微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量不确定度评估

为评估微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量的不确定度,结合《GB 5009.211—2014 食品安全国家标准 食品中叶酸的测定》及不确定度相关评估标准以及统计学方法,对婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量测定过程中的不确定度进行分析和评估。结果显示,婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量为（148.49±7.37） μg/100 g,k=2。其中,标准溶液和样液的配制过程是影响检测结果的主要因素,仪器测量偏差、重复性和检测方法是次要因素。表明微生物法测定婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量时不确定度较小,可用于婴幼儿配方乳粉中叶酸含量的测定。     

絮凝-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理奶牛场高浓度污水中试运行试验

针对奶牛场污水有机物和氮磷浓度高、深度处理难度大的问题,采用絮凝-膜生物反应器（MBR）组合工艺处理奶牛场高浓度污水,考察组合工艺中试运行效果。结果表明,化学需氧量（COD）（18 973.0±1 589.0）mg/L、氨氮（634.0±194.0）mg/L和总磷（213.0±64.0）mg/L的奶牛场污水原水经絮凝-MBR组合工艺处理,出水COD、氨氮、总磷浓度分别为（301.0±94.0）mg/L、（84.0±40.0）mg/L和（4.1±1.8）mg/L,对应COD、氨氮和总磷去除率分别为98.4%±0.5%、84.5%±10.0%和97.9%±1.1%。采用絮凝-MBR组合工艺处理奶牛场高浓度污水是可行的,能够有效降低奶牛场污水中大部分有机物和氮磷污染物,研究结果可为奶牛场高浓度污水絮凝-MBR组合工艺的工程应用提供技术参考,为解决奶牛场废弃物的环境污染问题提供科学依据。     

婴儿配方奶粉中二十碳四烯酸的测量不确定度评定

二十碳四烯酸（ARA）作为婴儿配方奶粉普遍添加的可选择性成分,是食品安全检测的必检项目。本文通过气相色谱法（外标法）测定婴儿配方奶粉中的ARA含量,依据测定结果合成不确定度为2.73%, 扩展不确定度为5.46%,ARA含量测定结果为（0.264±0.007）g（k=2）。经分析表明,影响婴儿配方奶粉中ARA含量的不确定度主要来源于样品重复检测（分量不确定度2.68%）,次要来源于标准溶液（分量不确定度0.40%）与样品处理（分量不确定度0.31%）,气相色谱仪器（分量不确定度0.00002%）影响最小。为提高检测婴儿配方奶粉中ARA含量的准确度,有必要通过样品重复检测、专人专区专用具配制标准溶液、样品处理过程中规范操作动作和习惯等综合实现。     

昆明市奶牛部分饲料霉菌毒素污染状况调查

[目的]为掌握昆明市部分奶牛饲料霉菌毒素污染状况,采集了昆明市部分奶牛场（养殖小区）的饲用玉米面、全株玉米青贮,全混合日粮（TMR）共80 批次进行分析。[方法]采用酶联免疫吸附试剂盒测定80 批饲料中黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）、赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）,玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）、伏马毒素（FB₁+FB₂）、T-2毒素、呕吐毒素（DON）6 种霉菌毒素含量,超标情况按照《GB 13078—2017 饲料卫生标准》判定。[结果]玉米面中ZEN检出率88.2%,平均值为（1 047.2±935.5）μg/kg,超标率达到76.4%; DON检出率82.3%,平均值为（1 375.2±635.2）μg/kg,FB₁+FB₂+FB₃检出率35.3%,平均值为（277.4±490.9）μg/kg,AFB₁检出率为35.3%,平均值为（8.6±2.9）μg/kg;OTA、T-2毒素均未检出。TMR中DON检出率25%,平均值为（1 047.2±935.5）μg/kg,AFB₁检出率为16.7%,平均值为（2.3±1.2）μg/kg,ZEN检出率16.7%,平均值（120.1±112.6）μg/kg,均未超标;OTA、T-2毒素、FB₁+FB₂+FB₃均未检出。全株玉米青贮饲料中DON检出率47.1%,平均值为（1 375.2±635.2）μg/kg,ZEN检出率为29.4%,平均值为（142.5±191.1）μg/kg,均未超标;AFB₁、OTA、T-2毒素、FB₁+FB₂+FB₃均未检出。[结论]霉菌毒素检出率：DON>ZEN>AFB1>FB₁+FB₂+FB₃ >T-2毒素和OTA;污染程度：玉米面>全株玉米青贮>TMR。三类饲料中霉菌毒素都有不同程度的污染,其中玉米面霉菌毒素污染风险最大,在运输、存储、使用时要予以高度关注,避免造成经济损失。     

内蒙古4种家畜乳硒含量测定及评价

[目的] 探明内蒙古4种家畜乳的硒含量水平。[方法] 从内蒙古东北部到西部8个旗县采集双峰驼、蒙古马、萨能山羊和荷斯坦牛4种家畜代表性混合乳样48份,涉及188头（只/匹）动物个体乳样。利用原子荧光光谱法测定乳硒含量,并对乳硒含量的地区和畜种差异进行统计学分析和比较。[结果] 4种家畜乳硒含量存在地区差异：阿拉善左旗双峰驼乳硒含量[（5.96±0.41）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗双峰驼乳硒含量[（2.89±0.12）μg/kg]的2倍;呼和浩特市荷斯坦牛乳硒含量[（8.74±0.22）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗荷斯坦牛乳硒含量[（2.26±0.41）μg/kg]的3.8倍;正蓝旗蒙古马乳硒含量[（6.65±0.57）μg/kg]约为鄂温克族自治旗蒙古马乳硒含量[（1.02±0.42）μg/kg]的6.5倍;同在西部区,杭锦旗萨能山羊乳硒含量为[（8.95±1.32）μg/kg],略高于五原县萨能山羊乳硒含量[（6.28±0.80）μg/kg],但二者差异不显著（P>0.05）。家畜种类不同乳中硒含量也存在差异：双峰驼、萨能山羊和荷斯坦牛的乳硒含量整体高于蒙古马;萨能山羊乳硒含量显著（P<0.05）高于蒙古马乳。4种家畜乳硒含量数据都较为离散,提示乳中硒含量不仅存在跨东西部地区的差异,还可能存在局部地质丰度效应,也可能与外来饲草料和舔砖等有关。[结论] 内蒙古家畜乳硒含量整体较低,并存在东北部显著低于中西部地区的现象;富硒饲养是内蒙古地区养殖业和乳品加工业高品质发展的一个有效途径。     

瑞香狼毒营养成分分析与评价

本研究以瑞香狼毒为材料,采用常规营养指标测定方法对其营养成分进行测定。结果表明,瑞香狼毒的干物质(DM)(89.87±0.30)%,灰分(Ash)(5.59±0.62)%,单宁(0.0508±0.0037)%,粗蛋白(CP)(15.00±1.46)%,粗脂肪(EE)(3.47±0.20)%,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)(39.11±0.77)%,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)(28.7±0.76)%,木质素(ADL)(6.87±0.26)%。同时,其氨基酸和矿质元素种类齐全,含量丰富。研究表明瑞香狼毒各营养成分含量与紫花苜蓿相当,如能实现植株脱毒,则可成为一种潜在的牧草资源。     

婴幼儿配方乳粉叶黄素含量检测不确定度的评定

目前检测婴幼儿配方乳粉（简称“婴配粉”）中叶黄素含量的方法依据为《GB5009.248—2016 食品安全国家标准 食品中叶黄素的测定》。北大荒完达山乳业股份有限公司一直使用高效液相色谱法测定出厂的婴配粉中叶黄素的含量,在分析与量化高效液相色谱法测定婴配粉中叶黄素的试验过程中,对标准溶液、样品前处理、标准曲线拟合、仪器重复进样等方面进行不确定度分析,建立数学模型,最终合成婴配粉中叶黄素含量的不确定度。结果在95.0%的置信区间下,婴配粉中叶黄素含量的测定结果的扩展不确定度为5.62 μg/100 g,婴配粉中叶黄素含量测定结果为（234.30±5.62）μg/100 g,k=2。结论,在叶黄素含量测定过程中,标准溶液浓度引入的相对不确定度是影响测量婴配粉中叶黄素含量不确定度的主要因素。     

小黑麦与黑麦花序结构和籽粒特性比较

植物的花序结构及其形态特征是影响种子生产性能的重要因素。对于禾本科植物而言,其花序大小、小穗数、小花数及小花的外稃、内稃和芒的性状特征直接影响种子形成和产量。本研究通过测定小黑麦品系C2、C35和黑麦品系C13、C33的花序结构特征,得到以下结果:小黑麦花序[(14.30±0.52) cm×(1.24±0.09) cm]明显大于黑麦[(13.20±0.35) cm×(0.82±0.02) cm],小黑麦花序长而粗,黑麦花序短而细;小黑麦花序的小穗数[(21.35±1.47)个]少于黑麦[(30.20±0.79)个];小黑麦每个小穗的小花数较多,为3~4朵,黑麦的小花数趋于稳定,每个小穗有2朵小花。从花序中部小穗的小花结构看,小黑麦下位护颖长[(1.27±0.11) cm]和宽[(0.26±0.03) cm]、上位护颖长[(1.30±0.09) cm]和宽[(0.23±0.04) cm]均显著大于黑麦下位护颖长[(1.04±0.05) cm]和宽[(0.08±0.01) cm]、上位护颖长[(0.94±0.10) cm]和宽[(0.06±0.01) cm];小黑麦中部小穗第1小花的外稃宽[(0.32±0.03) cm]、外稃高[(0.24±0.03) cm]和芒长[(8.35±0.51) cm]、第2小花的外稃宽[(0.35±0.04) cm]、外稃高[(0.25±0.05) cm]和芒长[(8.37±1.19) cm]极显著大于黑麦相应值[(0.26±0.01),(0.15±0.01),(5.50±0.19),(0.25±0.01),(0.17±0.01)和(5.18±0.23) cm];第1和第2小花的外稃长[(1.35±0.06),(1.37±0.06) cm]和内稃长[(0.84±0.04),(1.41±0.06) cm]均小于黑麦的外稃长[(1.49±0.05),(1.47±0.05) cm]和内稃长[(1.45±0.05),(1.47±0.04) cm]。小黑麦的穗粒数[(52.50±1.80)粒]显著低于黑麦[(58.50±2.50)粒] (P<0.05),但其穗粒重[(2.08±0.04) g]、粒重[(0.04±0.00) g]和籽粒宽[(3.04±0.32) mm]均极显著高于黑麦 (P<0.01),每个花序的籽粒不仅体积大,而且质量较重,其籽粒的生产性能高于黑麦。小黑麦籽粒呈椭圆形或长卵圆形,浅黄色,表皮皱缩,饱满度差;黑麦籽粒呈窄纺锤形,青灰色,表皮光滑,籽粒饱满。小黑麦和黑麦花序结构与籽粒性状的Pearson相关分析表明,小黑麦花序宽和花序基部小穗数与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),花序长与籽粒宽极显著正相关(P<0.01),花序中部小穗的下、上位护颖宽分别与穗粒重和穗粒数极显著正相关(P<0.01);黑麦花序中部小穗第2小花的内稃长与籽粒长显著正相关(P<0.05),外稃高与穗粒数极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究小黑麦和黑麦的花序结构和籽粒特征,对正确区分二者和了解其籽粒的生产性能具有重要意义,同时有利于小黑麦的示范推广。     

湖南地区山羊奶体细胞数分析及其对乳成分的影响

对湖南地区不同奶山羊牧场奶成分进行调研,比较不同牧场间的山羊奶成分差异,同时探讨山羊奶中体细胞数的变化及其对乳成分的影响,为山羊原料奶质量安全评估及制定山羊奶体细胞正常值范围提供一定的参考。采集湖南地区5 个不同奶山羊牧场共75 份奶样,采用Foss Mickro-FT120 乳成分分析仪测定山羊奶中乳脂肪率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体、总固体、冰点、密度,同时采用DeLaval Cell Count（DCC）体细胞仪进行体细胞计数。菌落总数和酸度参照《食品安全国家标准 生乳》（GB19301—2010）进行测定。结果表明,5 个牧场山羊奶中乳脂肪率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体、冰点、密度、菌落总数均达到国家《生乳》标准,酸度稍高于国家《生乳》标准;其中体细胞数、乳蛋白、非乳脂固体、总固体存在显著差异（P<0.05）;乳脂率、冰点、酸度、菌落总数不存在显著性差异（P>0.05）。山羊奶体细胞数与乳蛋白率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,相关系数为0.338;与乳脂率呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,相关系数为-0.11;与乳糖含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,相关系数为-0.57,与非乳脂固体含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,相关系数为0.21;与总固体无显著相关关系。     

关于生乳发酵试验方法的研究

[目的]生乳发酵试验,达到发酵终点时间长,需要等到发酵完成才能发现异常,使用溴甲酚紫法发酵能在发酵过程中通过颜色的改变提前直观的发现发酵过程异常。[方法]在煮沸冷却后的生乳中,加入4~5 mL母菌种和1.0 mL 0.1 g/L的溴甲酚紫指示剂,在温度为（45±1） ℃的水浴锅中温育。[结果]温育2 h,样液的颜色随着发酵作用从蓝色变为黄色,即为正常发酵。[结论]此法能在发酵2 h时观察到发酵颜色变化。对比目前普遍使用的发酵方法可提前观察发酵情况,更早对异常情况进行分析处理,在实际应用中可以辅助使用。     

十种荒漠植物种子萌发对温度的响应

温度是影响植物种子萌发和出苗最重要的环境因子之一,研究植物种子萌发对温度的响应,对确定物种的适宜播种时期和预测田间出苗率等有着重要的意义。以10种荒漠植物:沙冬青、白沙蒿、沙打旺、中间锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、无芒隐子草、梭梭、杨柴、花棒和霸王种子为材料,在5~40 ℃范围设置了8个温度条件,测定种子萌发的动态变化,通过积温模型分析了供试植物种子萌发的温度三基点:萌发的基础温度(Tb)、适宜温度(To)、最高温度(Tc)以及萌发的温度时间值(θ_T)。结果表明:在参试物种阈值中,To以无芒隐子草最高,为33.7 ℃,其次是沙冬青为28.3 ℃,其他物种在17.4~24.9 ℃;Tb以沙打旺最低,为0.3 ℃,其次是梭梭为1.9 ℃,其他物种介于6.7~15.0 ℃;Tc以梭梭最高,为45.3 ℃,其次是无芒隐子草为43.9 ℃、沙打旺43.3 ℃、沙冬青39.7 ℃,其余物种在25.0~34.2 ℃;梭梭萌发温度范围最大,为1.9~45.3 ℃,而霸王最小,为15.0~30.0 ℃。供试物种在亚适温条件下,种子萌发的温度时间值从小到大依次为:沙冬青(79 ℃·d)、梭梭(94 ℃·d)、白沙蒿(114 ℃·d)、杨柴(127 ℃·d)、霸王(132 ℃·d)、花棒(177 ℃·d)、沙打旺(184 ℃·d)、中间锦鸡儿(217 ℃·d)、柠条锦鸡儿(302 ℃·d)、无芒隐子草(334 ℃·d)。     

Sarcocystis hardangeri and Sarcocystis rangi n. sp. from the domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Norway

Fresh preparations of microisolated sarcocysts from striated muscle of several domestic reindeer from northern Norway were examined by light microscopy. In cardiac muscle, cysts of S. grueneri were found. In skeletal muscle, cysts of S. rangiferi, S. tarandi and S. tarandivulpes were found in all samples examined. In the abdominal muscles of some reindeer, one or two other types of cysts were found.Cysts of one type were macroscopic in size, and ovoid to cylindrical in shape. The cysts were surrounded by a 8–12 µm thick layer of fibrous material, and measured 1682×910 µm. The cysts had relatively few and irregularly distributed, 20–35 µm long, and 3–5 µm wide, linguiform cyst wall protrusions, which could only be seen after removal of the fibrous layer. These cysts were classified as cysts of S. hardangeri, a species previously described from wild reindeer in southern Norway.Cysts of the other type were long and slender, measuring 5460–12700 (8994 ± 2575) × 95–280 (180 ± 50) µm. The cysts had numerous very fine, flexible, hair-like cyst wall protrusions, which were 8–10 [xm long and less than 0.5 µm thick. These cysts are considered to belong to a new Sarcocystis species of reindeer, for which the name Sarcocystis rangi n, sp. is proposed. The reindeer is recorded as the intermediate host for 6 different species of Sarcocystis.     

古尔班通古特沙漠钠猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发行为研究

钠猪毛菜在我国仅分布在新疆,具有很强的抗干旱和抗盐碱能力。研究钠猪毛菜不同类型种子形态及其萌发特性,结果表明,钠猪毛菜产生3种类型的种子,其形态特征、萌发特性均有显著差异。A型种子绿色,圆形,着生方式为横生,直径为(1.294±0.089) mm,百粒重(90.71±0.42) mg,花被背部有翅状附属物;B型种子红色,圆形,着生方式为直立,直径为(1.166±0.069) mm,百粒重(85.52±0.49) mg,花被背部有短/无翅状附属物;C型种子黄色,圆形,着生方式为直立,直径为(1.044±0.062) mm,百粒重(83.84±0.31) mg,花被背部无翅状附属物。A型种子在5 ℃/15 ℃、10 ℃/20 ℃、 15 ℃/25 ℃、 20 ℃/30 ℃、 25 ℃/35 ℃(光/暗=12 h/12 h)变温条件下萌发率均>92%,B型种子在5种变温条件下萌发率<60%,为非深度生理休眠,低温层积2周后可打破休眠;C型种子在5种变温条件下萌发率<5.3%,为深度生理休眠,划破种皮可打破休眠。浓度低于0.2 mol·L^-1的NaCl溶液对A型种子萌发的影响不大,但从0.8 mol·L^-1起,萌发率随着浓度增高而降低,直至为零,将在0.05~4.00 mol·L^-1NaCl溶液中处理的A型种子转移至蒸馏水后,仍有一定的恢复萌发率。苞片延缓A型种子吸胀,影响种子的最终萌发率,去除苞片可显著提高种子的萌发率。通过研究钠猪毛菜种子异型性及其萌发行为,为揭示其生态适应机制提供科学依据,并为新疆荒漠地区生态建设提供基础资料。     

Quantitation of meloxicam in the plasma of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) by improved high performance liquid chromatography

An improved method to determine meloxicam (MEL) concentrations in koala plasma using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photo diode array detector was developed and validated. A plasma sample clean-up step was carried out with hydrophilic-lipophilic copolymer solid phase extraction cartridges. MEL was separated from an endogenous interference using an isocratic mobile phase [acetonitrile and 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.15), 45:55 (v:v)] on a Nova-Pak C₁₈ 4-µm (300 × 3.9 mm) column. Retention times for MEL and piroxicam were 8.03 and 5.56 min, respectively. Peak area ratios of MEL to the internal standard (IS) were used for regression analysis of the calibration curve, which was linear from 10 to 1,000 ng/mL (r² > 0.9998). Average absolute recovery rates were 91% and 96% for MEL and the IS, respectively. This method had sufficient sensitivity (lower quantitation limit of 10 ng/mL), precision, accuracy, and selectivity for routine analysis of MEL in koala plasma using 250-µL sample volumes. Our technique clearly resolved the MEL peak from the complex koala plasma matrix and accurately measured MEL concentrations in small plasma volumes.     

Comparative study on the aflatoxin B1 degradation ability of rumen fluid from Holstein steers and Korean native goats

The aflatoxin B1 degrading abilities of two different ruminants were compared in this study. One set of experiments evaluated the aflatoxin B1 degradation ability of different rumen fluid donors (steers vs. goats) as well as the rumen fluid filtration method (cheese cloth filtered vs. 0.45 µm Millipore) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Additional studies examined aflatoxin B1 degradation by collecting rumen fluid at different times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) after feeding. Cannulated Holstein steers (740 ± 10 kg bw) and Korean native goats (26 ± 3 kg bw) were fed a 60% timothy and 40% commercial diet with free access to water. Rumen fluid from Korean native goats demonstrated higher (p < 0.01) aflatoxin B1 degradability than Holstein steers. However, filtration method had no significant influence on degradability. In addition, aflatoxin degradation did not depend upon rumen fluid collection time after feeding, as no significant differences were observed. Finally, a comparison of two types of diet high in roughage found aflatoxin degradability in goats was higher with timothy hay opposed to rice straw, although individual variation existed. Thus, our findings showed the aflatoxin degradability is comparatively higher in goats compared to steers.     

Cryopreservation of sheep red blood cells. 1. Experiments with polyvinylpyrrolidone and other protective agents

The protection of sheep erythrocytes at freezing temperatures was investigated using glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glucose and four different types of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as cryoprotective agents. Depending on type (molecular weight) and concentration good protection was obtained with PVP, whereas glycerol, DMSO and glucose were unsatisfactory. Recovery of cells after thawing was most successful when the cells had been frozen at a concentration of 1–2 × 10⁹ cells/ml. No cells tolerated freezing at −20 °G. Best results were obtained when the cells were frozen directly in liquid nitrogen (−196°G).     

乙酰氨基阿维菌素缓释注射剂中乙酰氨基阿维菌素含量与有关物质HPLC检测方法的建立

试验旨在建立一种高效液相色谱检测方法,同时测定乙酰氨基阿维菌素(EPR)缓释注射剂的主成分与有关物质,采用外标法计算主成分的含量,采用自身对照法计算有关物质的含量。色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna 5 μ-C8-100A 250 mm×4.60 mm,5 μm;色谱条件为:流动相为乙腈-0.1%高氯酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速为1.5 mL/min,检测波长为245 nm,柱温为35 ℃,进样量为20 μL。结果表明,EPR缓释注射剂主成分与杂质分离度良好,B1a与B1b之间分离度>3;在EPR浓度为1.5625~1 000 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好;EPR的检测限与定量限分别为0.01和0.34 μg/mL,3种精密度的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<2%,稳定性的RSD为0.28%,加样回收率为102.54%,且RSD为3.14%(n=9)。耐用性试验表明,EPR缓释注射剂主成分的分离度均>1.5,理论塔板数>4 500,表明该检测条件的耐用性良好。3批样品中,EPR缓释注射剂含量的平均值为102.60%,B1b占B1a与B1b之和的1.68%,总杂质的平均含量为2.57%。建立的EPR缓释注射剂中主成分含量与有关物质的测定方法具有简便、专属性强、灵敏度高、结果准确等特点,可用于EPR缓释注射剂的质量控制。     

Evaluation of serum chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronan: biomarkers for osteoarthritis in canine hip dysplasia

Hip dysplasia (HD) is one of the most important bone and joint diseases in dogs. Making the radiographic diagnosis is sometime possible when the disease has markedly progressed. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronan (HA) are the most important cartilage biomolecules that are elevated in the serum taken from dogs with osteoarthritis. The serum CS and HA can be detected by an ELISA technique, with using monoclonal antibodies against CS epitope 3B3 and WF6 and the HA chain as the primary antibodies. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of serum CS (both epitopes) and HA in non-HD and HD dogs. All 123 dogs were categorized into 2 groups. The non-HD group was composed of 98 healthy dogs, while the HD group was comprised of 25 HD dogs. Blood samples were collected for analyzing the serum CS and HA levels with using the ELISA technique. The results showed that the average serum level of the CS epitope WF6 in the HD group (2,594 ± 3,036.10 ng/ml) was significantly higher than that in the non-HD group (465 ± 208.97 ng/ml) (p < 0.01) while the epitope 3B3 in the HD group (105 ± 100.05 ng/ml) was significantly lower than that in the non-HD group (136 ± 142.03 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The amount of serum HA in the HD group (134.74 ± 59.71 ng/ml) was lower than that in the non HD group (245.45 ± 97.84 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). The results indicate that the serum CS and HA levels might be used as biomarkers for osteoarthritis in HD dogs.