5%除虫菊素乳油防治斜纹夜蛾田间药效试验

5％除虫菊素乳油(云菊)是一种天然除虫菊杀虫剂，由除虫菊植物中提取的杀虫活性物质叫除虫菊素。使用该农药对环境无污染，对蔬菜无残留，防治斜纹夜蛾使用的适宜浓度1500——2000倍液，药后3天、7天防效分别为90．14％、94．03％，94．12％、96．89％。     

5%除虫菊素乳油毒理学试验及田间药效试验

5％除虫菊素乳油，是利用在云南独特的地理气候条件下生长采收的植物资源一除虫菊花在CO2超临界条件下萃取精制而成的除虫菊素原油．添加适量的经精心筛选的稳定剂、乳化剂配制而成可广泛用于瓜果、蔬菜等农作物的植物源农药。为确定配制乳油制剂时所添加的辅助剂是否改变除虫菊素的毒理性质．更确切地说．为进一步核实辅助剂是否对除虫菊素产生作用使其毒性增大．为此特意请国家认证具有资质的毒理、毒力、药效试验单位对该农药进行试验。其试验结果说明5％除虫菊素乳油为高效、微毒、残留低、对作物无害。     

天然除虫菊素母药中主要成分质谱分析研究

除虫菊素是从除虫菊中提取出来的植物源农药，具有高效、广谱、低毒、对害虫有拒食和驱避作用、害虫不易产生抗性等功效，广泛应用于卫生杀虫领域。我国已有企业进行天然除虫菊素的开发和生产，由于除虫菊提取物成分复杂，各组分分析较难，国内除虫菊素的分析研究报道较少，国际上对除虫菊素的分析多采用气相色谱法和滴定法。本文采用气相色谱一质谱联用法对部分国内企业登记的除虫菊素母药进行分析，总结出除虫菊素各组分的质谱特征，为除虫菊素的质量、残留分析提供帮助。比较不同企业产品中各组分含量，为我国除虫菊素的登记管理提供有力支持。     

4种植物源杀虫剂在茶树假眼小绿叶蝉防治中的应用

除虫菊素、百部·棟·烟碱、苦参碱·烟碱、藜芦碱4种生物农药用于防治茶树假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis Gothe)多点对比试验结果显示,施药3d后,除虫菊素防治效果最好,校正防效达到93％以上.施药7d后,除虫菊素防治效果迅速下降,校正防效为73.6％,其他3种药剂校正防效都达到91％以上.说明除虫菊素药剂特效期短,虽然藜芦碱防治效果较其他药剂稍低,但4种植物源杀虫剂防治茶树假眼小绿叶蝉均有明显效果.     

真空冻干技术在除虫菊鲜花干燥中的应用研究

本文主要介绍了除虫菊鲜花的真空冷冻干燥技术的原理，条件和操作步骤。对气流干燥、远红外线（或烘箱)干燥、日光自然干燥及真空冷冻干燥四种干燥方法对除虫菊花的干燥条件、干花中水分含量和花中除虫菊素萃取进行了比较；还对真空冷冻干燥法工艺中影响除虫菊干燥后产品质量的温度及其升降速率、时间进行了探讨。该干燥技术具有干燥速率快、效率高、产品质量好的特点。冻干后的花中涂虫菊素萃取率达97．02％。干花中水分含量≤1．5％。     

有机桃生产中桃潜叶蛾药剂防治技术研究

对北京怀柔地区有机桃园中发生较为严重的桃潜叶蛾进行了药剂防治试验.结果表明,在供试药剂中以天然除虫菊素防治桃潜叶蛾的效果最好.其中又以3％天然除虫菊素CS 1500倍液+竹醋液300倍液的组合效果较好.而竹醋液、软钾皂和硫磺作为辅助药剂能在一定程度上增强天然除虫菊素、苦内酯和苦参碱的药效.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药急性中毒的防治

拟除虫菊酯类农药急性中毒的防治鲁锡荣（中国预防医学科学院劳动卫生与职业病研究所１０００５０）拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是模拟天然植物除虫菊的有效杀虫成分除虫菊素，经人工合成的一类农药。自１９４９年合成第１个拟除虫菊酯化合物丙烯菊酯以来，已合成了近万种拟除虫菊...     

农药应用无公害农药——除虫菊市场与栽培

除虫菊是中科院西南植物所培植的一种多年的菊科草本植物，开白花、盛花期5、6、7三个月，既有较高的经济价值又有观赏价值。它根、茎、叶、花等都含有毒虫素物质，是用来配制各种杀虫剂的好原料。特别是从除虫菊花蕊中提炼出来的除虫菊酯价值更高，用它制成的除虫菊酯类农药，药效大、无残毒，     

微波协助萃取技术应用于提取天然除虫菊素的工艺研究

根据天然除虫菊花的生物化学特性，应用微波协助萃取技术来萃取天然植物除虫菊花中的菊素，在遵循不破坏除虫菊素中杀虫活性的前提下，选择适当的微波波长、萃取溶剂、溶剂用量、溶剂的pH值、微波计量、物料水分、温度、时间等因素控制得当，萃取效果十分明显；实践表明：采用此工艺，具有快速安全、简化工艺、节省能源、降低溶剂用量、降低成本、改善环境条件、提高产品纯度、减少装备投资等特点。     

光照对除虫菊素触杀毒力的影响

采用药膜法测定了不同光照条件下天然除虫菊素对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫的触杀毒力,试图通过毒力的变化来明确除虫菊素用于防治桔小实蝇成虫的光稳定性。测定结果表明,天然除虫菊素在室内(平均光强25.00±0.53KLux)条件下对桔小实蝇成虫仍表现出较好的触杀毒力,其LC50为33.90μg/mL。在黑暗处理和光照处理的对比实验中,经平均光强600.00±1.99KLux的光照处理24h和72h后,除虫菊素对桔小实蝇成虫的触杀活性极显著低于黑暗处理,死亡率分别从98.33和97.67下降到6.65和1.67,表明光照对除虫菊素的杀虫活性影响极大。活性与光照时间的动态关系显示,除虫菊素和对照药剂氯氰菊酯一样,对桔小实蝇成虫的触杀活性随光照时间的增加呈指数型下降,其衰减过程符合一级动力学模型。除虫菊素受光照的活性半衰期为4.90h,明显短于氯氰菊酯的37.46h。     

Genetics of resistance of pyrethroid-selected houseflies,Musca domestica L.

Four resistance factors were isolated genetically from the NPR strain of houseflies (Musca domestica L.), which resists natural pyrethrins, and were characterised toxicologically. The four factors were : pen, which reduces the rate of penetration of insecticides through the cuticle; kdr-NPR, a general pyrethroid resistance mechanism unaffected by the synergist sesamex; py-ses, a mechanism of resistance to natural pyrethrins that can be suppressed by sesamex; and py-ex, a factor that gives strong resistance to synergised natural pyrethrins and to the new synthetic esters, e.g. resmethrin, but little or none to natural pyrethrins alone.     

Changes in cross-resistance patterns of houseflies selected with natural pyrethrins or resmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (±)-cis-trans-chrysanthemate)

A pyrethrins-resistant strain of houseflies, 213ab, previously selected with a 1:10 (by wt.) mixture of natural pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, was further selected either with natural pyrethrins alone (strain NPR) or with resmethrin (strain 104). After 50 generations the two populations differed in their resistance to the natural and synthetic esters. Both were resistant to all pyrethroids. Part of strain NPR was immune and very much more resistant than strain 104 to the natural pyrethrins and allethrin, but it was only 2–3 times more resistant than strain 104 against the new synthetic esters resmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (±)-cis-trans-chrysanthemate), bio-resmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (+)-trans-chrysanthemate), pyresmethrin (5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl pyrethrate) and 5B2Me3FC (5-benzyl-2-methyl-3-furylmethyl (±)-cis-trans-chrysanthemate). Pretreatment of both strains with sesamex diminished but did not eliminate resistance. Synergism was greater in strain NPR, especially with natural pyrethrins and allethrin. Both strains had great resistance to DDT indicating that resistance to DDT and pyrethroids is linked. Differences in resistance to different compounds suggest that at least three factors can confer resistance, one of which, pen, delays penetration and two others involve detoxication, one py a on the acid side of the ester linkage and the other, py b, on the alcohol side. Natural pyrethrins and resmethrin select for different groupings of these factors. Treatment with resmethrin does not select for py b presumably because this mechanism cannot attack the resmethrin molecule. Similarly when piperonyl butoxide is added to the natural pyrethrins py b is inhibited and so removed from selection pressure. Under these conditions, the strain produced contains the same factors as one selected by resmethrin and so shows the same small resistance to natural pyrethrins alone.     

天然除虫菊酯检测方法的研究进展

天然除虫菊酯已成为当今无公害生物杀虫剂的研究热点之一,广泛应用于农业、林业、生物农药和食品卫生安全等多个领域。本文总结了目前相关研究的现状与成果,分析了目前应用于检测天然除虫菊酯的薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法及联用技术的优缺点。重点讨论了在天然除虫菊酯残留检测方法中,代表其发展趋势的免疫学方法及生物传感器技术,并在此基础上提出实现检测的设想。     

Responses of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, and combinations of pirimiphos-methyl and synergized pyrethrins

Field control failures with pirimiphos-methyl against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), in Weslaco, Texas, USA, led us to investigate the susceptibility of this particular strain to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, pyrethrins synergized with piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins. In laboratory bioassays, 50 eggs of C cephalonica were exposed to untreated and insecticide-treated corn and sunflower seeds to determine larval survival after 21 days, egg-to-adult emergence after 49 days, and larval damage to seeds at both exposure periods. Pirimiphos-methyl at both 4 and 8 mg kg(-1) did not prevent larval survival or egg-to-adult emergence of C cephalonica on either corn or sunflower seeds, and seed damage was evident at both rates. The C cephalonica strain was highly susceptible to spinosad at 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1). At both spinosad rates, reduction in larval survival, egg-to-adult emergence, and seed damage relative to the control treatment was > or = 93% on both corn and sunflower seeds. Pirimiphos-methyl and spinosad were generally more effective against C cephalonica on corn than sunflower seeds. The C cephalonica strain was completely controlled on corn treated with 1.5 mg kg(-1) of pyrethrins synergized with 15 mg kg(-1) of piperonyl butoxide. Many larvae survived and became adults on corn treated with synergized pyrethrins at < or = 0.75 mg kg(-1). Corn treated with pirimiphos-methyl at 4, 6 or 8 mg kg(-1) in combination with 0.38 to 1.5 mg kg(-1) of synergized pyrethrins reduced larval survival by > or = 95%, egg-to-adult emergence by > or = 97%, and seed damage by > or = 94%. Our results suggest that the C cephalonica strain can be controlled on corn by combining pirimiphos-methyl with synergized pyrethrins or with synergized pyrethrins at the labeled rate. Although spinosad is not currently labeled for use on stored corn and sunflower seeds, it appears to be effective against C cephalonica on both commodities at very low rates.     

天然除虫菊酯检测方法的研究进展

天然除虫菊酯已成为当今无公害生物杀虫剂的研究热点之一,广泛应用于农业、林业、生物农药和食品卫生安全等多个领域。本文总结了目前相关研究的现状与成果,分析了目前应用于检测天然除虫菊酯的薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法及联用技术的优缺点。重点讨论了在天然除虫菊酯残留检测方法中,代表其发展趋势的免疫学方法及生物传感器技术,并在此基础上提出实现检测的设想。     

Photodecomposition of natural pyrethrins and related compounds

Present knowledge of the photochemistry of the pyrethrins, and of the alcohols and acids from which they are constituted is summarised.     

Potential of piperonyl butoxide‐synergised pyrethrins against psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for stored‐grain protection

BACKGROUND: Piperonyl butoxide (PB)‐synergised natural pyrethrins (pyrethrin:PB ratio 1:4) were evaluated both as a grain protectant and a disinfestant against four Liposcelidid psocids: Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, L. entomophila (Enderlein), L. decolor (Pearman) and L. paeta Pearman. These are key storage pests in Australia that are difficult to control with the registered grain protectants and are increasingly being reported as pests of stored products in other countries. Firstly, mortality and reproduction of adults were determined in wheat freshly treated at 0.0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH. Next, wheat treated at 0.0, 1.5, 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of pyrethrins + PB (1:4) was stored at 30 ± 1 °C and 70 ± 2% RH and mortality and reproduction of psocids were assessed after 0, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 months of storage. Finally, the potential of synergised pyrethrins as a disinfestant was assessed by establishing time to endpoint mortality for adult psocids exposed to wheat treated at 3 and 6 mg kg^?1 of synergised pyrethrins after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h of exposure. RESULTS: Synergised pyrethrins at 6 mg kg^?1 provided 3 months of protection against all four Liposcelis spp., and at this rate complete adult mortality of these psocids can be achieved within 6 h of exposure. CONCLUSION: Piperonyl butoxide‐synergised pyrethrins have excellent potential both as a grain protectant and as a disinfestant against Liposcelidid psocids. Copyright © State of Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, 2010. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of organic‐farming‐compatible insecticides on four aphid natural enemy species

BACKGROUND: The toxicities of pyrethrins + rapeseed oil, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), potassium salts of fatty acids and linseed oil were assessed in the laboratory on the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Destefani‐Perez), the ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.), the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) and the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst.). The methods selected were residual contact toxicity tests on inert and natural substrates. RESULTS: Both the pyrethrin products led to 100% mortality in the adult parasitic wasps and ladybird larvae on glass plates and plants. The pyrethrins + PBO formulation was toxic for B. lampros on sand and natural soil, but the pyrethrins + rapeseed oil formulation was harmless for this species. Insecticidal soaps were harmless for all these beneficial species. None of the tested products significantly affected the parasitism of the onion fly pupae by A. bilineata. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the potentially high toxicity of natural pyrethrins for beneficial arthropods. Although this toxicity needs to be confirmed in field conditions, the toxicity levels obtained in the laboratory were similar to or higher than those of several synthetic insecticides known to be toxic in the field. Insecticidal soaps could be considered as an alternative for aphid control in organic farming in terms of selectivity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of pyrethroids

Pyrethroids are more stable to practical conditions when included in β-cyclodextrin, particularly because photodecomposition is reduced. Though inclusion sometimes decreases the contact insecticidal activity, the innate activity is regenerated under conditions which release the free pyrethroids. Stabilised dust and wettable powder formulations of natural pyrethrins show promising insecticidal effects to certain pest insects.     

Development of and future prospects for pyrethroid chemistry

The pyrethroid group of insecticides consists of natural pyrethrins derived from pyrethrum flowers and synthetic derivatives which are similar in chemical structure to the natural compounds. Pyrethroids have been considered to be ideal insecticides because of their rapid knock-down effect against insects in a minimal dose and low mammalian toxicity. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry