size <0.04 m) in experimental plots subjected to grazing and clear-cutting and in undisturbed plots. Landscape
metrics are sensitive to scale. Therefore, we aggregated the vegetation map into four coarser scales, up to a resolution of
1 m, and analyzed the effect of scale on the metrics and their ability to distinguish between different disturbances. At the
finest scale, six of the seven landscape metrics we evaluated revealed significant differences between treated and undisturbed
plots. Four metrics revealed differences between grazed and control plots, and six metrics revealed differences between cleared
and control plots. The majority of metrics exhibited scaling relations. Aggregation had mixed effects on the differences between
metric values for different disturbances. The control plots were the most sensitive to scale, followed by grazing and clearing.
We conclude that landscape metrics are useful for quantifying the very fine scale impact of disturbance on woody vegetation,
assuming that the analysis is based on sufficiently high spatial resolution data. 相似文献
10.
Estuarine ecosystem dynamics have evolved around and respond to landscape-level influences that are dynamic in space and time. The estuarine water column is effectively the physical and biologial integrator of these landscape inputs. In this paper, we present a floating window Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) technique to statistically compare and contrast aquatic transect data that were taken at different times and under different tidal conditions, yet were geographically parallel and spatially articulate. The floating window ANCOVA compared two transects by testing whether the means of the dependent variable were significantly different while also testing whether the slopes of patterns in the dependent variable were significantly different. By varying the size of the floating window where the ANCOVA was run, we were able to examine how scale affected the magnitude and spatial pattern of that variable. The percentages of total models run, at a given window size, that generated significantly different magnitudes (means) and patterns (slopes) in the dependent variable were referred to as the degree of dissimilarity. Plots of window size versus degree of dissimilarity elucidated temporal and spatial variability in water column parameters at a range of scales. The advantages of this new statistical method in relation to traditional spatial statistics are discussed.We demonstrated the efficacy of the floating window ANCOVA method by comparing chlorophyll and salinity transect data taken at the North Inlet, SC estuary during flooding and ebbing tides in Winter, Spring, and Summer 1991. Chlorophyll concentrations represented the biological characteristics of the estuarine water column and salinity represented the physical processes affecting that water column. We found total dissimilarity in the magnitude of salinity data from one season to the next at all scales, but inter-seasonal similarity in spatial patterns over both short (hourly) and long (monthly) time scales. We also found a large seasonal dissimilarity in the magnitude of chlorophyll levels, as expected. Spatial patterns in phytoplankton biomass (as chlorophyll concentrations) appeared to be largely controlled by the physical processes represented with the salinity data. Often, we observed greater dissimilarity in biological and physical parameters from one tide to the next [on a given day] than from one season to the next. In these cases, the greatest flood-ebb differences were associated with landscape-level influences - from rivers and the coastal ocean - that varied greatly with direction of tidal flow. We are currently using spatially articulate aquatic transect data and the floating window ANCOVA technique to validate spatial simulation models at different scales. By using this variable-scale statistical technique to determine coherence between the actual transect data and model output from simulations run at different scales, we will test hypotheses about the scale-dependent relationships between data resolution and model predictability in landscape analysis. 相似文献
11.
The influence of thematic resolution on metric selection for biodiversity monitoring in agricultural landscapes 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
Debra Bailey Regula Billeter Stéphanie Aviron Oliver Schweiger Felix Herzog 《Landscape Ecology》2007,22(3):461-473
The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between landscape pattern metrics and agricultural biodiversity
at the Temperate European scale, exploring the role of thematic resolution and a suite of biological and functional groups.
Factor analyses to select landscape-level metrics were undertaken on 25 landscapes classified at four levels of thematic resolution.
The landscapes were located within seven countries. The different resolutions were considered appropriate to taxonomic and
functional group diversity. As class-level metrics are often better correlated to ecological response, the landscape-level
metric subsets gained through exploratory analysis were additionally used to guide the selection of class-level metric subsets.
Linear mixed models were then used to detect correlations between landscape- and class-level metrics and species richness
values. Taxonomic groups with differing requirements (plants, birds, different arthropod groups) and also functional arthropod
groups were examined. At the coarse scale of thematic resolution grain metrics (patch density, largest patch index) emerged
as rough indicators for the different biological groups whilst at the fine scale a diversity metric (e.g. Simpson’s diversity
index) was appropriate. The intermediate thematic resolution offered most promise for biodiversity monitoring. Metrics included
largest patch index, edge density, nearest neighbour, the proximity index, circle and Simpson’s diversity index. We suggest
two possible applications of these metrics in the context of biodiversity monitoring and the identification of biodiversity
hot spots in European agricultural landscapes. 相似文献
12.
The role of scale in ecology is widely recognized as being of vital importance for understanding ecological patterns and processes.
The capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a forest grouse species with large spatial requirements and highly specialized habitat preferences. Habitat models at
the forest stand scale can only partly explain capercaillie occurrence, and some studies at the landscape scale have emphasized
the role of large-scale effects. We hypothesized that both the ability of single variables and multivariate models to explain
capercaillie occurrence would vary with the spatial scale of the analysis. To test this hypothesis, we varied the grain size
of our analysis from 1 to just over 1100 hectares and built univariate and multivariate habitat suitability models for capercaillie
in the Swiss Alps. The variance explained by the univariate models was found to vary among the predictors and with spatial
scale. Within the multivariate models, the best single-scale model (using all predictor variables at the same scale) worked
at a scale equivalent to a small annual home range. The multi-scale model, in which each predictor variable was entered at
the scale at which it had performed best in the univariate model, did slightly better than the best single-scale model. Our
results confirm that habitat variables should be included at different spatial scales when species-habitat relationships are
investigated. 相似文献
13.
14.
15.
Katherine A. Zeller Kevin McGarigal Samuel A. Cushman Paul Beier T. Winston Vickers Walter M. Boyce 《Landscape Ecology》2017,32(4):835-855
Context
The definition of the geospatial landscape is the underlying basis for species-habitat models, yet sensitivity of habitat use inference, predicted probability surfaces, and connectivity models to landscape definition has received little attention.Objectives
We evaluated the sensitivity of resource selection and connectivity models to four landscape definition choices including (1) the type of geospatial layers used, (2) layer source, (3) thematic resolution, and (4) spatial grain.Methods
We used GPS telemetry data from pumas (Puma concolor) in southern California to create multi-scale path selection function models (PathSFs) across landscapes with 2500 unique landscape definitions. To create the landscape definitions, we identified seven geospatial layers that have been shown to influence puma habitat use. We then varied the number, sources, spatial grain, and thematic resolutions of these layers to create our suite of plausible landscape definitions. We assessed how PathSF model performance (based on AIC) was affected by landscape definition and examined variability among the predicted probability of movement surfaces, connectivity models, and road crossing locations.Results
We found model performance was extremely sensitive to landscape definition and identified only seven top models out of our suite of definitions (<1%). Spatial grain and the number of geospatial layers selected for a landscape definition significantly affected model performance measures, with finer grains and greater numbers of layers increasing model performance.Conclusions
Given the sensitivity of habitat use inference, predicted probability surfaces, and connectivity models to landscape definition, out results indicate the need for increased attention to landscape definition in future studies.16.
Jianguo Wu 《Landscape Ecology》2004,19(2):125-138
Landscape pattern is spatially correlated and scale-dependent. Thus, understanding landscape structure and functioning requires
multiscale information, and scaling functions are the most precise and concise way of quantifying multiscale characteristics
explicitly. The major objective of this study was to explore if there are any scaling relations for landscape pattern when
it is measured over a range of scales (grain size and extent). The results showed that the responses of landscape metrics
to changing scale fell into two categories when computed at the class level (i.e., for individual land cover types): simple
scaling functions and unpredictable behavior. Similarly, three categories were found at the landscape level, with the third
being staircase pattern, in a previous study when all land cover types were combined together. In general, scaling relations
were more variable at the class level than at the landscape level, and more consistent and predictable with changing grain
size than with changing extent at both levels. Considering that the landscapes under study were quite diverse in terms of
both composition and configuration, these results seem robust. This study highlights the need for multiscale analysis in order
to adequately characterize and monitor landscape heterogeneity, and provides insights into the scaling of landscape patterns.
This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Neutral models for the analysis of broad-scale landscape pattern 总被引:47,自引:19,他引:28
Robert H. Gardner Bruce T. Milne Monica G. Turnei Robert V. O'Neill 《Landscape Ecology》1987,1(1):19-28
The relationship between a landscape process and observed patterns can be rigorously tested only if the expected pattern in the absence of the process is known. We used methods derived from percolation theory to construct neutral landscape models,i.e., models lacking effects due to topography, contagion, disturbance history, and related ecological processes. This paper analyzes the patterns generated by these models, and compares the results with observed landscape patterns. The analysis shows that number, size, and shape of patches changes as a function of p, the fraction of the landscape occupied by the habitat type of interest, and m, the linear dimension of the map. The adaptation of percolation theory to finite scales provides a baseline for statistical comparison with landscape data. When USGS land use data (LUDA) maps are compared to random maps produced by percolation models, significant differences in the number, size distribution, and the area/perimeter (fractal dimension) indices of patches were found. These results make it possible to define the appropriate scales at which disturbance and landscape processes interact to affect landscape patterns. 相似文献
18.
We examined the use of coarse resolution land cover data (USGS LUDA) to accurately discriminate ecoregions and landscape-scale
features important to biodiversity monitoring and management. We used land cover composition and landscape indices, correlation
and principal components analysis, and comparison with finer-grained Landsat TM data, to assess how well LUDA data discriminate
changing patterns across an agriculture-forest gradient in Minnesota, U.S.A. We found LUDA data to be most accurate at general
class levels of agriculture and forest dominance (Anderson Level I), but in consistent and limited in ecotonal areas of the
gradient and within forested portions of the study region at finer classes (Anderson Level II).
We expected LUDA to over-represent major (matrix) cover types and under-represent minor types, but this was not consistent
with all classes. 1) Land cover types respond individualistically across the gradient, changing landscape grain as well as
their spatial distribution and abundance. 2) Agriculture is not over-represented where it is the dominant land cover type,
but forest is over-represented where it is dominant. 3) Individual forest types are under-represented in an open land matrix.
4) Within forested areas, mixed deciduous-coniferous forest is over-represented by several orders of magnitude and the separate
conifer and hardwood types under-represented. Across gradual, transitional agriculture-forest areas, LUDA cover class dominance
changes abruptly in a stair-step fashion. In general, rare cover types that are discrete, such as forest in agriculture or
wetlands or water in forest, are more accurately represented than cover classes having lower contrast with the matrix. Northward
across the gradient, important changes in the proportions of conifer and deciduous forest mixtures occur at scales not discriminated
by LUDA data. Results suggest that finer-grained data are needed to map within-state ecoregions and discriminate important
landscape characteristics. LUDA data, or similar coarse resolution data sources, should be used with caution and the biases
fully understood before being applied in regional landscape management.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Effects of changing spatial resolution on the results of landscape pattern analysis using spatial autocorrelation indices 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
Understanding the relationship between pattern and scale is a central issue in landscape ecology. Pattern analysis is necessarily a critical step to achieve this understanding. Pattern and scale are inseparable in theory and in reality. Pattern occurs on different scales, and scale affects pattern to be observed. The objective of our study is to investigate how changing scale might affect the results of landscape pattern analysis using three commonly adopted spatial autocorrelation indices,i.e., Moran Coefficient, Geary Ratio, and Cliff-Ord statistic. The data sets used in this study are spatially referenced digital data sets of topography and biomass in 1972 of Peninsular Malaysia. Our results show that all three autocorrelation indices were scale-dependent. In other words, the degree of spatial autocorrelation measured by these indices vary with the spatial scale on which analysis was performed. While all the data sets show a positive spatial autocorrelation across a range of scales, Moran coefficient and Cliff-Ord statistic decrease and Geary Ratio increases with increasing grain size, indicating an overall decline in the degree of spatial autocorrelation with scale. The effect of changing scale varies in their magnitude and rate of change when different types of landscape data are used. We have also explored why this could happen by examining the formulation of the Moran coefficient. The pattern of change in spatial autocorrelation with scale exhibits threshold behavior,i.e., scale effects fade away after certain spatial scales are reached (for elevation). We recommend that multiple methods be used for pattern analysis whenever feasible, and that scale effects must be taken into account in all spatial analysis. 相似文献
20.
Impact of scale on morphological spatial pattern of forest 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Katarzyna Ostapowicz Peter Vogt Kurt H. Riitters Jacek Kozak Christine Estreguil 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(9):1107-1117
Assessing and monitoring landscape pattern structure from multi-scale land-cover maps can utilize morphological spatial pattern
analysis (MSPA), only if various influences of scale are known and taken into account. This paper lays part of the foundation
for applying MSPA analysis in landscape monitoring by quantifying scale effects on six classes of spatial patterns called:
core, edge, perforation, branch, connector and islet. Four forest maps were selected with different forest composition and configuration. The sensitivity of MSPA to scale was
studied by comparing frequencies of pattern classes in total forest area for various combinations of pixel size (P) and size
parameter (S). It was found that the quantification of forest pattern with MSPA is sensitive to scale. Differences in initial
composition and configuration influence the amount but not the general tendencies of the variations of morphological spatial
pattern (MSP) class proportions with scale. Increase of P led to data generalization resulting in either a removal of the
small size features or their potential transformation into other non-core MSP classes, while an increase of S decreases the
MSP core area and this process may transform small core areas into the MSP class islet. We established that the behavior of
the MSPA classes with changing scale can be categorized as consistent and robust scaling relations in the forms of linear,
power, or logarithmic functions over a range of scales. 相似文献