硝酸浓度对火焰-原子吸收光谱法测定牛奶中钙含量的影响

火焰-原子吸收光谱法是《GB 5009.92—2016食品安全国家标准 食品中钙的测定》的第一法,本文通过试验确定硝酸浓度对火焰-原子吸收光谱法测定钙离子具有负干扰的作用。当硝酸浓度<2%时,该作用随着硝酸浓度增大而增大,当硝酸浓度≥2%时,相同钙离子浓度的空白校正信号强度基本不变,因此牛奶样品经过微波消解的前处理,通过调整待测样品的硝酸浓度≥2%,可以有效地消除硝酸浓度对钙离子测定的影响,提高检测结果的准确性,更科学地评价牛奶中钙的含量。     

碱水解法测定乳脂肪标准的优化

[目的]为了提高乳制品及婴幼儿配方食品中脂肪的检测效率和结果的稳定性,对《GB 5009.6—2016食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪的测定》碱水解法进行优化。[方法]调整淀粉酶用量、淀粉酶水解时间和脂肪抽提提高检测效率;调整氨水用量提高结果的稳定性。使用质控样品和参与能力验证的方式,验证优化后结果的准确性,[结果]平行测定试验验证优化结果的精密度,结果符合《GB/T 27404—2008实验室质量控制规范食品理化检测》附录F.5准确度要求。     

乳粉中金黄色葡萄球菌测定不确定度评定

[目的]评估乳粉中金黄色葡萄球菌检测结果的不确定度。[方法]依照食品安全国家标准《GB 4789.10—2016 食品微生物学检测 金黄色葡萄球菌检验》中的第二法和《JJF 1059.1—2012测量不确定度评定与表示》,以标准质控品的奶粉为例,分析样品制备、稀释过程、加样过程及重复性检测引入的不确定度。[结果]乳粉中金黄色葡萄球菌检测结果的扩增不确定度U=0.108。[结论]本研究建立的方法适合类检验条件下金黄色葡萄球菌不确定的评定。     

不同前处理方法测定调味乳中甜蜜素含量的比较

探讨了《GB 5009.97—2016 食品安全国家标准 食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的测定》气相色谱法中两种前处理方法对测定能力验证样品——调味乳中甜蜜素含量的差异性。结果表明：在甜蜜素含量较低的调味乳中,添加或不添加蛋白质沉淀剂最终测定的甜蜜素含量相当;在甜蜜素含量较高的调味乳中,不添加蛋白质沉淀剂直接衍生化的处理方法测定得到的甜蜜素含量值较添加蛋白质沉淀剂测定值更加接近特征值。通过添加回收率试验考察,验证了不添加沉淀剂的处理方法的准确性,为调味乳中甜蜜素含量准确及快速测定提供参考。     

特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的国标检测方法适用性

依据GB 5009.44—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中氯化物的测定》,对特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中氯的检测方法适用性展开研究。结果表明：采用GB 5009.44—2016第三法（银量法）检测特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中乳蛋白部分水解配方、乳蛋白深度水解配方、氨基酸配方得到的样品加标回收率分别为95%～108%、98%～125%、100%～106%,相对标准偏差为12.7%～32.9%;采用GB 5009.44—2016第一法（电位滴定法）得到的检测结果低于第三法检测结果。     

一种生乳冰点仪校准液的制备方法

采用《GB 5413.38—2016 食品安全国家标准 生乳冰点的测定》测定生乳的冰点时,对冰点仪校准液的制备实施质量控制,使用该方法配制的冰点校准液（标准溶液A和标准溶液B）精密度和稳定性符合标准要求。试验结果表明,采用高纯度（99.90%）氯化钠配制的校准液精密度小于±1.0 m℃;在（5±1）℃的冷藏条件下保存73 天,冰点校准液测定值与理论值的偏差均小于±2.0 m℃,满足实验室的校准分析需求。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉叶黄素含量检测不确定度的评定

目前检测婴幼儿配方乳粉（简称“婴配粉”）中叶黄素含量的方法依据为《GB5009.248—2016 食品安全国家标准 食品中叶黄素的测定》。北大荒完达山乳业股份有限公司一直使用高效液相色谱法测定出厂的婴配粉中叶黄素的含量,在分析与量化高效液相色谱法测定婴配粉中叶黄素的试验过程中,对标准溶液、样品前处理、标准曲线拟合、仪器重复进样等方面进行不确定度分析,建立数学模型,最终合成婴配粉中叶黄素含量的不确定度。结果在95.0%的置信区间下,婴配粉中叶黄素含量的测定结果的扩展不确定度为5.62 μg/100 g,婴配粉中叶黄素含量测定结果为（234.30±5.62）μg/100 g,k=2。结论,在叶黄素含量测定过程中,标准溶液浓度引入的相对不确定度是影响测量婴配粉中叶黄素含量不确定度的主要因素。     

微生物试管法测定叶酸含量的方法研究

叶酸是鼠李糖乳杆菌生长的必需营养素,微生物法检测叶酸是利用鼠李糖乳杆菌生长速度与叶酸的含量相关性建立的。鉴于微生物法试验周期长,菌种传代保藏比较繁琐,该法是基于《GB 5009.211—2014食品安全国家标准 食品中叶酸的测定》方法,改进了乳酸杆菌接种液的制备方法和叶酸培养液的培养时间。本文通过分析方法的标准曲线的线性、精密度、准确度和方法稳定性来验证优化方法的适用性。该方法标准曲线线性关系良好（R²>0.99）,回收率>90%,精密度和准确度好,操作简便,缩短了试验周期,提高了检测效率,为改进叶酸检测方法提供了依据。     

微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量不确定度评估

为评估微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量的不确定度,结合《GB 5009.211—2014 食品安全国家标准 食品中叶酸的测定》及不确定度相关评估标准以及统计学方法,对婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量测定过程中的不确定度进行分析和评估。结果显示,婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量为（148.49±7.37） μg/100 g,k=2。其中,标准溶液和样液的配制过程是影响检测结果的主要因素,仪器测量偏差、重复性和检测方法是次要因素。表明微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量时不确定度较小,可用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量的测定。     

不同方法检测特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中硒含量

采用GB 5009.93—2017《食品安全国家标准 食品中硒的测定》第一法（氢化物原子荧光光谱法）和GB 5009.93—2017第三法（电感耦合等离子体-质谱法）研究特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中硒检测方法的适用性。7 家实验室分别对6 种特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品（包括3 类配方）和婴儿配方乳粉质控样品中的硒进行测定,同时测定回收率。结果表明：GB 5009.93—2017第一法和第三法均适用于婴儿配方乳粉的检测,在特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品中各种配方的适用性有待进一步研究。     

Estimation of the proportion of body fat in mice from the proportion of body water

We compared the proportion of body fat in mice as measured by chemical analysis with that estimated from the proportion of body water. First, we measured the proportion of fat by chemical analysis in 78 mice that had a proportion of body fat in the range from approximately 5 to 20%. Then, we constructed a regression line that described the relationship between the proportion of body water and the proportion of body fat by using data from several other published studies in mice (% body fat = -1.20 x % body water + 88.07, r = 0.9597, sy.x = 2.75, p < 0.001). With this regression line, we estimated the proportion of body fat from the proportion of body water that was measured by drying the carcasses at 60 degrees C for 3 days. Body fat data obtained from this regression line were similar to those obtained by chemical analysis. Thus, these results suggest that reliable values for the proportion of body fat can be derived from the proportion of body water and this method provides a tool to rapidly measure the proportion of body fat in mice.     

兰州大尾羊H-FABP基因荧光定量PCR检测方法的研究

通过对兰州大尾羊尾部、大网膜、肝脏、肾周脂肪组织中的总RNA提取,反转录获得总cDNA样品,结合PCR技术,建立了SYBR荧光定量PCR法检测兰州大尾羊心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因mRNA在不同组织中相对表达量的试验方法,并进行批内、批间重复性检验。结果表明,H-FABP和18S基因标准曲线回归方程分别为CtH-FABP =-3.24375x+38.34230和Ct18S=-3.33137x+33.4573,相关系数（r2）分别为0.9964和0.9992,扩增效率分别为103%和99%;批内、批间重复性测定的变异系数分别为小于1.8%和10%;说明该方法灵敏度高、特异性强、准确可靠、重复性好,是实时荧光定量PCR检测兰州大尾羊心脏型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因mRNA表达量的有效方法。     

RSS培养基体外培养结肠小袋纤毛虫的效果观察

目的利用实验生态学的方法,研究了结肠小袋纤毛虫在RSS培养基中种群生长情况。方法在不同米粉含量,不同血清含量,不同PH值的RSS培养基中接种相同量的结肠小袋纤毛虫滋养体,以及在同样的RSS培养基中接种不同量的结肠小袋纤毛虫,进行培养观察,计算其种群自然增长率及世代时间。结果米粉含量为20mg组的种群自然增长率最高;血清含量对种群自然,增长率影响不大,但在最高峰时,20％～25％血清组虫体密度最大;培养基在PH值为7．0和7．5条件下,虫体密度均在d4达到高峰,之后下降。结论培养基中适宜的米粉含量为20-30mg／安瓿,血清含量为20％～25％,最适宜的pH值范围为7．0～7．5。     

Fat digestibility in Equus caballus follows increasing first-order kinetics

The digestibility of ether extract varies greatly from forages to grains and further to added fats consisting mainly of triglycerides. This variation has been attributed to two main factors, the presence of nonhydrolyzable substances in the ether extract, especially in leafy foods, and the dilution of endogenous fecal fat. A compilation of results from 188 equine digestion balance observations on five basal feeds and 18 test feeds with added fats demonstrated a true digestibility of fat approaching 100% and an endogenous fecal fat of 0.22 g x d(-1) x kg BW(-1). The results revealed that nonhydrolyzable ether extract and endogenous fecal fat were insufficient to account for the difference between true digestibility and apparent digestibilities of ether extract in basal feeds and partial digestibilities of added fats in test feeds. A third possible contributing factor was demonstrated: an increasing first-order relationship between observed digestibilities (D, %) and the fat content of the feed (F, g/kg): D = 92.0 - 92.0e(-F/342). r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001. This equation indicates that 46% digestibility (half maximum) occurs at an ether extract or fat content of 24 g/kg, which is common in forages. It is consistent with fat digestibility or efficiency of absorption being a function of the rate of lipolysis, especially when residence time in the small intestine is limited. Consequently, we suggest that the kinetics of lipases, which are difficult to measure, may contribute to low digestibility when substrate concentration in the small intestine is low due to a low fat content in food. The status of vitamins A and E might be affected by low dietary fat contents and might be improved by fat supplementation.     

Computed tomographic evaluation of abdominal fat in minipigs

Computed tomography (CT) exams were conducted to determine the distribution of abdominal fat identified based on the CT number measured in Hounsfield Units (HU) and to measure the volume of the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat in minipigs. The relationship between the CT-based fat volumes of several vertebral levels and the entire abdomen and anthropometric data including the sagittal abdominal diameter and waist circumference were evaluated. Moreover, the total fat volumes at the T11, T13, L3, and L5 levels were compared with the total fat volume of the entire abdomen to define the landmark of abdominal fat distribution. Using a single-detector CT, six 6-month-old male minipigs were scanned under general anesthesia. Three radiologists then assessed the HU value of visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat by drawing the region of interest manually at the T11, T13, L1, L3, and L5 levels. The CT number and abdominal fat determined in this way by the three radiologists was found to be correlated (intra-class coefficient = 0.9). The overall HU ranges for the visceral and subcutaneous fat depots were -147.47 to -83.46 and -131.62 to -90.97, respectively. The total fat volume of the entire abdomen was highly correlated with the volume of abdominal fat at the T13 level (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001). These findings demonstrate that the volume of abdominal adipose tissue measured at the T13 level using CT is a strong and reliable predictor of total abdominal adipose volume.     

不同温度挤压膨化全脂大豆对肉仔鸡生产性能和养分利用率的影响

为评定膨化全脂大豆的营养价值及膨化加工的适宜条件参数,用肉仔鸡进行了为期４９天的饲养试验和一个预试及正试期各３天的交叉代谢试验。饲养试验选用４０４只１日龄哈巴德母系公雏肉仔鸡,分成４组,每组１０１只。以豆粕＋豆油日粮为对照,分别用北京建中机器厂“Ｂ９９－１”干法挤压膨化机生产的１３０、１４０和１５０℃膨化全脂大豆替代对照日粮中部分豆粕和全部豆油。于饲养试验的第４２天在每个处理中选４笼鸡进行代谢试验,喂给与饲养试验相同的日粮,用全收粪法测定养分消化率。结果表明,在螺旋转速为４５０～５５０ｒｐｍ、大豆水分为１３．１％时,“Ｂ９９－１”膨化机对全脂大豆的适宜膨化温度为１４０～１５０℃。在此条件下,用膨化全脂大豆替代日粮中部分豆粕和全部豆油,可使肉仔鸡全程日增重提高１．９％～２．３％,饲料转化率提高３．４％～４．４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,氮表观消化率提高４．５％～５．１％,脂肪表观消化率提高５．３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）～５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,日粮部分氨基酸利用率略有改善。     

新疆石河子市市售奶粉理化指标测定

笔者以新疆石河子市市售奶粉为测定对象,按照国家标准GB 19644-2005和GB 5410的方法对20份奶粉理化指标进行测定,其中重点测定奶粉的酸度、蛋白质、脂肪和亚硝酸盐含量等指标,并对测定结果进行了分析和质量初步评价.测定结果表明,20份受检样品中总体4项理化指标合格率达75%,复原乳酸度合格率为75%、脂肪的合格率达75%、蛋白质含量的合格率为50%、亚硝酸盐含量的合格率为100%.     

Prediction of crude fat content of longissimus muscle of beef using the ratio of fat area calculated from computer image analysis: comparison of regression equations for prediction using different input devices at different stations

Crude fat content of longissimus (ribeye) muscle of beef cattle was predicted from a ratio of fat area (RFA) to area of ribeye muscle calculated from computer image analysis (CIA). Cross sections of 64 ribeyes taken from the 6-7th rib from cattle at experiment station A and cross sections of 94 ribeyes taken from the 6-7th rib from cattle at Experiment Station B were used in this study. Slices (1 to 1.5 cm in thickness) of just the Longissimus dorsi were homogenized and sampled for chemical estimation of crude fat content using petroleum ether. Crude fat content as determined from chemical analysis was used as the true estimate of fat content. A CCD (charge-coupled device) camera was used as the input device at Experiment Station A, and a single-lens reflex camera was used at Experiment Station B to photograph ribeyes for CIA. The contour comparison method, which assigns a threshold value for each marbling particle, was used to obtain accurate binarization in this study. Minimum and maximum of chemical measurements of crude fat were 2.1 and 39.8%, and for CIA calculation of the RFA were 6.1 and 56.8%, respectively. This range covered almost the complete range of the beef marbling standard used in carcass grading in Japan. The equation for the regression of the crude fat content (Y) on RFA (X) calculated from CIA for all of the data was Y = .793X-3.04 with r2 = .96. Regression equations for prediction of crude fat percentage from RFA taking into consideration the effect of experiment station were Y = .741X-2.22 with r2 = .91 for Experiment Station A, and Y = .782X-2.54 with r2 = .91 for Experiment Station B. Analysis of covariance showed that the effects of experiment stations on intercepts and slopes were not significant (P > .10). The ranges of differences between actual and predicted crude fat content from the prediction equation that was calculated without consideration of the effect of station were -6.4 to 4.0%. CIA of cross sections of the ribeye muscle seems to have potential for prediction of crude fat content.     

直接皂化法提制蚕沙中叶绿素铜钠盐的研究

以蚕沙为原料,对从蚕沙中提制叶绿素铜钠盐的方法进行了研究,改变了叶绿素铜钠盐传统的提制工艺。结果表明,直接皂化时8％NaOH用量500ml,皂化时间2h,在60℃条件下铜代pH=3时较为适宜,叶绿素铜钠盐的收率达到0．8％,质量达到国家标准GB3262—82。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素提取的研究

为探索提取广西产虎纹捕鸟蛛(Selenocosmia huwena)毒素的新方法,选取雌性虎纹捕鸟蛛225只,根据提取方法(直接咬软管法、直接咬瓶法、激怒咬渐法激怒咬瓶冲洗法)分为4组,结果表明,采用直接咬软管法提取虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素,平均每只蜘蛛可以获得冻干毒素2.28 mg,与采用直接咬瓶法所获得的2.19 mg没有显著差异(P>0.05)。采用激怒咬瓶冲洗法提取虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素,平均每只蜘蛛可以获得冻干毒素重量明显高于激怒咬瓶法[(3.41±0.40)mg,(2.99±0.35)mg,P<0.05],亦明显高于直接咬软管法和直接咬瓶法。该试验结果表明,激怒咬瓶冲洗法是一种提取虎纹捕鸟蛛毒素的有效方法。