基于表面肌电和动态体压的办公坐姿疲劳测试

通过受试者不同坐姿表面肌电信号变化量、体压变动次数情况,探讨不同办公坐姿对人的身体部位舒适度和整体坐姿评价的影响,检验应用体压变动反映坐姿疲劳的可靠性。邀请8名受试者对6种典型办公坐姿分别进行了30 min的持续坐姿测试,收集坐姿期间竖脊肌、斜方肌表面肌电信号以及体压分布动态变化情况。结果表明：体压变动次数和表面肌电频域指标数据(尤其是竖脊肌)均与主观评价结果相关性显著。坐姿舒适性为后仰坐姿>前倾坐姿>直立坐姿,其中身体部位得到家具支撑的坐姿比没有受到家具支撑的坐姿舒适性更高,人体更不易疲劳。前倾坐姿、直立坐姿的不适感主要来自肩颈和腰部,后仰坐姿的不适感来自颈部、臀部和大腿。这说明了没有完美的坐姿,应当多变换坐姿以平衡每一种坐姿的优缺点,减少不适感的出现,从而达到高效、健康的工作状态。体压变动情况可作为总体疲劳的量化依据,利用动态体压检测疲劳状况是经济便捷有效的,建议应用动态体压展开更多疲劳相关研究。     

基于OpenPose学习坐姿分析的桌椅人机适应性研究

运用非接触式Kinect运动捕捉系统及OpenPose二维姿势检测开源实时系统,采集小学生坐姿行为中身体关键指标变化数据,通过分析各个关键指标在不同任务及时间段内的具体变化情况,总结人机适应的内在变化规律,以便为后期的桌椅适应性调节方案提供可靠依据。结果表明:颈部弯曲和视距受任务影响显著。书写任务下颈部弯曲均值大、视距小,表现出较强的振幅频率,且随时间延长有增长趋势。阅读任务和书写任务中的颈部弯曲超过20°的时间占比以及近距离用眼情况比较近似,而在平板电脑任务中,颈部弯曲数值则小于其他两项任务中的该数值,视距也相对更大,但躯干弯曲超过20°的时间增加,其振幅频率变得突出,说明躯干是使用平板电脑任务中变化性最大的身体部位。建议学习桌采用恰当方式引导小学生采用45°~60°竖立书本进行阅读,以减少颈部弯曲,加大视距。此外,可以适时调整桌高满足书写到使用平板电脑任务的变换,减缓躯干弯曲和振幅变化。     

基于SolidWorks的三维人体建模及座椅舒适性分析

应用三维人体CAD模型可在座椅的设计阶段对其舒适性进行灵活、有效地分析。参照二维人体模板拟定三维人体模型的结构划分,以人体形体数据和人机工程学为依托,在SolidWorks造型平台上实现对三维人体模型的建模。通过人体CAD模型对座椅CAD模型的"几何匹配",精确提取坐姿人体模型的姿态角度,对比人体坐姿标准舒适角度范围,实现对座椅舒适性的分析。     

林果运输系统中作业舒适性与安全性的研究

针对目前单轨林果运输系统中存在的劳动作业方案不合理、劳动强度大、安全保障差等问题,利用虚拟样机技术建立人-物-车耦合模型,仿真作业环境。基于人机工程学理论,考虑人体生理尺寸及腰椎间盘受力等因素进行仿真分析。结果表明,在确定搬运作业方案时应根据运输距离和运输速度相应增减工作量;同时应正确选取单轨车支架高度以满足作业舒适性的需求;此外,仿真结果表明单轨车结构设计存在安全隐患。这些都将为单轨车的进一步改进设计及制定科学的运输作业方案提供依据。     

J-50拖拉机振动及乘坐舒适性评价研究的综述

Ｊ５０拖拉机是林区木材生产中广泛使用的机械,但该机的剧烈振动直接影响操作者的身心健康和工作效率,也影响到该机的使用寿命。本文首先论述了近几年来我国对Ｊ５０拖拉机的振动和乘坐舒适性评价的理论和实验研究,其次,对今后Ｊ５０拖拉机的振动和乘坐舒适性评价研究提出了几点建议：（１）该机振动的研究可以简化成４个自由度系统的力学模型;（２）可使用电子计算机对该机减振进行研究,对整机进行模态参数识别;（３）研究拖拉机的主要振源,即发动机,对它采取减振措施,利用优化设计方法选择减振器参数;（４）对于驾驶室也可以采取减振措施和研制适合林区工作环境特点的减振座椅。通过以上几种方法,将会大大降低该机的振动。     

改善热舒适性的园林树木遮荫效果研究

选取应用频率相对较高、生长状况较好的树木样株作为研究对象。采用手持式激光测距仪、温湿度露点测试器、照度计等仪器,观测、记录温度、湿度、照度等指标的变化情况。结果表明,不同树种的降温率、遮光率、增湿率、遮荫面积、荫质、遮荫效果存在较大差异。平均降温率、平均增湿率和平均荫质最高的树木为苹婆,分别为7.808%、8.645%和0.074n;平均遮光率最高的树木是阴香,为94.263%;平均遮荫面积和平均遮荫效果表现最佳的树木为腊肠树,分别为70.15m²和3.732。苹婆、阴香、腊肠树等树木可以从降温、遮光、增湿等不同的角度改善环境热舒适性。降温率主要与树木枝叶的浓密程度及枝下高密切相关;遮光率主要取决于树冠结构和枝下高;遮荫面积主要取决于太阳高度角及冠幅;荫质由降温率和遮光率共同影响。树木遮荫面积和遮荫效果的决定性因素为冠幅。可以通过树木的种植设计、栽培管理等措施促进遮荫潜力的发挥。在应用遮荫树木时,不仅应考虑遮荫效果的波动及其峰值,也要关注平均遮荫效果,并与景观营造策略相结合,提高树木选择的针对性和科学性。     

基于人机工程学的客车椅设计方法研究

以人机工程学的理论为基础,从坐姿、座椅外形曲线、体压分布、几何参数、座椅材料5方面对设计进行评估。可以得出结论:(1)椅子设计的原理是从人们使用的健康角度来分析的,根据人的生理状况,疲劳测定等来定义椅子的外形曲线设计;(2)椅子的曲线主要是椅垫和靠背的曲线,是否和人的生理曲线相符。     

基于人体脊柱形态的床垫舒适性测试与评价方法探讨

床垫作为睡眠工具,每天与人体密切接触的时间超过8 h,对人体脊柱健康有重要影响.选择适合自身体型特征的床垫有利于保持脊柱形态,提升人体睡眠舒适性.为评价床垫的人体舒适性,利用人体脊柱形态测量仪,通过建立4项评价指标:站卧脊柱形态吻合度、腰背间隙差、臀背倾角差及脊柱曲度差,对5名被试者在8款弹簧床垫上仰卧脊柱形态与站姿脊...     

东方红60推土机座椅的振动测量及舒适性

本文阐述了东方红60推土机座椅的振动测试方法和分析手段.得出了测试和分析结果.通过测取座椅和座椅悬挂点的自动率谱和传递函数.分析了该机座椅的动态特性.本文还简单介绍了车辆乘坐舒适性评价指标和标准 并采用ISO2631推荐的常用评价方法(疲劳—减效界限)对座椅进行了乘坐舒适性评价.结果表明.东方红60推土机的座椅舒适性尚需进一步改善.     

木质材料舒适性属性的粗糙集约简与模糊评价

应用粗糙集模糊评价法对10种常见木质建材的舒适性属性进行指标约简和评价。首先初选出影响木质材料舒适性的14个因素指标;其次针对所选因素构建粗糙集模型,将因素集约简至5个指标;然后确定各种材料在各因素的隶属函数及隶属度,进行模糊综合评价,得出各材料的舒适性排序;最后对评价结果进行雷达图分析和分组比较。结果表明:这种方法能够为人们合理选择和利用木质材料提供科学依据。     

地面超低容量喷雾雾滴大小和空间分布对比试验

通过三种不同类型药液超低容量喷雾雾滴分布对比试验，绘制出雾滴空间分布图，找出不同药液类型、不同浓度在超低容量喷雾雾滴大小和分布上存在的差异，为地面细务滴喷雾技术在生产防治中的应用作参考。     

优良抗逆观赏地被蓝丁香的繁殖、栽培与观赏利用研究

地被蓝丁香是内蒙古林业科学研究院选育出来的一个优良抗逆观赏品种,为了把优良品种培育、保护、扩繁、示范、推广有机结合起来,丰富自治区不同城市地区观赏地被木本植物品种,促进科技成果转化和产业化发展,研究其繁育技术,研制栽培与利用配套技术已是当务之急。     

中国与欧盟、美国、日本人造板甲醛标准比较

对中国人造板甲醛标准与欧盟、美国、日本的人造板标准进行比较, 分析国内标准与国外标准在质量要求、平衡处理和检测方法要求等方面的差异, 以及不同检测方法间的相关性, 以期为中国人造板的生产、贸易和标准制修订以及标准输出提供参考.     

细叶百合组培继代培养与生根移栽的研究

为建立细叶百合离体快繁的再生体系,对细叶百合组培苗的继代培养、生根培养及移栽条件进行了研究。结果表明:继代培养在MS 6-BA 2.0 mg/L NAA0.1 mg/L上培养基上鳞茎的增殖系数为6.95,且苗粗壮、长势良好;生根培养在1/2MS IBA 0.5 mg/L生根最快,生根率达100%,根粗壮,平均每个小鳞茎生根8.77条,平均根长为2.85 cm,苗长势较好;移栽基质以泥炭土效果最好。     

Comparison of beta,Johnson’s SB,Weibull and truncated Weibull functions for modeling the diameter distribution of forest stands in Catalonia (north-east of Spain)

The purpose of this study was to compare the beta, Johnson SB, Weibull and truncated Weibull functions in describing the diameter distributions of forest stands in Catalonia. The data consisted of permanent sample plots from the Spanish National Forest Inventory in Catalonia. The empirical data represent left-truncated distributions, as the smallest diameter measured in the field was 7.5 cm. A total of 1,242 plots were used to fit the functions and analyze their performance. The distribution functions were fitted to the diameter distributions of the number of stems (DD_N) and stand basal area (DD_G). The performance of the candidate functions was compared by means of their bias and RMSE for different diameter sums measuring the difference between the empirical and fitted distributions. The leftmost part (from 0 to 7.5 cm) of the non-truncated functions was ignored in this analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to check whether the results depended on the number of trees measured in the stand, or the main species of the stand. The truncated Weibull function for the diameter distribution of stand basal area appeared to be in all cases the most accurate and consistent function. Generally, functions describing the distribution of stand basal area performed better than functions that described the distribution of the number of trees. Of the basal area distributions, beta and Johnson’s SB were the second best and nearly equally good with each other. The order of precision of the tested functions was: truncated Weibull for DD_G, truncated Weibull for DD_N, Johnson’s SB for DD_G, beta for DD_G, beta for DD_N and Weibull for DD_G, Weibull for DD_N, and Johnson’s SB for DD_N.     

National assessment of the fragmentation, accessibility and anthropogenic pressure on the forests in Mexico

Forest managers and policy makers increasingly demand to have access to estimates of forest fragmentation,human accessibility to forest areas and levels of anthropogenic pressure on the remaining forests to integrate them into monitoring systems,management and conservation plans.Forest fragmentation is defined as the breaking up of a forest unit,where the number of patches and the amount of expose edge increase while the amount of core area decreases.Forest fragmentation studies in Mexico have been limited to local or regional levels and have concentrated only on specific forest types.This paper presents an assessment of the fragmentation of all forest types at the national level,their effective proximity to anthropogenic influences,and the development of an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the forests areas.Broadleaf forests,tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests show the greatest fragmentation.Almost half(47%) of the tropical forests are in close effective proximity to anthropogenic influences and only 12% of their area can be considered isolated from anthropogenic influences.The values for the temperate forests are 23% and 29% respectively.Anthropogenic pressure in the immediate vicinity of anthropogenic activities is much higher in the tropical forests(75 in a scale 0-100) than in the temperate forests(30).When considering these results jointly,the tropical forests,and more specifically,the tropical evergreen forests and tropical dry deciduous forests are under the greatest pressure and risks of degradation.     

Estimating biomass production and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) plant based on the diameter distribution model

The purpose of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage for a fast-growing makino bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi). The study site was located in central Taiwan and the makino bamboo plantation had a stand density of 21191 ± 4107 culms ha⁻¹. A diameter distribution model based on the Weibull distribution function and an allometric model was used to predict aboveground biomass and carbon storage. For an accurate estimation of carbon storage, the percent carbon content (PCC) in different sections of bamboo was determined by an elemental analyzer. The results showed that bamboos of all ages shared a similar trend, where culms displayed a carbon storage of 47.49–47.82%, branches 45.66–46.23%, and foliage 38.12–44.78%. In spite of the high density of the stand, the diameter distribution of makino bamboo approached a normal distribution and aboveground biomass and carbon storage were 105.33 and 49.81 Mg ha⁻¹, respectively. Moreover, one-fifth of older culms from the entire stand were removed by selective cutting. If the distribution of the yield of older culms per year was similar to the current stand, the yields of biomass and carbon per year would be 21.07 and 9.89 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. An astonishing productivity was observed, where every 5 years the yield of biomass and carbon was equal to the current status of stockings. Thus, makino bamboo has a high potential as a species used for carbon storage.