伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用

室内条件下研究了伪钝绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明：伪钝绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和雌成螨的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,搜寻效率a′与处理时间Th值分别为0.5902、1.0025、0.9697、0.3146和0.0150、0.0240、0.0520、0.1681。伪钝绥螨的雌成螨喜食二斑叶螨的卵、幼螨和若螨,而对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力较弱。伪钝绥螨捕食率随着自身密度的增加而下降。捕食者密度低时,捕食率下降较快;随着捕食者密度进一步增加,捕食率下降缓慢,干扰反应方程拟合为E=0.3101P~（-0.412）。     

异色瓢虫耐饥能力及饥饿对其捕食槐蚜功能的影响

试验结果表明,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫和成虫在饥饿条件下寿命最长。不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫的捕食量均随槐蚜密度的增加而增加,对槐蚜捕食的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,经χ ²检验,各圆盘方程理论值和实测值拟合较好。同一虫态不同饥饿程度的异色瓢虫对槐蚜的捕食情况无明显差异。饥饿48 h的异色瓢虫3～4龄幼虫、成虫在24 h内对槐蚜的捕食作用主要集中在初始阶段,即本试验的0～6 h内。     

巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食功能及控制潜力研究

为明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的捕食功能反应和对其种群的潜在控制能力,在实验室相对湿度85%±5%、光照L∥D=16h∥8h、5个温度梯度16、20、24、28℃和32℃下进行捕食功能反应和个体间干扰反应试验,并在25℃下研究了巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的种群控制能力。结果表明:在16~28℃温度范围内,巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,随着温度升高,攻击系数、捕食能力、最大日均捕食量均升高,而处理时间缩短;28℃时捕食量达到最高,处理时间最短,当温度高于32℃时捕食量开始下降。二斑叶螨密度固定时,巴氏新小绥螨的平均捕食量随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低,说明巴氏新小绥螨存在明显的相互干扰作用。巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨种群的控制能力,随着益害比的增加,二斑叶螨种群数量显著下降,益害比在一定比值内时巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨种群表现出明显的控制能力。其中当益害比为5∶30时二斑叶螨种群数量在第6天就能得到控制。     

Toxicity of indoxacarb to two species of predacious mites and a predacious mirid

Indoxacarb is a novel oxadiazine pro-insecticide that has no toxic effects on the adults, fecundity and eclosion of Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), a predacious phytoseiid, or Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a predacious stigmaeid. It is toxic to Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say), a predacious mirid that has been reported from several Quebec orchards where IPM programs are used. The LC50 for this mirid is about one-half of the recommended dose (0.054 g AI litre(-1)) of indoxacarb for apple orchards. Following an application, the intoxicated mirids remained motionless as their prolegs and posterior had paralyzed. Twenty-four hours later, they appeared smaller, shrunken and severely desiccated.     

Post-dispersal seed predation of non-target weeds in arable crops

Field experiments were conducted to quantify the natural levels of post-dispersal seed predation of arable weed species in spring barley and to identify the main groups of seed predators. Four arable weed species were investigated that were of high biodiversity value, yet of low to moderate competitive ability with the crop. These were Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare. Exclusion treatments were used to allow selective access to dishes of seeds by different predator groups. Seed predation was highest early in the season, followed by a gradual decline in predation over the summer for all species. All species were taken by invertebrates. The activity of two phytophagous carabid genera showed significant correlations with seed predation levels. However, in general carabid activity was not related to seed predation and this is discussed in terms of the mainly polyphagous nature of many Carabid species that utilized the seed resource early in the season, but then switched to carnivory as prey populations increased. The potential relevance of post-dispersal seed predation to the development of weed management systems that maximize biological control through conservation and optimize herbicide use, is discussed.     

高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽捕食功能反应的影响

为了研究高效氯氟氰菊酯对东亚小花蝽雌成虫捕食功能反应的影响,比较分析了LC₂₅、LC₅₀、LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫3日龄东亚小花蝽雌成虫后,对大豆蚜捕食量、寻找效应、猎物密度效应、种内分摊竞争效应和功能反应等的影响。研究表明,对照组与LC₂₅、LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响明显,而LC₇₅高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫受猎物密度效应影响不明显;在药剂浓度为0 mg/L和140 mg/L时,捕食量达到的最大值和最小值分别为12.33和0.83头,寻找效应达到的最大值和最小值分别为0.96和0.10;受不同浓度药剂胁迫的东亚小花蝽成虫对大豆蚜的捕食能力和寻找效应均随着药剂浓度的增加而下降;捕食量随大豆蚜虫口密度增加而增多,种内竞争分摊强度随小花蝽数量增加而增强,平均捕食量降低;在LC₅₀高效氯氟氰菊酯胁迫下,东亚小花蝽成虫捕食作用率方程为E=0.1255P^-0.2956,分摊竞争强度方程为I=0.5401logP^-0.0033。     

瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用

为了明确4种主要捕食性瓢虫对烟蚜的控制效能及其与优势寄生性天敌烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用,在室内条件下测定了七星瓢虫、异色瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟蚜的捕食效能和异色瓢虫与烟蚜茧蜂的取食竞争作用。结果表明,4种瓢虫捕食烟蚜后均能正常完成发育,发育历期分别为异色瓢虫(17.11 d)七星瓢虫(16.25 d)六斑月瓢虫(13.69 d)龟纹瓢虫(12.73 d),其中异色瓢虫的4龄幼虫期最长,达4.15 d,显著高于其他瓢虫;异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫、六斑月瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫完成生长发育对烟蚜的总捕食量分别为687.0、635.6、359.2和253.2头,各瓢虫间差异显著。在烟蚜茧蜂和异色瓢虫的共存系统中,增加异色瓢虫的数量,异色瓢虫和烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的个体控制数量均会降低;增加烟蚜茧蜂的数量,显著降低了种内的个体寄生量,但对异色瓢虫的控蚜作用无明显影响。该研究结果将为合理利用天敌昆虫组合控制烟蚜提供技术依据。     

异色瓢虫幼虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食效应

在室内研究了捕食性天敌异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食作用。结果表明,异色瓢虫对云南云杉长足大蚜若虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型反应,拟合的圆盘方程为N_a=1.028 9 N_t/(1+0.009 8 N_t)。根据HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型N_a=a·exp~(-b/N_t)计算出最佳寻找密度43.54头;在猎物密度一定的情况下,利用其捕食作用率与个体间相互干扰作用的关系用Hassell-Varley的干扰反应模型拟合为E=0.242 4P~(-0.398 5);分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系式为I=0.005 4lgP+0.679 6。利用Holling(1959)寻找效应(E)与猎物密度(N_t)关系式计算了寻找效应;利用HassellVarley(1969)模型和Beddington(1975)2种模型对异色瓢虫4龄幼虫寻找效应和自身密度之间的关系进行了模拟,模拟方程分别为:E=0.748 7P~(-1.298 4)、E=1.021 3/(2.479 4P-1.479 4)和E=1.021 3/(0.01 N_a+2.479 4P-1.479 4),异色瓢虫对云南云杉长足大蚜的寻找效应随猎物密度及捕食者密度的增加而下降。     

解除生殖滞育的巴氏新小绥螨捕食能力

巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri是极具应用潜力的捕食螨,在农业生产中,广泛应用于防治多种害螨和小型吸汁性害虫。由于活体天敌的特殊性,如何保障储运期间巴氏新小绥螨的存活率和捕食能力的稳定性,是目前捕食螨产品高效安全应用的难题之一,进行诱导生殖滞育,是延长捕食螨货架期的有效途径。本文采用选择系数和Holling圆盘方程测试方法,研究了解除生殖滞育（以下简称滞育）的巴氏新小绥螨的选择取食作用和捕食功能,结果如下：（1）普通品系、滞育解除品系、滞育品系的巴氏新小绥螨对腐食酪螨不同螨态的捕食选择性和被食比例呈现出基本一致的趋势,表现出强烈的选择性;三个品系的巴氏新小绥螨均对猎物幼螨表现出嗜食性,其选择系数从高到低为幼螨,卵,若螨,成螨;但也表现出一定的差异性,普通品系与滞育解除品系对猎物的卵和幼螨均表现为嗜食性,滞育品系的巴氏新小绥螨仅对猎物的幼螨表现为嗜食性。（2）三个品系的捕食功能曲线均符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程;滞育解除后巴氏新小绥螨能快速恢复生长发育和捕食能力,普通品系、滞育品系、滞育解除品系的巴氏新小绥螨对猎物腐食酪螨的攻击系数a分别为0.6761、0.2731、0...     

棉蚜密度对瓢虫集团内捕食作用的影响

以华北棉田3种常见瓢虫-异色瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫和七星瓢虫为对象,依次在室内和田间条件下研究了不同棉蚜密度对瓢虫种间集团内捕食作用的影响。结果显示,室内条件下,随着棉蚜密度的上升,一种瓢虫幼虫对另一种瓢虫卵的捕食量呈下降趋势。与不提供棉蚜的对照相比,提供20、200头棉蚜的处理的捕食量分别平均降低56.5%、92.6%。田间罩笼试验显示出了相似规律,每株蚜量为50、200头时,捕食量较对照(没有棉蚜)平均降低42.0%、56.9%。结果表明,猎物棉蚜的存在能有效降低3种瓢虫之间的集团内捕食作用;棉蚜密度越高,这种趋势越明显。     

稻田中多种天敌对稻飞虱的控制作用

本文应用二次回归组合实验设计统计方法，研究稻田中主要捕食性天敌拟水狼蛛、食虫沟瘤蛛、稻红瓢虫和青翅蚁形隐翅虫对稻飞虱的控制作用，同时对多物种共存系统中各物种间的相互作用进行了研究，得出了这４种天敌对稻飞虱的捕食量模型和天敌密度的最佳组合     

半固体人工饲料饲养日本通草蛉幼虫对荻草谷网蚜捕食作用

为评价一种半固体人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内研究了1~3龄幼虫对荻草谷网蚜的捕食作用和种内干扰作用。结果表明,1~3龄幼虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而上升,当猎物密度增加到一定水平,捕食量趋向稳定,捕食功能反应曲线均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程。不同龄期幼虫对荻草谷网蚜理论最大日捕食量分别为42、179、204头。2龄幼虫的干扰效应用Hassell &Varley的模式(E=QP^-m)进行模拟,模拟模型为E=0.5074P^-0.6627,结果说明随着2龄幼虫密度的增大,其捕食作用率随之减小。     

The effect of indoxacarb and five other insecticides on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

A laboratory study assessed the contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticidal soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and nymphs of Orius insidiosus (Say). Amblyseius fallacis is a predacious phytoseiid mite and an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in North American apple orchards. The other two beneficials are widely used in greenhouses to manage various arthropod pests infesting vegetable and ornamental crops. Indoxacarb is a slow-acting insecticide, so toxicity data were recorded 7 days post-treatment when the data had stabilised. It showed no toxicity to O. insidiosus nymphs or to A. fallacis or P. persimilis adults. The LC50 values for O. insidiosus nymphs and P. persimilis could not be estimated with their associated confidence limits, because the g values were greater than 0.5 and under such circumstances the lethal concentration would lie outside the limits. The LC50 for A. fallacis was 7.6x the label rate. The fecundity of P. persimilis was reduced by 26.7%. The eclosion of treated eggs from both species of beneficial mites was not affected adversely. Among the other pest control products, S-kinoprene and endosulfan affected adversely at least one species of the predators, whereas dimethoate, abamectin and insecticidal soap were very toxic to all three beneficials. Indoxacarb should be evaluated as a pest control product in IPM programmes.     

龟纹瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食作用及捕食偏好

为明确龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica (Thunberg)对梨瘿蚊Dasineura pyri (Bouche)幼虫的控害效能,在室内进行了龟纹瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食能力及捕食偏好性试验。结果表明：龟纹瓢虫各龄期对梨瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-II模型,龟纹瓢虫1～4龄幼虫及成虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的理论日最大捕食量分别为9.58、17.42、44.96、51.71和100.56头。在不同猎物密度设置下,各龄期龟纹瓢虫对猎物的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而升高,搜寻效应随猎物密度升高而下降。相同猎物密度设置下,随着龟纹瓢虫成虫自身密度的增加,单头龟纹瓢虫成虫日均捕食量逐渐降低。当梨瘿蚊与梨二叉蚜两种猎物共存时,龟纹瓢虫偏食梨二叉蚜。综合比较各龄期龟纹瓢虫对梨瘿蚊幼虫的相关捕食功能反应参数,成虫态龟纹瓢虫在各个方面能力均较1～4龄幼虫表现好,说明龟纹瓢虫成虫能够对梨瘿蚊幼虫发挥较好的控害作用。本研究可为龟纹瓢虫防控梨瘿蚊技术在田间的应用提供理论依据。     

Biology and predation rate of the sarcophagid fly,Agria mamillata a predator of European small ermine moths

Abstract

The biology of the univoltine, predatory sarcophagid fly Agria mamillata (Pandellé) was studied in a population of Yponomeuta evonymellus(L.) (Yponomeutidae) attacking Prunuspadus L. in the Valais, Switzerland. Clarification of the literature records suggests that A. mamillata is oligophagus, attacking five Yponomeuta species in the Palaearctic. The adult flies emerged in May. The presence of host odour was advantageous to elicit mating. After a preoviposition period of 19 days, the ovolarviparous females deposited eggs/first instar larvae on the cuticle of late fifth instar prey larvae, or on cocoons of prey pupae. The potential fecundity averaged 40 eggs per female. Reid data indicated that females of the predator laid more eggs in tents with higher prey density. Larval development lasted 11 days. Rain stimulates mature predator larvae to leave the tents of Y. evonymellus to pupate in the soil. Pupation was observed between early July and mid August. Predation rates ( = number of prey eaten per predator) were estimated from laboratory food consumption tests and from the number of predator larvae and predated cocoons in prey tents in the field. It was shown that a single predator consumed an average of five Y. evonymellus individuals. Field data indicated that predation rates cannot increase with higher numbers of prey available. It was shown that the number of prey eaten per predator decrease with higher predator densities per tent in the field.     

河南省田间3种主要瓢虫对飞蓬指管蚜的捕食功能

异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫在5 min内的移动距离分别为137.14、109.1 cm和9.1 cm,前两者在相同时间内的移动距离均显著高于后者;异色瓢虫和七星瓢虫在不同猎物密度下对飞蓬指管蚜的日捕食量均显著高于龟纹瓢虫;异色瓢虫、七星瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对飞蓬指管蚜的捕食上限分别为157.21、120.52头和81.66头。3种瓢虫对飞蓬指管蚜捕食功能均符合HollingⅡ型功能反应模型;3种瓢虫捕食飞蓬指管蚜的寻找效应与飞蓬指管蚜密度呈线形相关,随飞蓬指管蚜密度增加,3种瓢虫的寻找效应均降低。     

三种杀虫(螨)剂对双尾新小绥螨捕食作用的影响

为了研究杀虫(螨)剂对双尾新小绥螨的安全性,本文采用喷雾法检测了丁氟螨酯、氯虫苯甲酰胺和噻虫嗪对双尾新小绥螨和土耳其斯坦叶螨的毒力,并对三种杀虫(螨)剂的不同施药方式对双尾新小绥螨捕食作用的影响进行了检测.结果表明,丁氟螨酯对双尾新小绥螨的毒性显著低于土耳其斯坦叶螨,在1000 mg/L浓度下,双尾新小绥螨校正死亡率低...     

Effects of lambda-cyhalothrin on mosquito larvae and predatory aquatic insects

Agricultural insecticides can affect mosquito production in rice fields by controlling mosquitoes, disrupting biological control or contributing to selection of insecticide resistance. The duration of insecticidal activity of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin was quantified on predatory insects in rice fields and on three kinds of mosquito larva: a pyrethroid-susceptible strain of Culex tarsalis Coquillet, a pyrethroid-resistant strain of Cx pipiens L. (sensu lato) and non-resistant Cx pipiens s.l. Lambda-cyhalothrin killed most caged, susceptible mosquitoes for up to 21 days. It killed fewer resistant Cx pipiens s.l., but suppressed their survival for over a week. Lambda-cyhalothrin suppressed field populations of predatory insects through day 29. Agricultural use of lambda-cyhalothrin can provide incidental mosquito control. However, the pyrethroid persisted in sediment and gradually decreased in activity, which could contribute to selection of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes. Because caged mosquitoes showed good survival before predators recovered, disruption of biological control is possible. It is therefore advisable for growers and mosquito control agencies to communicate about pesticide use.     

黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明天敌昆虫黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食潜力,本试验在温度（25±1）℃,相对湿度（65±5）%,光周期16L：8D的室内条件下,观察了黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食行为特点,并研究了其捕食能力。结果表明：黄带犀猎蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时,将口针刺进猎物体内,使其麻痹后进行取食,直至猎物干瘪,但有时并不吸取完全,而是继续攻击其他猎物。黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率为1.159和2.913,处理时间为0.297和0.261 d,日最大捕食量为3.906和3.831头。研究表明黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防控具有一定的潜力。     

益蝽对草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的捕食能力评价和捕食行为观察

为了探究天敌昆虫益蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食潜力,本试验在室内条件下评价了益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食能力,结合田间观察总结了益蝽的捕食行为特点。结果表明：益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.671头、1.512和0.215 d;益蝽偏食活猎物,对草地贪夜蛾幼虫致死量大,当草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度大时,益蝽将一头猎物刺吸致死后并不持续吸取,而是快速攻击其他猎物,这一特点对于控制草地贪夜蛾种群数量十分有利。