中国小麦贵州98-18中抗叶锈基因的分子定位

小麦(Triticum aestivum)品系贵州98-18对中国目前大多数叶锈菌(Puccinia triticina)生理小种表现抗性。基因推导表明,贵州98-18可能携带新的抗叶锈基因。为了有效利用这一抗源,将贵州98-18和感病小麦品种郑州5389杂交,获得F1、F2代群体,用我国叶锈菌优势小种THTT对双亲及其杂交后代进行接种鉴定。结果表明,贵州98-18对THTT的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂命名为LrG98。采用SSR技术对贵州98-18携带的抗病基因进行分子标记,共筛选了1 274对SSR或STS引物,位于1BL染色体上的4对引物可在抗/感池和双亲中扩增出多态性DNA片段。遗传连锁分析结果表明,该抗病基因位于小麦1BL染色体上,与Xbarc582-1B和Lr26的STS标记ω-secali(Glu-B3)的遗传距离最近,均为3.8 cM。该基因与目前所有已知的抗叶锈基因不同,可能是1个新的抗病基因。     

欧洲小麦品种Mega抗条锈病基因的遗传分析及分子标记

 本研究表明欧洲小麦品种Mega对我国小麦条锈病重要流行小种CYR30、CYR31、CYR32、Su-4和Su-14在苗期都具有良好的抗病性。采用小麦条锈菌小种CYR30对Mega与感病小麦品种铭贤169杂交的F₁、F₂和BC₁代及双亲进行苗期抗病性遗传分析,结果表明,Mega对CYR30的抗性由1对显性基因独立控制。采用SSR标记技术对其携带的抗性基因进行分子标记,在237对SSR引物中,发现位于5BL上的2个SSR引物位点Barc232、Wmc640在双亲和抗、感池间能扩增出稳定的特异性片段,与抗病基因连锁的遗传距离分别是3.7cM和8.6cM,暂命名为YrMe。本研究结果为科学利用Mega抗条锈基因培育抗病品种提供了依据。     

小麦品种天选43抗条锈性遗传分析及抗病基因的分子标记

 天选43是由8845-01-01-1-1和抗源材料贵农22杂交选育而成的普通小麦品种,对我国目前所有条锈菌生理小种均表现良好抗性。为明确其抗条锈性遗传基础,本研究选用当前条锈菌流行小种CYR32和CYR33,对天选43与感病品种铭贤169杂交F₁、F₂和F₃代群体进行遗传分析,同时应用460对SSR引物对接种CYR32的天选43/铭贤169 F₂代150个单株群体进行抗病基因定位。结果表明,天选43对CYR32抗性由1对显性基因控制,而对CYR33抗性由1对隐性基因控制。筛选到10个与抗CYR32基因连锁的SSR标记Xwmc134、Xgwm413、Xbarc187、Xwmc406、Xcfd65、Xgwm18、Xbarc181、Xbarc137、Xwmc419和Xgwm230,两侧距离目的基因最近的标记为Xgwm18和Xgwm413,遗传距离分别为0.8 cM和3.4 cM,并初步将其抗病基因定位于小麦染色体1BS上,暂命名为YrTx43。基因来源、抗病遗传分析、分子标记检测及染色体位点分析表明,YrTx43很可能是与Yr24、Yr26具有等位性的抗条锈基因。     

普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M852-1抗条锈基因的遗传分析和分子作图

 M852-1是经杂交和回交培育的普通小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系,苗期对我国小麦条锈菌流行小种均表现良好抗性。为明确其抗条锈性遗传规律,本研究选用条锈菌流行小种（类型）CYR29、CYR32、CYR33和Su11-7的单孢菌系对其与铭贤169杂交F₁、F₂、F₃及BC₁代群体进行遗传分析, 同时应用420对SSR引物对接种CYR32的M852-1/铭贤169 F₂代144个单株作图群体进行抗病基因定位。结果表明,M852-1对供试小种均表现免疫或近免疫,对CYR29的抗锈性由1对显性基因控制,对CYR32、CYR33和Su11-7的抗锈性均由1对隐性基因控制。筛选到3个与抗CYR32基因连锁的SSR标记Xbarc124、Xbarc200和Xgwm429,遗传距离分别为6.3、5.6 和 9.7 cM。根据SSR标记锚定性将该基因定位于小麦2BS染色体,暂命名为YrM852。基因来源、分子标记检测及染色体位点分析表明,YrM852很可能是1个不同于目前已知抗条锈病基因的新基因。     

小麦品种贵农22 抗条锈基因的遗传分析及分子标记

 贵农22 是由簇毛麦、硬粒小麦以及普通小麦杂交选育而成的普通小麦品种,其对我国目前所有已知条锈菌生理小种均表现高度抗病。为了明确其抗条锈性遗传基础,并对抗条锈基因进行分子作图,本研究选用条锈菌重要小种CYR29、CYR30、CYR32、CYR33 和Su11鄄11,对贵农22 与条锈病感病品种辉县红或铭贤169 杂交F2 代、BC1 F1 代、BC1 F2 代进行抗锈性遗传分析,并对贵农22 控制Su11鄄11 抗病性的1 对隐性基因进行SSR 标记。结果表明,贵农22 至少含有3 对抗条锈病基因。利用272 株贵农22 / 铭贤169 BC1 F2 群体筛选到2 个与贵农22 控制Su11鄄11 抗性的隐性基因连锁的SSR 标记Xwmc44 和Xcfa2147,遗传距离分别为5. 1 和7. 3 cM,并将抗病基因定位于小麦1BL 上,暂命名为YrGn22。基因来源、抗病性分析以及分子检测结果表明,YrGn22 不同于1BL 上的已知小麦抗条锈病基因Yr3、Yr9、Yr21 和Yr29,可能是1 个新基因。     

小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M853-4抗条锈病基因的分子标记

为揭示小麦-柔软滨麦草易位系M853-4的抗条锈性遗传机制,以易位系M853-4和感病品种铭贤169为亲本制备F2、F3代种子,采用人工接种的方法于温室中接种小麦条锈菌生理小种Su-11,用于测定M853-4及其杂交后代的苗期抗条锈性。结果表明,M853-4对Su-11的抗病性由1对显性和1对隐性基因控制。筛选由1对显性基因控制的F3代分离家系作为SSR标记群体,从320对引物中共找到了4个位于4A染色体上的与该显性基因(暂命名为YrLm2)紧密连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm44、Xwmc650、Barc170和Xwmc718,标记到YrLm2的遗传距离分别为15.0、5.0、3.9和3.1cM,并将YrLm2定位于4A染色体的长臂上,标记结果可用于小麦分子辅助育种。     

源于华山新麦草抗条锈病基因 YrH122遗传分析和SSR标记

 H122是1个通过杂交和回交选育的普通小麦-华山新麦草易位系。为明确其抗条锈病基因及遗传特点,建立抗病基因SSR标记,利用我国小麦条锈菌流行小种CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33和致病类型Su11-4、Su11-11对H122进行苗期抗性鉴定,根据鉴定结果选用CYR32、CYR33和Su11-4对其与铭贤169杂交F1、F2及BC1代进行了遗传分析,同时应用258对SSR引物对将H122/铭贤169 F2代接种Su11-4的185个单株构建的作图群体进行了PCR扩增和电泳分析。结果表明,H122对供试小种均表现免疫或近免疫,对CYR32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,对CYR33的抗病性由1对隐性基因控制,对Su11-4的抗病性亦由1对显性基因控制,将其暂命名为YrH122。筛选到3个与YrH122连锁的SSR标记Xbarc229、Xwmc339和Xwmc93,遗传距离分别为7.7、4.3和11.0 cM,并将该基因定位于小麦染色体1DL上。SSR标记回检显示,YrH122来源于华山新麦草。通过基因来源、分子检测及染色体位点比较,YrH122可能是1个不同于目前已知抗条锈病基因的新基因。     

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主Heines peko抗性遗传分析及SSR标记

 用中国条锈菌生理小种对欧洲鉴别寄主Heines peko进行抗条锈性遗传机制研究,将为挖掘新的抗条锈基因、培育优良抗条锈性品种奠定基础。用Heinespeko与小麦感病品种铭贤169杂交、自交获F₁、F₂和F₃代群体。对亲本及其后代分别在苗期接种条中30号、条中31号、条中32号和水-4,进行遗传分析。结果表明,Heines peko对条中30号小种的抗性由1对隐性基因控制。对条中31号、水-4的抗性均由1显1隐2对基因互补或抑制作用控制,Heines peko对2个小种的抗性可能由相同基因控制。对条中32号的抗性是由2对隐性基因相互抑制控制。利用分组分析法(BAS)对抗条中30号小种的遗传群体进行分子作图,筛选到1个位于2AS与抗条中30号小种基因连锁的SSR标记Barc212,用Barc212对170个F₂代单株分析表明,该基因与Barc212引物扩增位点的遗传距离为10.6cM。Barc212可作为抗条中30号基因的SSR标记。     

我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。 基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

我国小麦叶锈菌鉴别寄主抗性基因的推导

 本研究用40个小麦叶锈菌的单孢培养物和21个已知Lr单基因系对我国新旧沿用的16个叶锈菌鉴别寄主的抗性基因进行了推导。结果指出这些鉴别寄主含有Lr1、3、13、14a和26等抗性基因。基因分析表明,原用鉴别寄主鉴定小种的结果不能反映抗性基因信息,建议用已知Lr基因系(品种)作为鉴别寄主,以基因鉴定代替小种鉴定,本文讨论了基因稳定的复杂性和选用鉴别寄主问题。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.