论农村工业化视域下的精英治理——以皖东七里村为例

农村社区处于转型期的特殊状况,给广大农村社区的经济精英们提供了施展才能的平台。农村社区的经济精英依托自身的经济优势,掌握着农村社区众多的资源,在社区中拥有绝对的话语权,这种优势成为其向政治精英过渡的筹码。集政治、经济特权与一身的农村精英们,为自身的发展积累了大量的社会资本,在农村城市化的进程中扮演着举足轻重的角色。凭借这些社会资本,精英阶层介入农村社会事务的管理,并最终发展成为推进农村现代化的一支重要力量。     

人力资源与人力资本辨析

人力资源和人力资本是一对既有联系又有区别的不同概念。人力资本蕴藏于人力资源本身,反映人力资源生产力方面的特征,与其它内容一起共同反映出人力资源的状况。人力资源管理和开发指向对象是蕴藏在人力资源上的人力资本,其内容就是围绕人力资本,对人力资本进行有效配置和激励,并提高其存量。     

社会资本与集群中小企业融资便利——基于湖南汨罗再生资源行业数据的实证研究

以湖南汨罗再生资源行业企业集群的近200家企业为调查对象，考量集群企业社会资本的影响因子，结果表明，集群中小企业社会资本主要受企业家个人基本情况、企业的信用情况、企业的存续年数以及集群中小企业的合作程度等四个因子的影响。社会资本与集群中小企业融资的关系实证表明，社会资本对中小企业融资便利具有促进作用。     

新生代农民工创业资源禀赋对创业机会的影响

新生代农民工创业带来了显著的经济、社会效益,其所具有的资源禀赋是创业行为过程中的关键要素,对创业机会的识别有着十分重要的影响。基于广东省202个新生代农民工创业的调查数据,从人力资本、社会资本以及经济资本3个维度构建了新生代农民工的资源禀赋,建立其对创业机会识别以及创新水平影响的结构方程模型,并进行实证探讨。结果表明：新生代农民工的创业素质较高,资源禀赋对创业机会整体上有着促进和提高的作用,其中人力资本和社会资本对新生代农民工识别创业机会有明显的促进作用,而经济资本对新生代农民工识别创业机会的解释能力较差,这可能与新生代农民工群体的特殊性有一定的关联性。从资源禀赋的新视角探求其对创业机会的影响机理对政府制定鼓励农民创业的政策有着重要的借鉴意义。     

中国城市社区管理体制创新的路径研究

构建适应城市经济、政治、文化发展需要的社区管理体制新模式,是一项亟待研究的重要课题。在简要回溯城市社区管理体制历史变革的基础上,总结了现存城市社区管理体制模式的问题,并结合历史和现状客观分析阻碍城市社区管理体制创新的症结点,认为创新社区管理体制改革,要继续调整社区管理的工作模式,充分利用社区现有的建设资源,加快培育社区社会资本的存量。     

初创小微企业资金管理绩效影响因素实证研究

依据湖南省229家初创小微企业的调研数据，考量社会资本、政策支持对初创小微企业资金管理绩效的影响。实证表明：社会资本显著影响初创小微企业资金管理绩效；政策支持在社会资本与资金管理绩效中起调节作用，拥有良好政策支持的初创小微企业资金筹集管理绩效与运营管理绩效显著优于缺少政策支持的企业。初创小微型企业应不断丰富自身社会资本，积极利用政府提供的有利环境，提高资金管理绩效。     

基于社会资本理论的农村信息化建设的路径选择

在阐述农村信息化的内涵以及其在我国农业现代化和统筹城乡发展中的重要作用的基础上,剖析了农村信息化建设的困境：一是农民参与度不足,农村信息平台使用效率偏低;二是信息资源建设滞后,无法适应农民对信息的实际需求;三是农村信息平台交互性较差。从社会资本理论的视角探讨了社会资本要素对在推动农村信息化建设中的作用,其中农民与信息之间的＂信息关系＂是农村信息化建设的基础,＂参与网络＂是农村信息化建设可持续发展的必要条件,＂乡规民约＂为农村信息化建设增加了管理资源。在此基础上提出了政府推进农村信息化建设的路径选择：一是将＂技术网络＂植入乡村信任体系,促进农民对信息化建设的认同与支持;二是增强信息平台的交互功能,提升农民对农村信息化建设的参与度;三是引导与利用乡规民约的管理权威,完善信息化管理规范。     

Of goats and groups: A study on social capital in development projects

More and more development projects are using group or community approaches to disseminate technology and resources. It is believed that using such an approach will provide a safety net as well as social control to ensure the sustainability of the technology and resource. However, little is known of the exact process and social networks that are mobilized and used in using such an approach. Particular attention is devoted in the paper to gender differences and the concept of social capital for analyzing social networks. Cases and the analysis were drawn from Heifer Project International's efforts to disseminate improved goat breeds through a village group process in Tanzania. An examination of these case studies shows that internal processes are crucial in understanding technology transfer. In all groups, a person's social capital did determine whether a member got a goat, and a person's ability to access and manage information also played an important role. Of all the groups, the most successful and sustainable had a history of interaction and were involved within several projects in which the members met each other in different arenas. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

社会资本能否缓解农户正规信贷需求抑制?——基于4省粮食种植户的实证分析

为了解粮食经营户不同类型社会资本对信贷需求抑制的影响,基于对四川、河南、浙江和黑龙江4省1 030户粮食种植户的调研数据,采用两阶段Heckman模型研究社会资本是否会抑制农户的信贷需求,并运用Tobit模型研究社会资本对农户信贷需求抑制程度的影响。结果表明,65.7%的粮食种植户受到信贷需求抑制,其中受到部分信贷需求抑制的比例为48.4%;社会资本变量中,社会关系因子、亲戚政治因子和组织关系显著影响农户的信贷需求抑制和信贷需求抑制程度,信任因子、金融关系变量和政治关系变量对信贷需求抑制和信贷需求抑制程度的影响不显著;此外,社会资本对资金需求小户的影响更为显著。基于以上结果,从政府角度而言,本研究指出要重视高社会资本易获得贷款这种外部因素而造成的社会不公平情况,警惕可能导致的贫富分化和社会不公平问题,并在此基础上提出相关建议;从金融机构角度,本研究提出了发展普惠金融的建议。     

Building and destroying social capital: The case of cooperative movements in Denmark and Poland

Social capital, measured as the level of trustamong people, may be regarded as a newproduction factor alongside the traditionalones of human and physical capital. Withappropriate levels of social capital,monitoring and transaction costs can be savedand thus economic growth stimulated. Vialinking social capital to rural development andcomparing the cases of agricultural cooperativemovements in Denmark and Poland, this paperidentifies possible roots of building socialcapital and suggests that social capital wasbuilt through a lengthy process in bothcountries during the 19th century. However,the comparison of the present level of socialcapital indicates that the level of socialcapital is significantly higher in Denmark thanin Poland. The paper concludes that the reasonfor this difference is the fact that theoriginal accumulation of social capital inPoland was destroyed by the communist regime.     

杭州市郊区县森林景观价值的探讨

评定22片森林的景观价值。论证杭州市郊区县具备欣赏要素和登山等活动要素的林场,可以从木材、水资源和景观三个方面来利用森林生态系统的资源。在森林空间寻找欣赏要素,不仅可以使人们获得日常生活环境和日常活动中得不到的绿的效益,而且也是对社会各阶层的人们,特别是青少年进行审美教育的措施,在营林活动中有意识地进行景观管理,把森林生态系统的非第一性生产转化为商品也是可能的。     

Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya

Much of the developing world, including Kenya, is rapidly urbanizing. Rising food and fuel prices in recent years have put the food security of the urban poor in a precarious position. In cities worldwide, urban agriculture helps some poor people gain access to food, but urban agriculture is less common in densely populated slums that lack space. In the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, households have recently begun a new form of urban agriculture called sack gardening in which vegetables such as kale and Swiss chard are planted into large sacks filled with topsoil. This paper examines relationships among sack gardening, social capital, and food security in Kibera. We used a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with a household survey, as well as focus group discussions with both farmers and non-farmers. We present evidence that sack gardening increases social capital, especially for those households that undertake sack gardening in groups. We also find that sack gardening in the Kibera slums has a positive impact on household food security by improving household dietary diversity and by reducing the need to resort to painful coping mechanisms that are used during food shortages.     

Hiding hunger: food insecurity in middle America

This is a community based research project using a case study of 20 people living in middle America who are food insecure, but do not use food pantries. The participants’ rate of actual hunger is twice that of food insecure community members who use food pantries. Since most of the participants are not poor, the Asset Vulnerability Framework (AVF) is used to classify causes of food insecurity. The purpose of the study is to identify why participants are food insecure and why they do not use food pantries. Findings reveal that the participants restrict the quality and quantity of food eaten as a strategy to manage their budget. Following AVF, this strategy allows them to offset lower returns to labor assets, cover rising costs of human capital investment, protect their two most important productive assets of housing and transportation, and compensate for household relationships that increase their vulnerability. In addition, food insecurity itself inhibited social capital formation, further increasing vulnerability. The main reasons the participants do not use food pantries is to protect their social capital assets: almost all of the participants hid their hunger from colleagues, friends, relatives, and even the people they lived with. The participants described fear of societal shaming and blaming as motivations for hiding their hunger. However, using food pantries could reduce their food insecurity. Therefore, there was a feedback loop between food insecurity and social capital: food insecurity reduced social capital and efforts to protect social capital prevented participants from improving food security by using food pantries.     

可持续土壤管理:土壤学服务社会发展的挑战

国际土壤年唤醒了全社会对土壤变化的关注。地球环境与生命发育历史赋予了土壤自然资源资产价值,提供了生命和生态系统发育的多种服务,从而惠及全人类,支撑了社会的可持续性发展。全球土壤的这种支撑能力建立在"体-质-量"统一的土壤属性基础上。然而,在人类快速发展的驱动下,全球土壤已经或正在发生十分普遍和严重的土壤退化,土壤连续体遭到破坏,土壤功能严重削弱,且地表土壤覆盖被大面积固封。因此,必须充分认识土壤变化对于人类长远发展的潜在风险,着力构建可持续土壤管理体系,致力于保持土壤自然资产价值、平衡和最大化土壤的生态系统服务、优化兼顾农业安全(粮食安全-环境安全-生态安全)的土壤利用与保护。保持土壤自然资产、保持土壤的生态系统服务和保持土壤对全人类的惠利应该纳入生态文明的土壤观。而管控土壤变化势必成为可持续土壤管理的核心任务。这需要在政策上,推行生态补偿机制来处理利用者与受益者的利益关系;在行动上,实施区域土壤可持续管理工程,应对土壤变化;而在技术上,创新兼效多赢的管理实践措施,特别是有利于自然养育或恢复的土壤保护和培育技术。推进土壤可持续管理研究,探索可持续土壤管理途径,对于中国社会经济的可持续发展具有至关重要的意义。     

关于我国农村扶贫政策与低保政策衔接问题的研究综述

对我国农村扶贫政策与低保政策及其衔接问题的相关文献进行梳理与综述,在此基础上提出了自己的观点:要将两项政策真正有效衔接必须要认识到贫困不仅只是一个单纯的经济收入问题,它涉及了社会资本、自然资源、基础设施、健康、教育、社会公正等许多因素,要用社会发展的眼光,以实证研究来发现问题、解决问题;要充分发挥贫困人群的作用,明确他们的所需与所想,如此才能更好的解决两项政策的衔接问题。     

弱势群体环境知情权的实现途径

弱势群体是指在社会地位、社会资源、社会财富等方面处于不利地位和无更多话语权的人们。过去,我们对弱势群体的关注更多地表现为衣食住行,很少有人关注他们的知情权尤其是环境知情权。本文从分析弱势群体及环境知情权的概念出发、探讨弱势群体环境知情权的实现途径问题。     

鼓励公众参与的食品安全社会共治体系研究

食品安全信息不对称使得公众、监管部门和政府投入大量资源解决食品安全问题,降低了资源配置效率,损害了社会福利。运用演化博弈方法,建立鼓励公众参与的食品安全监管模型,并通过复制动态方程的动态趋势和稳定性分析,探讨公众参与的动力机制,揭示不同博弈方决策的关键影响因素。结果表明,简化消费者维权流程,发挥资本市场作用,建立可追溯机制,实施食品供应链管理,引入社会资本并放权社会组织,协调媒体与第三方机构间合作,可最终实现帕累托最优,达到多方利益均衡。     

Social capital dimensions in household food security interventions: implications for rural Uganda

We demonstrate that social capital is associated with positive food security outcomes, using survey data from 378 households in rural Uganda. We measured food security with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. For social capital, we measured cognitive and structural indicators, with principal components analysis used to identify key factors of the concept for logistic regression analysis. Households with bridging and linking social capital, characterized by membership in groups, access to information from external institutions, and observance of norms in groups, tended to be more food secure. Households with cognitive social capital, characterized by observance of generalized norms and mutual trust, were also more food secure than others. However, we established that social capital is, by itself, insufficient. It needs to be complemented with human capital enhancement. We recommend that development interventions which focus on strengthening community associations and networks to enhance food security should support activities which enhance cognitive social capital and human capital skills. Such activities include mutual goal setting, trust building and clear communication among actors. Education efforts for community members, both formal and non-formal, should also be supported such that they potentially strengthen social capital to improve food security in rural Uganda.     

幼儿园教师工作满意度的影响因素及其相对优势分析

为探讨情感体验、物质交换、价值匹配、公平分配和工作量对幼儿园教师工作满意度的预测作用及这些因素在影响幼儿园教师工作满意度上的相对重要性,采用问卷法对重庆市15所幼儿园227名教师进行调查,研究发现:1幼儿园教师工作满意度总体水平及其各个维度得分均高于随机水平;2公平分配、情感体验和工作量对幼儿园教师工作满意度有显著的预测作用;3公平分配对工作满意度的预测作用最大,在可解释方差中的贡献占56%.     

社会资本视野下的乡村政治精英

乡村精英是农村社区发展的中坚力量,也是中国农村问题研究者关注的焦点。分析了家族关系网络、信任关系网络、上层领导关系网络和经济资本等因素对乡村政治精英地位确立的影响,阐述了社会资本在政治精英确立过程中的作用,着重论述乡村政治精英在农村社区发展中整合社区内部资源网络、维护乡村社会道德规范、提升社区信任和连接外界的社会关系网络和资源的作用,在此基础上提出乡村政治精英与社会资本的互动关系。