肉用种鸡的主翼羽脱落综合征

肉用种鸡的主翼羽脱落综合征秦光荣路正江（山东聊城嘉明实业公司技术部，２５２０３６）主翼羽脱落综合征是近几年在美国的一些商品蛋鸡场和肉种鸡场发现的一种以羽毛脱落、产蛋率低下、产蛋高峰极度推迟、产蛋高峰达不到标准为特征的综合征。秦廷安曾于１９９１年对该综...     

乌骨鸡强制换羽效果观察

对６０只产蛋率下降至１０％,产蛋近８个月的种用乌骨鸡施行饥饿强制换羽。在室温一直保持１８～２０℃条件下,停食１６ｄ,停水３ｄ,致使乌骨鸡的体重由最初１２９９２９ｇ下降至９９８６ｇ,体重下降率为２３２６％,强制换羽２５个月后,成活率为１００％,淘汰率为１７％（１／６０）。乌骨鸡强制换羽后第１０～１６ｄ,躯体小羽大量脱落,并逐渐换上新的洁白羽毛,强制换羽第１７天以后,除继续脱落小羽毛外,尚可见到零星的轴羽或个别的主翼羽。强制换羽第２５～６０ｄ为大批主翼羽脱落期,当强制换羽后产蛋率恢复２８％以上时,主翼脱落达６０％以上。     

主翼羽脱落综合征:肉用型种母鸡的新问题

最近一直有抱怨说,肉鸡种用母鸡的高峰产蛋率降低。佛罗里达大学两群肉鸡种鸡的产蛋高峰也极度推迟。高峰产蛋率降低与主翼羽的持续性脱落有关。商品蛋鸡在1986年中期,商品蛋生产者抱怨产蛋高峰降低。这些鸡群中许多母鸡于32周龄时喙和跖呈黄色,主翼羽脱落。当时怀疑,这些母鸡已开始产蛋,但由于体重较小因而不能保持较高的产蛋率故停止了产蛋,喙部又重新着色变黄。     

蛋鸭适时强制换羽

鸭在每年的春末或秋末会自然换羽，如果营养不良，管理不善或气候剧变，也能促使其提前换羽。鸭自然换羽时，若任其自然脱落后再行恢复，不但产蛋不整齐，且在管理上增加不便。所以养鸭户多在6月初，即当母鸭群产蛋率降低到20%～30%、蛋重较轻、部分鸭的主翼羽开始脱落时，既可施行强制换羽。     

对传统理论的补充与完善

赛鸽的羽毛每年都有规律地脱落。脱落旧羽毛并长出新羽毛的现象叫做换羽。大凡养鸽者都知道，赛鸽主羽10根，副主翼12根。通过副主翼羽的换毛多少可以鉴别鸽子的年龄，即副主翼羽每年以从里向外的顺序更换一根。（更换后的羽毛颜色稍深，并且干净整齐。）多年来，该理论已经成为广大鸽友的定理。     

蛋鸭科学淘汰增效益

产蛋鸭群进入产蛋后期后，休产鸭和低产鸭逐渐增多，为提高产蛋鸭的经济效益和加强鸭群后期的饲养管理。对鸭群采取少量多次淘汰的方法，取得了较好的经济效益。 １．时间 １９９９年 １０月 １９日至 １０月２５日，由 １９日夜晚进行淘汰，饲养至２５日下午，共６天。 ２．材料 樱桃祖代鸭母系鸭群：淘汰母鸭２４０只，公鸭４０只；饲料为本公司生产的９２５料（产蛋期料），主要营养成分见表１。 ３．淘汰方法 ①根据换羽情况挑选羽毛光滑膘肥而健壮者；主翼羽脱落或体羽显著脱落、体弱、体重轻者；第一、二根主翼羽脱落或是刚长出者。 …     

家禽解剖图谱(上)

图１公鸡各部位名称１．冠２．头３．眼４．耳５．耳叶６．喙７．脸８、９．肉垂１０．颈羽１１．颈前羽１２．翼前羽１３．翼肩羽１４．肩１５．背１６．鞍部１７．覆翼羽１８．胸１９．腿２０．覆尾羽２１．大摇羽２２．主尾羽２３．大摇羽２４．小摇羽２５．主尾羽２６．蓑羽２７．副翼羽２８．主翼羽２９．覆主翼羽３０．爪３１．膝３２．胫部３３．距３４．脚３５．趾图２母鸡各部位名称１．冠２．头３．眼４．鼻孔５．喙６．脸７．肉垂８．耳叶９．颈羽１０．肩１１．背１２．鞍羽１３．翼前羽１４．翼肩羽１５．覆翼羽１６．胸１７．…     

用绝食法调节蛋用种鸡产蛋前期产蛋量的试验

将从大群中随机捉出的２２０日龄的轻型白来航父母代种母鸡的２４只，分为对照组和试验组，每组１２只鸡。试验组鸡用绝食法处理６天，体重下降了１８．６５％，见有零星小羽脱落，对照组鸡采用常规饲养方法饲养，在６７天的试验期结束时，两组鸡的蛋重和日产蛋量两项指标，差异极显著，对同一群１８３３只种母鸡自２５２日龄开始试验，不设对照组，绝食７天，体重下降了２３．２％，见有大量的小羽并伴有１－２根主翼羽脱落。在１０     

北京种鸭强制换羽的经济效益

1对种鸭用饥饿法强制换羽1996年10月30日从北京双桥种鸭场引进父母代种雏1000只，产蛋到67周时淘汰弱、残鸭，整群后留810只种鸭，换羽前称重。饥饿法强制停产换羽，见表1。表1强制换羽实施方案从停料开始到第12天左右进行人工拔毛，拔毛前对种鸭进行检查，拔下的羽根是否干枯，如干枯，可一次拔掉每个鸭翅的主翼羽10根，覆主翼羽14根，最后拔主尾羽（公鸭不拔毛）。这样做可使强制换羽的种鸭羽毛生长整齐，产蛋时间一致，产蛋率，受精率、孵化率都有极大的提高。2种鸭强制换羽后的生产性能在实施强制换羽期共死亡种鸭22只，死亡率为2．7％…     

光照强度对笼养蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

选用２６７日龄的产蛋母鸡１５０只，分为三组，分别放在上、中、下三层鸡笼，采用同样的饲养管理制度。由于笼位的高低不一，使得三层鸡群在同一鸡舍内所接受的光照强度不一，导致鸡群产蛋不一致；上层鸡群产蛋率为８４．５０％，中层鸡群产蛋率为８２．００％，下层鸡群产蛋率为７３．６６％。上层鸡群比中层鸡群产蛋率高２．５０％（Ｐ＜０．０５），上层鸡群比下层鸡群产蛋率高１０．８４％（Ｐ＜０．０１），中层鸡群的产蛋率比下层鸡群高８．３４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。