池养尖吻鲈和花鲈的生长特性

尖吻Ｌｕ（Ｌａｔｅｓｃｌａｃａｒｉｆｅｒ）花Ｌｕ（Ｌａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）为河口性鱼类,可作为池塘养殖的对象,尖吻Ｌｕ的适宜生长水温为２５℃～３４℃,快速生长年龄在Ⅰ～Ⅱ龄;花Ｌｕ在珠江口地区一年四季均能生长,快速生长年龄在Ⅲ～Ⅳ龄,应用ＶｏｎＢｅｒｔａｌａｎｆｆｙ方程求得它们在人工饲养条件下体长,体重生长方程,尖吻ＬｕＬｔ＝７０６．５５５３（１－ｅ＾－０．５１２８（ｔ＋０．２０     

珠江口沿岸池养尖吻鲈、花鲈的生长特性研究

尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer Block)分布于泰国、马来西亚、新加坡、印尼、菲律宾以及我国大陆和台湾，是亚洲和太平洋热带、亚热带地区重要经济鱼类。花鲈Latcolabrax japonicus (Cuvier et valencinnes)分布于中国、日本和朝鲜，为我国沿海及河口的名贵经济鱼类。     

尖吻鲈、花鲈和大口黑鲈在池塘的集约化养殖

<正> 尖吻鲈又称雷子鱼,是东南亚热带和亚热带国家的经济鱼类,早期生活在海水和咸淡水海区,成鱼可在海水或淡水中养殖。其幼鱼为杂食性,成鱼为肉食性。尖吻鲈在泰国的性成熟年龄为3周龄。花鲈俗称七星鲈,在我国有丰富的天然种苗资源。花鲈为广温近岸浅海凶猛鱼类,喜栖于河口咸淡水区,也生活于淡水,秋末冬初到河口产卵。大口黑鲈俗称加洲鲈,原产美国加里福尼亚洲,是适温较广的肉食性鱼类。在盐度12‰以下的咸淡水和淡水中均可养殖。鱼苗阶段以浮游动物为饵科,成鱼为肉食性。     

池养尖吻鲈人工繁殖的研究

尖吻鲈(Lates Calcarifer)在华南地区的池塘饲养条件下,可以从鱼苗培育成性腺成熟的亲鱼,其强化培育主要措施是在适当的放养密度下掌握好饲料的日常投喂和季节性调整,并注意池塘水质和盐度等。成熟亲鱼的外观特征与其它池养鱼类的性成熟特征基本相似。本试验于1990年9月初进行催产,共五批,计19组次,其中受精率较高的两批分别为89.94%和96.6%,孵化率为83.94%和88.0%,总计获苗409万尾,达到了批量生产的规模。通过比较,催产剂以使用LRH-A+DOM较好;结合生产试验,对尖吻鲈的胚胎发育亦作了观察。     

池养尖吻鲈人工繁殖的研究

尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer(Bloch)，又名盲鳍，其生长迅速，肉味鲜美，在东南亚、我国广东省、香港和台湾沿海地区均有养殖。但野生种苗不足成为发展成鱼养殖的障碍。因此，各国致力于尖吻鲈人工繁殖的研究，自1971年泰国在自然产卵场捕获成熟亲鱼进行人工繁殖首获成功以来，东南亚各国，如菲律宾、马来西亚、     

人工海水培育尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer(Bloch)稚幼鱼的生长特性

对尖吻鲈Lates calcarifer(Bloch)稚鱼，早期幼鱼进行人工海水培育生长特性研究结果，个体均全长0.83cm，均重0.006g，的稚鱼经室内水池和室外土池的47d培育，终均全长5.16cm，均重2.15kg；全长日均增长率3.89%，与培育时间的关系式为L=0.8511e^0.0367d；体重日均增长率12.51%，与培育时间的关系式为W=0.0093e^0.1121d；全长与体重的回归方程为W=0.0168L^2.8899，幂指数b接近3，表明体重与全长的立方呈正相关，属于均匀生长型。     

尖吻鲈池塘集约化养殖的试验研究

尖吻鲈，系热带近海广盐性名贵鱼类，其肉质细嫩，味道鲜美，经济价值高，是出口创汇的名优水产品。本文之试验，在池塘水深０．８－１．５ｍ，月换水能力６－８次（天），饲料供给保障的条件下。首先，在养成池内搭围网对鱼种进行网囤培育。然后，每亩放养４５０－７５０尾（鱼种平均体长３．８－７．３１ｃｍ），经２３５．５－２７０天的养殖，成活率５５．６０－８７．６０％，亩产量１１１．１０－２６３．８６ｃｍ），经２３５     

世界尖吻鲈养殖及市场

<正> 尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)在各国池塘和网箱中广泛养殖。据东南亚渔业发展中心(SEAFDEC)报道,池塘养殖尖吻鲈,当年可收回74％的投资;网箱养殖尖吻鲈,1.4年可收回成本。现将尖吻鲈繁殖、养殖以及国外市场介绍如下。     

壳聚糖对花鲈生长和非特异性免疫力的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.5%、1%和2%的壳聚糖,连续投喂花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)60d,探讨壳聚糖对花鲈生长和非特异性免疫力的影响。结果表明,添加0.5%和1%壳聚糖可以显著促进花鲈的生长,但是不同添加浓度对成活率均无影响。在30d时添加0.5%或1%壳聚糖能有效提高花鲈的补体活性、溶菌酶活性和吞噬活性;在60d时仅明显提高补体活性。添加壳聚糖对白细胞的数量没有影响。     

温,盐度对鲈鱼早期仔鱼生长及存活率的影响

本文就温度，盐度以及不同降低盐度方法对鲈于仔鱼的生长及存活进行实验，经一星期的培养，结果表明，１；钙鱼仔鱼在盐度３０－３‰的海水中都能生长，以２０‰的存活率最高达９９％。２．每经６小时逐渐降低盐度５‰的仔鱼存活率高于大幅度骤降盐度。３．温度１４．７－１４．９℃和１８．３－１９．７℃，以盐度３０‰生长快，５‰生长缓慢。     

海鲈游泳续航时间和运动代谢规律研究

为研究海鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)的游泳续航能力和游泳过程中的物质代谢规律,以深水网箱养殖的3月龄海鲈为研究对象,采用游泳续航时间和生化指标作为评测海鲈游泳能力和代谢规律的方法进行了试验。结果显示,海鲈的游泳续航时长为200 min,其续航能力强于大黄鱼而弱于美国红鱼。在游泳过程中,海鲈血糖浓度升高,但差异性不显著(P>0.05),肌糖原随着时间的增加显著减少(P<0.05),且肌糖原浓度在海鲈疲劳时接近于0。当鱼接近100%疲劳时,其肝糖原浓度也接近于0;当海鲈以不同疲劳程度游泳时,其肌肉乳酸脱氢酶浓度会显著升高(P<0.05)。表明海鲈的续航游泳过程伴随着无氧呼吸和有氧呼吸。     

Potential of meat meal to replace fish meal in extruded dry diets for barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Bloch). I. Growth performance

Juvenile barramundi (～220–280 g start weight) were fed extruded dry‐pelleted diets containing varying amounts of fish meal and meat meal in three experiments (E). E1 and E2 were each 66‐day farm studies utilizing 16 floating cages (400 fish per cage) in an aerated freshwater pond. E3 examined the same diets as fed in E2 but under controlled water temperature (28 ± 0.7 °C) and photoperiod (12:12) laboratory conditions in a 42‐day study involving 24 aquaria (eight fish per aquarium). In all studies, the same 430 g kg^?1 crude protein (CP), 15 kJ g^?1 digestible energy (DE) control (Ctl) diet (containing 35% Chilean anchovy fish meal) was compared with two high‐inclusion meat meal diets and a proprietary diet. The meat meal diets evaluated in E1 were a high‐ash (260 g kg^?1) meat meal that contained 520 g kg^?1 CP and a low‐ash (140 g kg^?1) meat meal that contained 600 g kg^?1 CP when included at either 450 or 400 g kg^?1, respectively, in combination with 100 g kg^?1 Chilean fish meal in diets that were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic with the Ctl diet. Growth rates and feed conversions were similar (P > 0.05) for all diets. In E2 and E3, the 520 g kg^?1 CP meat meal was included at 500 g kg^?1 without any marine protein source in diets formulated to provide either 15 or 16.2 kJ g^?1 DE and the same CP/DE ratio (29 mg kJ^?1) as the Ctl diet. Fish performance ranking of diets was similar in both experiments, with the 16.2 kJ g^?1 DE diet supporting better (P < 0.05) growth rates than the Ctl diet and feed conversion ratios equivalent to the Ctl diet but better (P < 0.05) than all other diets.     

Estimating reproductive success of brooders and heritability of growth traits in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) using microsatellites

Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) is one of the most important marine food fish species in Asia and Australia. To estimate the reproductive success of broodstock and heritabilities of growth‐related traits, two independent full‐factorial crosses (PI and PII) were created by crossing 10 males and 10 females. At 90 days post hatch (dph), the body weight (BW) and total length (TL) of 804 individuals from PI and 900 individuals from PII were measured and tissues samples of each fish were collected. Parents and offspring were genotyped with nine polymorphic microsatellites. Out of 1704 offspring from the two crosses, 98.7% were assigned to their parents. In PI, 19 of 20 parents produced offspring, while in PII, only five parents contributed to offspring. Low contribution of parents to offspring could lead to reduced genetic variation in the next generation. Heritabilities for growth‐related traits were estimated using the pedigrees reconstructed using microsatellite genotypes. The estimates of heritability were 0.22±0.16 and 0.25±0.18 for BW, 0.31±0.14 and 0.24±0.21 for TL and 0.22±0.22 and 0.15±0.09 for Fulton's condition factor in the two crosses respectively. Body weights at 90 dph and at harvest (289 dph) were significantly correlated (r=0.601, P<0.01). Therefore, growth‐related traits could be improved by exploiting additive genetic effects through selective breeding, and broodstock candidates could be selected early in the production cycle.     

不同饲料对花鲈饲养效果的比较研究

选用８种饲料－－鱿鱼、环棱螺、舌鳎、鲫鱼、海虾、螯虾、硬颗粒及软颗粒饲料，对花鲈鱼种进行饲养试验，比较不同饲料的生长效果。结果表明，花鲈鱼种的日增重率与所摄取食物的干重占体重的百分比呈直线正相关；８种饲料以软颗粒饲料的饲料系数最低，为０．８８，其能量利用效率最高，达３１．３１％。     

复合微生态制剂对花鲈非特异性免疫力及抗病力的影响

将复合微生态制剂以0(control)、500mg/kg(PR-500)和3000mg/kg(PR-3000)的添加量加入到花鲈(Lateolabraxjaponicus)基础饲料中,在饲喂42d和84d后分别取样,以血清溶菌酶活力、替代补体活力(ACH50)、头肾巨噬细胞杀菌力及呼吸爆发活力为判据,确定微生态制剂对花鲈非特异性免疫力的影响;用鳗弧菌Vibrio anguillarum对饲喂84d后的花鲈进行攻毒实验,测定累积死亡率,以确定微生态制剂对花鲈抗病力的影响。结果表明,饲喂84d时,实验组的特定生长率(SGR)较对照组有增高的趋势,但与对照组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。饲喂42d时,实验组花鲈的血清溶菌酶活力与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);84d时,实验组的溶菌酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。饲喂42d与84d时实验组花鲈的替代补体活力(ACH50)与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);饲喂84d时,实验组花鲈巨噬细胞的呼吸爆发活力与对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);PR-3000组花鲈的巨噬细胞杀菌力显著高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组花鲈的头肾巨噬细胞数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。攻毒实验结果显示,对照组花鲈最早出现死亡;攻毒后第27~32h期间,对照组花鲈的累积死亡率显著高于实验组(P<0.05)。     

The influence of dietary fatty acid and fasting on the hepatic lipid metabolism of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

For many fish species, dietary fish oil (FO) has been substituted with other oils such as poultry oil (PO) without affecting growth performance. However, in barramundi, the mechanisms by which fatty acid metabolism is regulated are poorly understood, and the effects of FO substitution are unknown. This study defined changes in the expression of genes controlling the metabolism of fatty acids in barramundi over a 24‐h time period after a single meal. From one to 12 h after a single feeding event, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in the liver was upregulated, while genes involved in the β‐oxidation showed minimal alteration. However, the expression of β‐oxidation genes was significantly correlated with the expression of genes regulating fatty acid synthesis. In a second experiment, the changes in liver fatty acid composition and gene expression were defined after FO was substituted with PO. Liver fatty acid profile reflected the diet composition, with some subtle exceptions supporting the enrichment of certain long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. The fish from all experimental groups preferentially retained more docosahexaenoic acid than eicosapentaenoic acid in the liver, suggesting a bioconversion of this fatty acid to intermediate fatty acids. Replacement of FO with PO significantly regulated genes controlling both fatty acid synthesis and catabolism pathways, potentially related to a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, in the livers of fish fed these diets. The results demonstrated that diet composition significantly altered the lipid metabolism in barramundi and that there was a balance between direct dietary effects and endogenous synthetic capacity.     

Proteolytic enzyme activity of juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), is increased with protein intake

The effect of high dietary protein intake on proteolytic enzyme activity of feeding juvenile Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch) was studied. Ninety fish [mean body weight ± standard error (SE) 304.62 ± 34.84 g] were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, each with three replicates. In treatment 1, fish were fed by‐catch (Thunnus albacares) and in treatment 2, a formulated diet containing 50% protein. Proteolytic enzyme activity was determined in pyloric caecae and intestine at day 0, 7, 15, and 30. Initial proteolytic enzyme activity in sea bass ranged from 174 to 232 azocasein units (U^AC.) per mg of protein. After 7 days there was no significant difference in proteolytic enzyme activity of fish fed the two diets. However, a marked increase was observed in fish fed the formulated diet at day 15. After 30 days, the proteolytic enzyme activity in fish fed the formulated diet was threefold higher than that in fish fed the by‐catch diet. Fish fed the formulated diet had significantly higher total protein intake at day 7 than did fish fed by‐catch. Thereafter, a twofold weekly increase in the total protein intake was observed in both fish fed the by‐catch and formulated diets until day 30. These results suggest that a high dietary protein intake induces increased proteolytic enzyme activity in Asian sea bass.     

Effects of different feeding frequency on the growth, survival and feed conversion ratio of the Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer juveniles reared under hypersaline seawater of the Red Sea

The effects of several feeding frequencies of two, three and four times per day on Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer growth performance have been tested. Fish were reared under ambient Red Sea water conditions; these fish were fed diets containing 48% crude protein for 45 days. The present study was carried out at the Faculty of Marine Science (Abhor branch). The results show that fish population fed twice daily had significantly better growth with a mean body weight and daily weight increment of 59.04 and 1.31 g, respectively (P<0.05), than the other population fed three or four times daily. No significant differences were observed between fish fed two and three times daily in length gain and daily length increment. Growth in weight and length was increased gradually and no mortality was observed during the experimental period. In all the feeding trials, the body weight increased with an increase in length (R²=0.87 and 0.90). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly affected by feeding frequencies, with a significantly better FCR value of 2.43 in fish fed twice daily (P<0.05) compared with the other two populations fed three and four times daily. These results led to the conclusion that feeding two times daily would result in better growth and utilization of feed for the Asian sea bass L. calcarifer juvenile.