杨桃园桔小实蝇综合防治初报

近年来，随着种植结构的改革，对外交往频繁，广东地区桔小实蝇发生严重，发生量是过去的数倍至数十倍。部分杨桃、番石榴等果树因为害严重而失收。为此我们开展了桔小实蝇发生规律调查、监测和综合防治措施的研究。结果表明：桔小实蝇在广州地区有二个高峰期6月和8月份。通过诱杀去雄，适时喷药，养鸡除虫，套袋、拾烂果等综合防治措施，二年来使三个试验地的虫口密度大幅下降，在2002年7月桔小实蝇为害高峰期，马来西亚大果杨桃为害率为1．7—5．5％，对照区为94％，本地种的小果杨桃为害率为23—35．2％，对照为74．5％，取得了较好的防治效果，初步扭转了杨桃近年来基本失收的局面。     

杨桃园桔小实蝇的防治适期研究

杨桃园桔小实蝇种群数量动态具有明显的规律,且与杨桃果实的成熟期密切相关。通常3月实蝇种群数量开始上升,4月～10月为发生盛期,其间出现3～4个发生高峰,11月次至年2月虫量较低。桔小实蝇对杨桃果实的成熟度具明显选择性,偏好硬度(成熟度)在89度以下的果实。单个果实中约有6个产卵孔、30头幼虫,杨桃从被害到落果时间长度一般为9d。经分析,发现产卵孔数和落果中的幼虫数量、产卵孔数与落果时间长度之间显著相关,建立了两者间关系方程。在以上研究基础上,确定了杨桃园桔小实蝇防治的一些关键时期。     

果蝇诱捕器诱捕杨桃桔小实蝇的效果观察

应用果蝇诱捕器能有效诱捕杨桃果园的桔小实蝇,且具专一性,对其它害虫及天敌无效,具安全、有效、简便、经济、实用、生态环保的优点。可在生产中应用。     

桔小实蝇为害芒果的调查及防治技术

桔小实蝇Dacus dorsalis Hendel别名梨小实蝇.是芒果果实的重要害虫,以幼虫蛀食果肉.造成减产.据1985年调查,芒果受害损失20—30%,个别品种损失达80%.为了摸清桔小实蝇在右江河谷芒果种植区的发生为害情况及防治方法.笔者于1985年起对其发生及防治技术进行了研究,现将结果整理如下.     

桔小实蝇成虫高效防治药剂室内筛选

本研究在室内采用棉球饲喂法,测定4种登记药剂、6种果园常用药剂和1种新型杀虫剂对桔小实蝇成虫的毒力,以评价其防治效果。室内筛选结果表明,4种登记药剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对桔小实蝇具有较好的效果,推荐最高浓度剂量药后72 h校正死亡率均可达到100.00%。果园常用药剂中,乙基多杀菌素、藜芦碱对桔小实蝇效果较好,推荐最高浓度剂量药后72 h校正死亡率均达到100.00%;高效氯氰菊酯对桔小实蝇的效果较差,药后72 h校正死亡率仅为75.00%;氟啶虫胺腈、氯虫苯甲酰胺、苦参碱药后72 h对桔小实蝇基本无效。新药氟吡呋喃酮药后72 h对桔小实蝇的效果较好,校正死亡率达到92.86%。7种高效药剂的室内毒力结果表明,24 h、48 h和72 h甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、藜芦碱和乙基多杀菌素的毒力一直大于其他药剂,噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、氟吡呋喃酮和阿维菌素的毒力在不同时间段差异较大。噻虫嗪、阿维菌素、吡虫啉,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、藜芦碱、乙基多杀菌素和氟吡呋喃酮均对桔小实蝇表现出理想防治效果,建议合理选用防治药剂,注意药剂的轮换使用,延缓桔小实蝇田间抗药性发生,提高防治效...     

东山县桔小实蝇的发生与防治

桔小实蝇又称柑桔小实蝇、东方果实蝇,学名Dactorcera(Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel),是一种危险性果树害虫,为二类检疫对象.该虫危害柑桔、柚、桃李、番石榴、莲雾、香蕉、荔枝、龙眼等200多种植物.该虫原发于我国台湾和日本琉球群岛一带,后传到20多个国家和地区,随着被害果品从国外进口,该虫已传入广东、广西、福建、云南、四川、湖南、香港等省区.     

5种防治措施对柑桔园桔小实蝇的防治效果观察

在柳州市多地柑桔园上开展桔小实蝇防治效果观察,结果表明:应用桔小实蝇性诱技术防治效果最好,防效达90％,经过2a大面积应用,果实受害率基本控制在1％以下,该项技术安全、环保,简便易行,有很好的推广应用前景.     

江苏地区桔小实蝇的发生特点与综合防治技术

据多年监测调查和研究表明,桔小实蝇能在江苏地区以蛹越冬,年发生4~5代,5月中下旬始见成虫,9~10月为发生盛期,能危害柑桔、杨梅、石榴、无花果、桃、枣、柿子、梨等作物,以柑桔受害最为严重。通过协作攻关,形成了以农业防治为基础、物理防治为关键、辅以化学防治,同时加强检疫措施的综合防治技术,并加以推广应用,效果明显。     

桔小实蝇5个重要复合种分类动态

桔小实蝇复合种已记录达100种,其中近十种是国际重要的经济意义种类。桔小实蝇复合种分类鉴定复杂,其中以杨桃实蝇(B.carambolae DrewHancock)、桔小实蝇(B.dorsalis Hendel)、木瓜实蝇(B.papayae DrewHancock)、菲律宾实蝇(B.philippinensis DrewHancock)和入侵果实蝇(B.invadens Drew,TsurutaWhite)等5个重要复合种的分类鉴定争议最大。本文介绍了桔小实蝇复合种的演化历史、5个重要复合种的分类特征及其最新研究进展。形态学、分子生物学和化学生态等新证据表明,杨桃实蝇是有别于桔小实蝇的独立种,桔小实蝇、木瓜实蝇、菲律宾实蝇和入侵果实蝇等其他四种为同一生物种,菲律宾实蝇是木瓜实蝇的同物异名种,桔小实蝇是木瓜实蝇和入侵果实蝇的高级同物异名种。5个复合种分类地位的变化已得到大多数实蝇专家的普遍认同,对桔小实蝇复合种的检疫和国际贸易中的生物安全有重要意义。     

非寄主植物提取物对橘小实蝇的产卵拒避作用

选取4种非寄主植物柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白千层Melaleuca leucadendron、夹竹桃Nerium indicum,初步研究了这4种植物叶子提取物对橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis的产卵拒避作用。以无水乙醇作溶剂,供试4种植物中的白千层提取物对橘小实蝇具有较强的产卵拒避作用。检测了橘小实蝇对4种植物的乙醇提取物的触角电位值,发现各生物测定值与雌虫触角电位值呈显著相关性,表明其中的挥发性组分是橘小实蝇对植物提取物产生拒避反应的重要原因之一。用无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、二氯甲烷作溶剂,分别提取白千层叶,仅乙醇提取物有显著拒避作用;用这4种溶剂分别提取樟树叶,则无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚作溶剂的提取物都有较好效果。     

园林绿地中桔小实蝇种群消长与环境因子的相关性

为掌握桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)种群在上海园林绿地中的消长与环境因子的相关性,采用成虫诱捕法监测10个园林绿地内的桔小实蝇种群发生量;采用人工调查法调查绿地内桔小实蝇寄主植物的种类和数量、种群发生点到餐饮场所、垃圾站及水果市场距离、绿地内日平均气温和日平均相对湿度等环境因子。调查分析结果显示,桔小实蝇的种群发生量与寄主植物数量的相关系数为0.938,呈极显著正相关,表明寄主植物数量是影响桔小实蝇种群发生量的最重要因子;桔小实蝇种群发生量与该种群发生点到水果市场距离的相关系数为-0.996,呈极显著负相关,表明水果市场与寄主植物距离越远,种群发生量越小。聚类分析结果显示,桔小实蝇种群发生量与该种群发生点至垃圾站的距离聚为一类,两者又与种群发生点至水果市场的距离聚为一类,桔小实蝇种群发生量与水果市场、垃圾站的距离具有相关性。     

沙田柚低温杀虫处理试验研究

对人工感染桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)的沙田柚开展低温除害处理研究.研究结果表明,在1.7℃±0.06℃和1.8℃±0.33℃的低温条件下,连续处理14天,可将感染在果实中71184头和46341头的桔小实蝇幼虫全部杀死;在0.96℃±0.25℃的低温条件下,连续处理13天,可将感染在果实中58866头桔小实蝇幼虫全部杀死.果实损伤测定试验结果表明,在1～2℃下连续贮藏14天,沙田柚果实无损害.     

桔小实蝇在不同杨梅品种上的生长发育特性研究

本文选择了浙江3种不同杨梅品种,研究了桔小实蝇取食后的生长发育相关5种性状的差异,结果表明,幼虫历期以荸荠种最短,蛹历期和蛹重,水梅值最小;雄成虫东魁最重,并均与另2个杨梅品种差异达显著水平。而幼虫,幼虫-蛹,幼虫-成虫3种存活率,荸荠种最高,水梅最低,二者差异也达显著水平。显然桔小实蝇对不同杨梅品种喜好有所不同,其较为喜好荸荠种,较不喜好水梅。结合果实性状考查结果,不喜好的原因可能与水梅偏酸有关。但上述3品种上桔小实蝇生长发育性状与其嗜好寄主香蕉极为     

Insecticide resistance of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in mainland China

BACKGROUND: In order to investigate the extent of resistance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a widespread pest throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops, 25 populations of this insect were collected from 13 sites in mainland China in 2007 and 2008. In addition, resistant strains were established that showed increasing development of resistance. RESULTS: Compared with the susceptible strain, one population of B. dorsalis expressed high resistance (RR = 70.4‐fold), 16 populations expressed medium resistance (11.5‐fold < RR < 25.8‐fold) and eight populations had low resistance or remained susceptible (1.4‐fold < RR < 8.9‐fold) to trichlorphon. As regards β‐cypermethrin, one population showed high resistance (RR = 44.0‐fold), nine populations expressed medium resistance (12.2‐fold < RR < 28.4‐fold), 14 populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.0‐fold < RR < 9.7‐fold) and one population remained susceptible (RR = 1.1‐fold). As regards avermectin, five populations had developed high resistance (44.3‐fold < RR < 104‐fold), seven populations expressed medium resistance (11.4‐fold < RR < 38.6‐fold) and three populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.5‐fold < RR < 5.6‐fold). A continuous resistance selection in the laboratory strain showed that the resistance ratios to trichlorphon, β‐cypermethrin and avermectin were 71.6‐fold, 333‐fold and 70.4‐fold respectively. CONCLUSION: The data provided a comprehensive survey of insecticide resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis in mainland China. All results suggested that early resistance management programmes should be established for restoring the efficacy of pesticide‐based control measures. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance in laboratory-selected lines of the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

Genetic and biochemical factors leading to resistance to various organophosphate (OP) based insecticides were studied in lines selected for OP-resistance in the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis. Lines were separately selected for resistance to naled, trichlorfon, fenitrothion, fenthion, formothion, and malathion. Overall, these lines showed increased resistance ratios ranging from 13.7- to 814-fold relative to a susceptible (S) line. Also, in these newly selected lines the same three point mutations in the ace gene, previously identified in resistance studies and designated as I214V, G488S and Q643R, were found. As expected, the enzyme from the resistant lines showed lower overall activity and reduced sensitivity to inhibition by fenitrothion, methyl-paraoxon and paraoxon compared to the wild type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. The apparent V_max values for esterase from the resistant lines were 1.2-3.69 times higher than that of the S line. Although only the naled-, trichlorfon- and fenthion-r lines showed lower esterase affinities (based on apparent K_m values) compared with the S line, all of the V_max/K_m ratios were higher in the resistant lines compared to that of the S line. The OP-resistant lines also displayed an overall similar pattern of isozyme expression, except for one additional band found only in the naled-r line and one band that was absent in the trichlorfon-, malathion-, and fenthion-r lines. Our results also show that overall, multiple examples of high OP resistance in selected lines of B. dorsalis exhibiting the same genetic alterations in the ace gene seen previously resulted in different effects on esterase enzyme activity in relation to various OP compounds.