木质素的高附加值应用研究进展

木质素是由3种苯丙烷单元通过醚键和碳碳键相互连接形成的具有三维网状结构的生物高分子,含有丰富的芳环结构、脂肪族和芳香族羟基以及醌基等活性基团。利用木质素的芳香基、酚羟基、醇羟基、羰基和甲氧基等官能团,能制备出具有紫外吸收、生物可分解性、抗菌性、抗氧化、电子传递和吸附性等特性的高分子材料。笔者结合木质素和改性木质素的结构特点,阐述其在胶黏剂与聚氨酯等聚合材料、纳米复合材料、超级电容器电极材料、碳纤维、复合薄膜材料、金属离子吸附材料等领域研究现状,并对其在应用过程中存在的问题进行了分析。最后,阐述了木质素在未来木质素材料化制备高附价值产品应用研究的重点和方向,木质素在电磁波吸收材料、发光材料等新领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

竹材碱溶性木质素化学结构及热稳定性研究

连续用0.5%、2.0%和5.0%Na OH水溶液在80℃条件下从巨龙竹中抽提得到木质素组分,采用凝胶色谱、红外光谱、核磁共振、热重分析仪表征了竹材木质素的化学结构和热稳定性。结果表明,巨龙竹木质素属于典型的禾草类木质素,其大分子由对羟基苯丙烷(H)、愈创木基丙烷(G)和紫丁香基丙烷(S)3种基本结构单元组成;巨龙竹木质素大分子的主要联接键为β-O-4'醚键、β-β'和β-5'碳-碳键;巨龙竹木质素大分子苯丙烷结构单元侧链γ位碳与对香豆酸和阿魏酸存在化学键联接,形成对香豆酸酯和阿魏酸酯(醚);巨龙竹木质素具有较高的热稳定性,其热稳定性随分子量增加而升高。     

杉木幼龄材与成熟材木质素的化学官能团和化学键特征研究

采用有机元素分析、红外光谱、质子核磁共振波谱对从杉木幼龄材和成熟材中提取的磨木木质素的化学官能团和化学键特征进行了研究。结果表明 :杉木幼龄材和成熟材木质素的经验式分别为C9H8 73O2 57(OCH3) 0 84 和C9H9 0 1 O2 2 4 (OCH3) 0 90 ;杉木幼龄材木质素的芳香环结构主要由愈疮木基组成 ,而在成熟材中除愈疮木基外还有紫丁香基基团存在 ;杉木成熟材的木质素中具有较多的芳香族化合物 ;杉木木质素结构中的主要键型为 β -O - 4键、β- 5键、β- β键和 β- 1键 ,且成熟材木质素中各种键型的数量均高于幼龄材。     

毛白杨木材乙二醇醇解过程中木质素结构的FT-IR、1H NMR分析

为探讨木材乙二醇醇解过程中木质素结构的变化机理,以毛白杨磨木木质素(MWL)为研究对象,采用红外光谱和核磁共振等手段对醇解前后的木质素结构变化进行了分析.发现毛白杨木质素属于典型的愈创木基-紫丁香基型(GS型)木质素,G/S比值为1.37.醇解过程中木质素单元间β-O-4连接键大量断开,共轭羰基减少,甲基芳基醚键部分断开,产物中发现了大量新的酚羟基结构.醇解产生的低分子组分有芳香醚类、脂肪醚类、酚类、芳香酸类、不饱和酮类等物质.木质素大分子断裂的同时也有缩合反应发生.     

Trametes trogii WT-1降解欧美杨107杨木质素的初步研究

通过对受毛栓菌侵染的欧美杨107杨木块木质素含量的测定,结合扫描电镜(SEM)观察和红外光谱(IR)分析方法,对WT-1降解欧美杨107杨木块的过程进行初步研究。结果表明:受WT-1的侵染,杨木块木质素含量降低,其木质素降解过程呈现出慢-快-慢的规律;SEM观察结果表明,WT-1对杨木块木质素的降解由胞腔向胞间层进行,其中射线和薄壁组织最先降解,木纤维及导管次之;IR分析表明,受WT-1的侵染杨木块木质素结构发生了变化,木质素芳香核之间通过碳-碳键(—C—C—)连接的空间网状结构被破坏,木质素苯环间的羰基、CH2结构、紫丁香基和愈疮木基等侧链部分被降解,苯环骨架变化明显。     

水热环境下的核桃壳木质素提取及结构表征

为研究核桃壳木质素分子结构特征及其在高压水热环境下木质素的溶出效率,本研究依次用二氧六环和碱性水溶液在不同环境条件下对脱脂后的核桃壳原料进行抽提处理,并采用FTIR、13C-NMR和二维HSQC-NMK等手段对抽提所得的核桃壳木质素组分进行结构表征。研究结果表明,二氧六环和碱性水溶液多步抽提一共可以从核桃壳原料中分离得到759%的核桃壳木质素,水热处理能够较好地促进原料中木质素组分的溶出;核桃壳木质素大分子主要由愈创木基和紫丁香基结构单元构成,同时含有少量的对羟基苯丙烷结构单元;核桃壳木质素大分子的主要联接键为β-O-4′醚键,其次是β-β′和β-5′联接;在核桃壳木质素大分子中,紫丁香基结构单元侧链中有部分的β-O-4′芳基醚键结构的γ位发生了酰化。     

超声-弱碱协同作用下巨龙竹木质素的分离及表征

巨龙竹是一种具有极高研究和开发价值的大型经济用材竹种,其基础理化性质有待进一步解析研究。为表征巨龙竹木质素的化学结构,在超声-弱碱协同作用下处理竹材原料,脱蜡竹粉在2%NaOH溶液中分别经超声处理5,20,40,60和90 min,并设置仅在2%NaOH溶液中抽提90 min的对照组,最后得到6个木质素样品L_1~L_6。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振碳谱(~(13)C NMR)和二维核磁共振(2D HSQC)分别对分离得到的巨龙竹木质素进行结构分析。结果表明:超声-弱碱协同处理对竹材木质素具有良好的促溶效果,随着超声作用时间的增加,木质素得率从6.6%提高到22.9%;巨龙竹木质素大分子主要由愈创木基(G)、紫丁香基(S)和对羟基苯基(H)结构单元构成,属于禾草类木质素(GSH型);巨龙竹木质素大分子的主要联接键为β-O-4'醚键,其次是β-β'和β-5'结构;但随着超声处理时间的增加,巨龙竹木质素中一定量的β-O-4'联接键会被打断。     

巨龙竹木质素化学结构研究

为解析巨龙竹木质素化学结构特征,采用高效阴离子交换色谱、凝胶色谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振等现代仪器分析技术,对巨龙竹木质素样品进行检测。结果表明:弱酸性环境有利于打断巨龙竹木质素与半纤维素之间的化学联接而使木质素更易于分离,且对木质素中的主要联接键破坏较小;巨龙竹木质素含有紫丁香基(S)、愈创木基(G)以及对羟基苯基(H)3种基本结构单元,属于禾草类木质素;巨龙竹木质素基本单元间化学联接键以β-O-4′结构为主,并存在一定量的β-β′、β-5′、β-1′化学联接。     

木质素亲水改性研究

为提高木质素的功能性,利用2-溴代异丁酰溴改性木质素制备木质素基引发剂,然后采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法将亲水单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)、乙酸乙烯酯(VAC)和丙烯酸(AA)分别接枝到木质素上,合成亲水性木质素基接枝共聚物。对接枝聚合物进行接触角测试和红外光谱分析,结果表明:接枝单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯时,木质素接枝聚合物亲水效果最佳;木质素接枝前后接触角分别为45°、21.6°,接枝后木质素亲水性能提高。红外光谱分析显示,木质素接枝甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(Lignin-g-PHEMA)共聚物中具有HEMA的特征峰,表明单体甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯成功接枝到木质素分子上。     

C同位素标记法研究木质素与木聚糖的连接

以带13C标记的松柏醇葡萄糖苷作为木质素的前驱物,在β-葡萄糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、过氧化物酶的酶体系中,向木聚糖胶体中滴加松柏醇葡萄糖苷的溶液,得到木质素脱氢聚合物(DHP)与木聚糖的复合体,并用FT-IR、13CNMR对DHP-木聚糖复合体(DHPXC)进行分析。结果表明,DHPXC中,木质素结构单元之间主要通过β-O-4、β-β、β-5和β-1方式连接,而木质素与木聚糖之间可能通过苯甲酯键和苯甲醚键相连。     

马尾松正常木与应压木木素结构的比较

采用紫外光谱、红外光谱、核磁共振波谱、凝胶渗透色谱和有机元素分析对从马尾松正常木与应压木中提取的纤维素酶酶解木素的结构进行比较研究。结果表明:马尾松正常木与应压木木素的芳香环结构主要以愈创木基为主,有少量的对羟基苯基;都含有较多的脂肪族羟基;与正常木木素相比,应压木木素含有较多的对羟基苯基单元和酚羟基,其中缩合酚羟基和对羟基酚羟基较多,还含有少量的紫丁香基酚羟基;应压木木素中的甲氧基、羧基、β-O-4键、β-5键,β-β键和β-1键较少;正常木与应压木木素的经验式分别为C9H7.27O1.53(OH)0p.H19(OH)1A.118(OCH3)1.23和C9H7.28O1.54(OH)0p.H20(OH)1A.117(OCH3)1.13。     

木质纤维素及其组分转化木材胶粘剂的发展趋势

木质素是造纸工业废液中的主要成分。其具有和酚醛树脂相似的结构, 因此可以部分替代苯酚用于酚醛树脂的生产。但是由于木质素化学结构复杂, 具有化学反应活性的位点少、反应官能团所收到的空间位阻大, 一般添加量不超过10%~20%。有机溶剂法制浆分离的木质素分子量大, 纯度高, 酚醛树脂允许的添加量可达20%~30%, 但是要求提高固化温度、延长固化时间来克服木质素反应活性低的限制。对木质素进行化学改性如羟甲基化、酚解、醇解、还原等, 可以降低分子量, 增加活性基团如酚羟基的含量、并使苯环上更多的活性位点暴露出来, 从而提高木质素的化学反应活性。酚醛树脂经过改性木质素的允许的添加量可达30%~40%。部分木质素含量高的木质纤维素类原料如核桃壳粉等, 经过研磨和化学活化处理后可以直接添加到酚醛树脂中, 部分替代苯酚而不对胶接性能产生影响。环碳酸酯类和多元醇混合物被用来作为全新的液化剂来把木质纤维素快速液化为有用的化学原料。所得到的液化产物具有较高的反应活性, 是今后利用木质纤维素开发绿色木材胶粘剂的一条可资利用的途径。     

微波辅助木质素脱甲基化改性及结构表征

为提高木质素的反应活性,采用微波辅助加热方式,在HBr/十六烷基三正丁基溴化磷(HBr/TBHDPB)体系下对木质素进行脱甲基化改性。考察了HBr用量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对木质素改性反应的影响。通过紫外光谱(UV)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和元素分析等手段研究了木质素改性前后的官能团及分子质量变化,并由羟甲基化反应和曼尼希反应分析了木质素改性前后的活性变化。结果表明:木质素在微波辅助加热条件下,HBr用量为20 mmol/g,催化剂TBHDPB用量为木质素质量的2%,95℃反应1 h,制备的改性木质素含酚羟基为4.95%,相比原料木质素提高了32.71%,甲氧基为6.11%,相比原料木质素降低了20.44%。与甲醛反应的活性提高了18.15%,胺基侧链增加了7.54%。UV、1H NMR和FT-IR分析也表明,改性木质素的酚羟基含量增加,甲氧基含量降低。     

Effective combinations of functional groups in chemically modified kraft lignins for reduction of aluminum toxicity

Plant growth tests were performed with radish (Raphanus sativa var. radicula Pers.) in culture solutions containing low molecular weight compounds in the presence of aluminum to determine the types of functional groups in kraft lignin (KL) modified with ozone and alkali that contributed to reducing aluminum toxicity. The low molecular weight compounds used in this study contained carboxyl, formyl, methoxyl, alcohol hydroxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. The compounds that had adjacent two carboxyl groups (oxalic acid), carboxyl/alcohol hydroxyl groups (glycolic acid), or carboxyl/formyl groups (glyoxylic acid) were effective in reducing aluminum toxicity. Malonic acid, having two carboxyl groups, also reduced aluminum toxicity. The ability of ozone-treated KLs to reduce aluminum toxicity was considered to be partly due to these chemical structures. Protocatechuic acid, having two adjacent phenolic hydroxyl groups, was also effective in reducing aluminum toxicity. This indicated that the effectiveness of the alkaline-treated KL was partly due to its catechol structure. This report was presented in part at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, Japan, March 2008     

“I-214杨”心材、边材木质素的红外光谱、质子和碳-13核磁共振波谱特征研究

对从杨树心、边材提取的磨木木质素进行了元素分析和红外光谱（FTIR）质子和碳－13核磁共振波谱（^1H,^13C NMR)等化学特征研究。研究结果表明：杨树心、边材木质素的经验式分别为C9H7．16O2．38（OCH3）1．99和C9H8．61O2．73（OCH3）1．33。心材木质素甲氧基含量28．16％,比边材高8．73％。两种木质素均具有典型阔叶材的特征,化学结构类型基本一致,碳骨架结构基本相同,但化学官能团和键型的组成上存在差异。     

木质素电氧化的影响因素研究

木质素是天然高分子聚合物，具有一定的化学反应惰性。本文率先研究草类木质素在膜助电解时的电化学氧化作用。其结果表明：膜助电解对黑液中的有机物具有一定的氧化作用，能使木质素中的芳环被氧化而打开；同时木质素的氧化作用与施加的电压、阳极的电极材料等因素有关。通过对木质素氧化产物结构的进一步研究，可为木质素的电化学改性提供了新的方法。     

Application of the amount of oxygen consumption to the investigation of the oxidation mechanism of lignin during oxygen-alkali treatment

The dioxygen consumption by kraft lignin and several lignin model compounds during oxygen-alkali treatments were directly analyzed using a dioxygen fl owmeter. The average dioxygen consumption by 200 g of kraft lignin was about 3 moles. Because this value was as much as those obtained for monomeric phenolic lignin model compounds, guaiacol and vanillyl alcohol, it was postulated that not only phenolic but also nonphenolic moieties in kraft lignin are extensively oxidized. The dioxygen consumption by 0.5 moles (one equivalent of aromatic units) of a dimeric lignin model compound, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GG), was also similar to that for 1 mole of guaiacol and vanillyl alcohol, regardless of the type of the aromatic moiety, which supports the above postulation. The most plausible mechanism for the oxidation of nonphenolic moieties is the oxidation of side chains of residual β-O-4 substructures by active oxygen species. By this mechanism, nonphenolic moieties in kraft lignin and GG are converted into corresponding phenolic moieties, and the oxidation by dioxygen progresses. Part of this article was presented at the 13th International Symposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry (13th ISWFPC), Auckland, New Zealand, May 2005     

Oxidation of hardwood kraft-lignin to phenolic derivatives with oxygen as oxidant

 A hardwood kraft lignin was oxidized in alkaline medium to obtain phenolic compounds (syringaldehyde, vanillin and its acids). To avoid lignin condensation, the lignin was precipitated from a black liquor with a calcium salt dissolved in a water soluble alcohol. Oxygen was the oxidant employed, and copper (II) and cobalt (II) salts were used as catalysts. Effect of temperature, reaction time, oxygen pressure, alkali concentration and catalyst on yield and product distribution were studied. In all the range of variables lignin conversion and aldehyde yield remains low and the more important effect on aldehyde yield was due to the alkali concentration, which must be fixed at about 2 N. The precipitation method did not significantly increase the aldehyde yield, in contrast with the results of nitrobenzene and CuO oxidations. In catalyzed oxidations, no increase in phenolic aldehydes was observed and, with some catalyst, the conversion into phenolic derivatives was reduced. Lignin conversion into low molecular weight products is responsible for the low phenolic product yield and the type of catalyst could lead the oxidation into phenolic products or into low molecular weight acids. Received 23 November 1998     

Analysis on residue formation during wood liquefaction with polyhydric alcohol

Liquefactions of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, alkali lignin, and their mixtures were carried out to analyze the reaction process of wood using polyhydric alcohol. The liquefaction of wood proceeded immediately and wood components were converted to N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)-soluble components. After that, the condensation reaction occurred with increasing reaction time. However, none of cellulose powder, steamed lignin, and alkali lignin condensed by themselves during their liquefaction. The mixture of cellulose and lignin was also liquefied, and condensed after a long reaction time. The results of analysis showed that the behavior of the mixture resembled that of wood with respect to molecular weight distribution and the main functional groups. Lignin was converted to DMF-soluble compounds in the initial stage of wood liquefaction, followed by cellulose gradually being converted into soluble compounds. After that, condensation reactions took place among some parts of depolymerized and degraded compounds from cellulose and lignin, and were converted into DMF-insoluble compounds. It was concluded that the rate-determining step of wood liquefaction was the depolymerization of cellulose. Furthermore, it was suggested that the condensation reaction was due to the mutual reaction among depolymerized cellulose and degraded aromatic derivatives from lignin or due to the nucleophilic displacement reaction of cellulose by phenoxide ion.Part of this report was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

刺槐木素受热变色的光谱分析

为探讨刺槐木材受热变色的原因,采用红外光谱和紫外光谱分析了刺槐磨木木素结构受热后官能团的变化.结果表明,刺槐木素受热后共轭羰基、酚羟基增多并且有醌型结构产生;光谱吸收带红移,可见光区吸收峰强度增加.与用水蒸气加热处理相比,在干燥条件下加热后木素结构变化相对较小.刺槐木素受热处理后结构中共轭体系的增大是木材木素变色的重要原因.