新城疫病毒作为疫苗载体的研究进展

在综述新城疫病毒（NDV）的分子生物学特征、致病本质、复制机理以及利用反向遗传操作技术获得NDV的基础上,着重介绍了以NDV作为疫苗载体,将报告基因、功能基因包括传染性法氏囊病毒VP2基因及高致病性禽流感病毒HA基因等插入NDV基因组不同的位置构建重组新城疫病毒,并对外源基因成功表达的研究进展。同时对NDV作为新的疫苗载体表达外源基因的可行性及未来应用前景进行了初探。     

禽流感-新城疫重组活载体疫苗研究进展

禽流感和新城疫是严重危害养禽业发展的两种主要病毒性传染病。由于禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒(NDV)流行毒株复杂、感染宿主范围广及传播途径多样,给防制带来很大困难。目前,对这两种疾病的防制主要依赖疫苗。近年来,随着反向遗传技术的发展成熟,NDV常被作为病毒载体,用以携带外源基因,研制重组活载体疫苗,其中,用以表达禽流感病毒保护性抗原的研究成为热点之一。本文从多方面分析了NDV作为疫苗载体的优点,并就禽流感和新城疫重组活载体疫苗的研究进展作一综述。     

新城疫病毒核衣壳蛋白基因在大肠埃希菌中的表达、纯化及其活性分析

构建新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus, NDV)核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsid protein, NP)基因的原核表达载体,并将其在宿主菌E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中表达。以NDV La Sota株NP基因序列为模板,设计特异性引物,通过PCR扩增获得NP蛋白全长基因片段,定向插入原核表达载体pET-30a,构建重组质粒pET-NDV NP;将构建的重组质粒转化宿主菌E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,经IPTG诱导,表达出目的蛋白,并采用亲和层析的方法纯化表达蛋白;表达蛋白采用Western blotting方法检测其反应原性。结果显示,成功克隆了新城疫病毒NP基因全长,片段序列1470 bp;构建的pET-NDV NP载体经PCR、双酶切、测序鉴定均无误;转化表达宿主菌后经SDS-PAGE检测结果显示目的基因得到成功表达,且表达蛋白经Ni-NTA镍离子亲和层析法被成功纯化,蛋白质浓度为3 mg/mL;Western blotting检测结果显示表达蛋白具有良好的反应原性。试验结果表明,成功构建了含有新城疫病毒核衣壳蛋白基因的原核表达载体,成功表达、纯化得到了NDV NP蛋白。     

鸭源新城疫病毒F基因在昆虫细胞中的表达和鉴定

为在昆虫细胞中表达鸭源新城疫病毒(NDV) F蛋白,本试验首先根据鸭源NDV F基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增出F基因,将其克隆至杆状病毒表达载体pFastBac1,获得重组转座载体pFastBac-F,将其转化到大肠杆菌DH10Bac感受态细胞中,经抗性和蓝白斑筛选,获得重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒rBacmid-F,在脂质体介导下转染Sf9昆虫细胞,获得重组杆状病毒rBac-F。Western blotting、间接免疫荧光试验结果均显示表达的重组蛋白能与鸭抗NDV阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有良好的反应原性。结果表明鸭源NDV F蛋白在昆虫细胞中获得了成功表达,为鸭新城疫的预防控制奠定了基础。     

新城疫病毒作载体在禽用疫苗中的研究进展

新城疫病毒(NDV)属于副黏病毒科禽腮腺炎病毒属,病毒的基因组为单股、负链、不分节段的RNA。NDV弱毒具有易繁殖、适合大规模免疫等优点。近年来,以NDV作为载体表达其它病原的保护性抗原来研制重组NDV载体疫苗,已成为当前家禽疫苗研究领域的热点之一。随着我国家禽养殖业的规模化和现代化,以NDV作载体研制出安全、高效、使用方便的新型禽用疫苗显示出了广阔的应用前景。文章综述了NDV载体系统的构建及优化,并介绍了该载体在禽用疫苗中的应用和发展趋势。     

I类新城疫病毒NDV08-004株微型基因组的构建及其功能鉴定

目的本研究旨在构建Ⅰ类新城疫病毒NDV08-004的微型基因组和辅助质粒,为构建病毒拯救体系奠定基础。方法根据Ⅰ类新城疫病毒NDV08-004的全基因组序列,采用SOE方法将增强绿色荧光蛋白基因(eGFP)插入NDV08-004的3’-Leader和5’-Trailer区域之间后反向插入转录载体pOLTV5中,构建了NDV08-004的微型基因组pLGT-03。将pLGT-03转染辅助病毒NDV08-004感染的表达T7RNA聚合酶BSRT7/5细胞进行功能鉴定。采用RT-PCR将NDV08-004的NP、P和L蛋白基因亚克隆入表达载体pCI-neo中,分别构建了三个辅助质粒pCI-NP、pCI-P、pCI-L。通过构建的微型基因组pLGT-03和三个辅助质粒按照一定的比例共转染BSRT7/5细胞来验证辅助质粒的功能。结果微型基因组pLGT-03转染辅助病毒感染的BSRT7/5细胞后可见明显荧光,表明微型基因组构建成功。微型基因组和辅助质粒共转染可见荧光表达,表明三个辅助质粒均具有相应的功能。结论表明微型基因组和辅助质粒均具有相应的功能,为建立NDV08-004的反向遗传操作平台奠定了基础。     

利用昆虫表达系统表达新城疫病毒TS09-C耐热株的HN蛋白胞外区

前期研究表明新城疫病毒(NDV)HN蛋白为病毒热稳定性的主要影响因子.为了进一步研究HN蛋白的热稳定性以及影响其热稳定性的结构特征,研究利用杆状病毒表达了NDV TS09-C耐热株的HN蛋白的胞外区,将两个拷贝的TS09-C株HN胞外区基因分别插入到载体pFastBac-dual的PH启动子和p10启动子下游,在HN蛋...     

神经氨酸酶基因联合抗黏液病毒基因的抗病毒作用

拟构建神经氨酸酶(NA)基因和抗黏液病毒(Mx)基因双基因真核共表达载体,并检测基因表达以及转染鸡成纤维(CEF)细胞后的抗病毒效果。克隆了NA基因和突变型Mx基因的cDNA;分别定向插入真核细胞双顺反子载体pVITRO2中,酶切和测序鉴定双基因共表达载体pVITRO2-Mx-NA的正确性。用pVITRO2-Mx-NA转染NIH-3T3细胞,通过RT-PCR和间接免疫荧光(IFA)方法检测目的基因的表达。随后用pVITRO2-Mx-NA转染CEF细胞,利用RT-PCR及微量细胞病变抑制法测定重组蛋白抗新城疫病毒(NDV)的效果。结果:酶切和测序分析表明成功构建了双基因真核共表达载体pVITRO2-Mx-NA,在转染后的NIH-3T3和CEF细胞中同时检测到了NA和Mx基因的表达。联合基因表达的重组蛋白可保护CEF细胞在孵育的72h内免受NDV的感染,而转染了突变型Mx或者NA单基因真核表达载体的CEF细胞在孵育的48h内亦未受到NDV的侵染;与单基因转染组相比,联合基因转染组明显延迟NDV感染CEF细胞的时间,差异显著(P<0.05)。构建的双基因真核表达载体pVITRO2-Mx-NA转染CEF细胞后,其表达的重组蛋白Mx-NA在细胞水平上具有协同延缓NDV感染的能力,且优于单个基因。     

表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S基因的重组新城疫病毒构建

为构建以新城疫病毒(NDV)为活毒载体表达鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)S基因的重组病毒,本研究利用RT-PCR技术,以IBV的Massachusetts41株RNA为模板,通过RT-PCR扩增得到IBV S基因(3534bp),将其插入到NDV感染性克隆pBRN-FL中,构建了含有IBV S基因的重组NDV cDNA克隆pBRN-FL-IBVS。利用磷酸钙转染法,在辅助质粒pBS-NP、pBS-P和pBS-L的共同作用下,将pBRN-FL-IBVS转染表达T7聚合酶重组痘病毒感染的BSR细胞,救获重组NDV(rL-IBVS)。采用RT-PCR检测接种重组病毒的鸡胚尿囊液,结果表明rL-IBVS中含有相应外源基因。IFA试验表明,rL-IBVS可与鸡抗IBV的高免血清发生特异性反应,证明S蛋白在感染的BSR细胞中得到表达。其鸡胚平均致死时间、脑内致病指数和静脉内致病指数等指标显示rL-IBVS保持了亲本疫苗株高滴度的鸡胚生长特性和低致病力特性。本研究采用反向遗传操作技术构建了表达IBV S蛋白的重组NDV,为进一步研制IBV和NDV的重组基因工程活载体疫苗奠定了基础。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein