不同组方饲料添加剂在育肥猪中的应用研究

选用64头平均体重为(63.73±2.01)kg的杜长大育肥猪,按完全随机区组设计分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头,各组猪分别饲喂含组方一、组方二、组方三复方添加剂的试验饲粮,研究不同组方添加剂对育肥猪生产性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及血液生化指标的影响,结果表明:与对照组相比,组方二能显著提高育肥猪的生产性能、屠宰性能,改善肉品质和生化指标。组方一能较好地提高生产性能和屠宰性能,并改善了生化指标,但效果不如组方二明显,对肉品质没有显著影响;组方三对以上4项指标影响均不显著,且后续的试验表明,该组方部分指标药物残留超标。     

Immunocompetence of fattening pigs fed organic versus conventional diets in organic versus conventional housing

The effect of organic or conventional feeding on the immune response of pigs was determined using organic or conventional housing in a pig fattening unit. The experimental design involved four pens of four animals per housing and diet combination (organic housing and organic nutrition; organic housing and conventional nutrition; conventional housing and organic nutrition and conventional housing and conventional nutrition). The IgM, IgA and IgG responses against intramuscularly injected bovine thyroglobulin were determined as indicators of the antigen-specific immune responsiveness. Some general health and welfare related parameters were evaluated by measuring haptoglobin concentrations at selected times; blood lactate concentration was measured at slaughter. Conventional housing led to a higher IgG response three weeks after the first immunisation. Organic housing led to lower haptoglobin and lactate concentrations at slaughter, indicating a higher stress resistance in these pigs. No major differences between the two feeding types were found. We conclude that the immune responses following either a conventional or an organic diet are comparable, whereas organic housing can increase stress resistance at slaughter compared to conventional housing.     

Preweaning housing effects on behavior and physiological measures in pigs during the suckling and fattening periods

The effect of the preweaning housing system on the stress response of pigs before weaning and during fattening was studied in 33 litters of domestic pigs. Three preweaning housing systems were compared: barren crate (standard farrowing crate without straw), enriched crate (20% larger crate, with straw), and as a control, a farrowing pen (pen, 60% larger than the barren crate, with straw). At 25 d of age, pigs were tested with an isolation test and 1 d later with a human approach test (HumanT). Pigs were weaned at 28 d of age. At 3 and 6 mo of age, pigs were tested with an isolation-human approach test. The latency and frequency of squeal calls and locomotor activity were analyzed for all 3 tests, whereas physical contact with the human was also analyzed for the HumanT and isolation-human approach test. At 6 mo of age, the pigs were transported to a slaughterhouse. One day before transport, immediately after transport, and 1 h after transport, saliva samples were taken for cortisol analysis. The pH of the LM was also measured 45 min after slaughter. Preweaning housing system affected (P < 0.05) the probability of squeal vocalizations, the latency of locomotion, and the duration of locomotion during the HumanT. Pigs from the enriched pens vocalized less, had a longer latency to move, and performed less overall locomotion than pigs from the barren crates. Preweaning housing system did not affect behavior of fattening pigs. Cortisol concentrations before and after transport were not affected by preweaning housing system. An interaction of cortisol concentrations and housing systems was observed between the control sample and the sample taken immediately after transport in pigs from the barren crates (P < 0.05) compared with pigs from the enriched housing systems. Meat from pigs reared in the barren crate tended to have lower pH (P < 0.10) and that of pigs reared in enriched crates had lower pH (P < 0.05) than meat of pigs reared in enriched pens. No differences were observed between pigs from barren or enriched crates. Our results suggest that enrichment of the preweaning environment through enlarged space, provision of straw, and free movement for the sow had a positive effect on the coping behavior of pigs before weaning and prevented an increase in salivary cortisol concentration immediately after transport and a decrease in meat pH 45 min postmortem at the age of 6 mo. Minimal enrichment of the commercial farrowing crate did not affect behavior and physiological measures in pigs before and after weaning.     

不同杂交组合商品猪的生长育肥性能

对杜洛克×(杜洛克×陆川)(DDL)、杜洛克×(长白×大约克)(DLY)和PIC 3个杂交组合(配套系)商品猪在相同营养水平和饲养管理条件下进行了育肥饲养对比试验,测定并比较了不同试验猪的增重速度、饲料转化效率和活体背膘厚.结果表明,DDL、DLY和PIC商品猪在增重速度上差异不显著(P>0.05);饲料转化率以PIC...     

Purulent osteomyelitis in fattening pigs

Purulent osteomyelitis caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes was diagnosed in three pigs aged between 3 and 4 months by radiological and pathological findings. Osteomyelitis was localized in metaphysis and/or epiphysis of limb bones. The prevalence of osteomyelitis in swine seems to be underestimated because inspection of limb bones is not a routine procedure either at slaughter or at necropsy. Osteomyelitis may also have consequences for meat cutting. Osteomyelitis can be controlled by prophylactic procedures.     

育肥猪饲养模式

育肥猪是猪场生产链的最后一道生产环节,是最大的一个产出环节,也是成本消耗最大的一个环节。这是整个中国养猪产业中最需要提供生产效率的环节,但似乎也是到目前为止养猪生产中发展最慢的环节。     

Determination of hematologic and blood chemical reference values in fattening pigs of different ages

In swine medicine, the determination of hematology and blood chemistry parameters is of primary interest in connection with the detection of herd problems. For the evaluation of laboratory results the availability of reference values is a prerequisite. So far, no reference values of fattening pigs have been available in Switzerland. For this reason, in the present study reference values for hematology and blood chemistry were determined for two bodyweight categories, 40-60 kg (group 1) and 85-110 kg (group 2). Hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBC counts were lower in animals in group 1. The number of segmented neutrophils was markedly higher in group 1. Lymphocyte counts exceeded neutrophil values in both groups. Concentrations of total bilirubin, AST, CK and LDH partly reached very high levels due to hemolysis or contamination of the blood samples with muscle tissue.     

半胱胺不同添加方式对生长肥育猪胴体品质的影响

在生长期和肥育期的猪基础日粮中分别添加360mg／kg和450mg／kg半胱胺(CS)(试验I组每6d添加1d，5d间隔期喂基础日粮)或分别添加60mg／kg和75mg／kgCS(试验Ⅱ组)，研究CS不同添加方式对生长肥育猪酮体品质的影响。屠宰试验表明：胴体瘦肉率试验I组和试验Ⅱ组比对照组分别提高5．24％(P＜0．05)和4．63％(P＜0．05)，胴体脂肪率试验I组和试验Ⅱ组比对照组分别降低9．52％和8．53％(P＜0．05)。肉质测试表明，CS对背最长肌肉质无明显影响。经包被处理的CS间断性添加和持续添加对朋体性状和肉质均无显著性差异。试验I组和试验Ⅱ组的皮下激素敏感脂酶和血清中生长激素含量分别比对照组提高41．38(P＜0．05)、31．11(P＜0．05)和38．23(P＜0．05)、24．44％(P＜0．05)。     

不同比例生甘薯饲喂生长育肥猪的效果评价

用 2 0kg左右的长×荣F1杂交去势猪 4 8头 ,随机分为 4组 ,每组 1 2头 ,每圈 3头 ,进行了不同比例生甘薯对生长育肥猪生产性能、屠体品质及日粮养分消化率的影响试验。试验各组分别加入甘薯(以风干基础计算 )生长期 0、1 5、30、4 5 % ,育肥期 0、2 0、4 0、6 0 % ,按《中国瘦肉猪标准》调节各组基础饲料配方 ,使每组日粮营养水平相同。试验结果表明 :随着生甘薯比例增加 ,生长期和育肥期猪精料日采食量减少 ,甘薯日采食量增加 ,风干物质日采食量逐渐上升 ;猪的日增重随生甘薯比例增加而降低 ,比例越高 ,其降低幅度越大 ,其中 ,育肥期 6 0 %组与对照组达到极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;随着生甘薯比例增加 ,精料料肉比降低 ,甘薯料肉比增加 ,风干物质料肉比明显上升 ;每千克增重饲料成本逐渐增加 ;猪日粮主要养分消化利用率差异不显著 ,但粗蛋白质、粗脂肪消化利用率有逐渐降低的趋势 ;生甘薯对猪肉质无明显影响。以上结果表明 ,生甘薯或甘薯粉由于含有一定量的尤蛋白酶抑制物且容易腐烂 ,直接喂猪会降低猪日增重 ,增加猪每千克增重的饲料成本 ,因此甘薯 (风干基础 )生喂时 ,生长猪不宜超过日粮的 1 5 % ,肥育猪不宜超过日粮的 2 0 %。     

不同绿色添加剂组合对生长育肥猪生产性能的影响

试验选择90头平均体重为（18.7+2.1）kg的杜×长×本三元杂交断奶仔猪,按单因子随机试验设计分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头仔猪进行试验。对照组饲喂基础日粮+10mg/kg速大肥;试验1组饲喂基础日粮+0.1％生命素+0.05％迈克活菌酶;试验2组饲喂基础日粮+200mg/kg糖萜素+0.03％迈克活菌酶+0.05％。生命素。各组基础日粮完全相同。结果三组供试猪的平均日增重分别为670.25,667.83和647.08g（P>0.05）,料重比分别为3.23,3.09和3.11（P<0.05）,扣除实际耗料成本,每头猪实际赢利分别为97.26,92.90和93.77元,两试验组的生物学综合评定值分别为104.17和 101.86。     

Performance,health and behaviour of organic growing-finishing pigs in two different housing systems with or without access to pasture

Abstract

The effects of two housing systems (deep litter and straw-flow), with and without access to pasture during the summer period, were studied in an organic growing-finishing pig herd. Performance, health, skin lesions and daytime pig activity were studied in 29 pens of 16 pigs (total of 464 pigs, in 4 batches). Data from 21 pens were used for comparisons of deep litter and straw-flow and data from 16 pens for comparisons of access/no access to pasture. Pigs in the deep litter system had a lower carcass meat percentage (56.6% vs. 57.3%) and more locomotion problems (4.4% vs. 0%) than pigs in the straw-flow system. No difference in daytime pig activity was detected between the two housing systems. Under moderate temperatures, pigs with access to pasture and fed a commercial organic feed inside the building were not more active during daytime behaviour studies (7.30?h–16.30?h) than pigs without access to pasture. However, at 17 weeks of age the pigs with pasture access spent 21% of their time on pasture, less time inside the pig house (20% vs. 33%) and less time on the outside concrete area (4% vs. 12%) than the pigs without pasture. No difference in performance was detected between pigs with and pigs without access to pasture.     

Longevity of Swiss Brown cattle in different housing systems in Switzerland

A Weibull mixed survival model was used to study the effect of a change in the housing system on length of productive life (LPL) in dairy cows. The data set included records on 71,469 Swiss Brown cows in 1674 farms in eastern and central Switzerland. About 36% of the records were right-censored. The observation period lasted from January 1, 1988 to May 1, 2001. During this period, 517 farms changed their housing conditions from a tie-stall barn to a loose housing system. Besides a random time-dependent effect of herd–year–season, the model included fixed effects of housing system, lactation number and stage of lactation, within herd and parity production level (all time-dependent), and age at first calving (time-independent). All effects had a significant effect on LPL at a level of p < 0.001. Cows in loose housing systems showed the lowest risk ratios of being culled (0.93) compared to the reference system tie-stall barn (1.00). The highest relative culling rate (1.09) was observed within the changing period from tie-stall barn to loose housing system. Within the first three lactations, the relative culling risk increased stepwise with lactation stage. The hazard slightly increased from first until lactation number 8 and higher. The relative culling rates were highest (2.22) for cows yielding less than 90% compared to herd-mates of the same lactation number, whereas the lowest risk ratios were estimated for animals yielding more than 110% compared to their reference group (0.64). When heifers were older than 3 years at first calving, there was a tendency towards a higher relative culling risk (1.06).     

Occurrence of helminths in pig fattening units with different management systems in Northern Germany

The helminth infections on 13 pig fattening farms with different management systems (complete or partial all-in-all-out system or continuous fattening) in North-Western Germany were investigated over at least three fattening periods. Pooled faecal samples were taken from pens once before and three times after anthelmintic treatment. At the beginning of fattening 34.9% of the samples contained helminth eggs, mainly from Oesophagostomum spp. (27.5%). Ascaris suum eggs were found in 10.5% of the samples, while other parasites were only rarely found. The number of pig-supplying farms was positively correlated with the helminth infection prevalence. Immediately after deworming, all pen samples were free of helminth eggs. However, the prevalences increased again, and by the end of fattening A. suum was found in 33.0% and strongylids in 6.0% of the samples. Pens harbouring A. suum-excreting pigs at the beginning of fattening had higher infection levels at the end, and this was also the case for nodular worms. The final prevalence of Ascaris was higher in partial exchange systems than in complete all-in-all-out systems and in old pig houses compared to new ones. Transmission of both Ascaris and Oesophagostomum was highest in autumn and winter. Thus, a single anthelmintic treatment at the beginning of fattening could not prevent infection during fattening, and the state of infection at the beginning was associated with the helminth burden at slaughter. Therefore, the purchase of parasite-free pigs in combination with appropriate hygiene management may minimise the initial infection pressure and keep subsequent infection of the herd at a minimum.