宁夏草原蝗虫多样性及其对环境因子的响应

为明确宁夏四类主要草原的蝗虫物种组成、多样性和对天敌、植被、土壤及其气候等生物和非生物因子的响应,2019-2020年在宁夏温性草甸草原、温性草原、温性荒漠草原和温性草原化荒漠四类草原对蝗虫及天敌物种进行了调查采集,通过物种数、个体数、多样性指数、优势度指数、丰富度指数及均匀性指数分析蝗虫、天敌和昆虫的多样性,并就草原蝗虫优势种和多样性对天敌、植被、土壤及气候等生物和非生物因子的响应进行分析。结果表明,共采集鉴定草原蝗虫和天敌个体数分别有743头和3592头,物种数分别有27种和24种;温性草原上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最多,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为23种和21种,数量分别为432头和1682头;温性草原化荒漠上发生的蝗虫和天敌物种和数量均最少,蝗虫和天敌的物种分别为8种和7种,数量分别为34头和132头。蝗虫优势种有白纹雏蝗Chorthippus albonemus、短星翅蝗Calliptamus abbreviatus和亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus三种,天敌优势种有直角通缘步甲Pterostichus gebleri、麻步甲Carabus brandti和短翅伪葬步甲Pseudotaphoxenus brevipennis三种。温性草原无论是在草原蝗虫群落中,还是整个昆虫和天敌群落中,其丰富度指数均显著高于其他三类草原;草原蝗虫多样性指数和丰富度指数与天敌多样性指数和丰富度指数间均存在极显著正相关关系,与天敌优势度指数间存在极显著负相关关系;短星翅蝗和亚洲小车蝗发生均与天敌直角通缘步甲呈显著正相关关系,白纹雏蝗与禾本科植被盖度、高度、生物量,菊科植被盖度、生物量、频度、高度、土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、有机质、碱解氮、海拔和降水量间均呈显著正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH、平均气温和最高气温间均呈极显著负相关关系。     

Rodent Control in India

Eighteen species of rodents are pests in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, animal and human dwellings and rural and urban storage facilities in India. Their habitat, distribution, abundance and economic significance varies in different crops, seasons and geographical regions of the country. Of these, Bandicota bengalensis is the most predominant and widespread pest of agriculture in wet and irrigated soils and has also established in houses and godowns in metropolitan cities like Bombay, Delhi and Calcutta. In dryland agriculture Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae are the predominant rodent pests. Some species like Rattus meltada, Mus musculus and M. booduga occur in both wet and dry lands. Species like R. nitidus in north-eastern hill region and Gerbillus gleadowi in the Indian desert are important locally. The common commensal pests are Rattus rattus and M. musculus throughout the country including the islands. R. rattus along with squirrels Funambulus palmarum and F. tristriatus are serious pests of plantation crops such as coconut and oil palm in the southern peninsula. F. pennanti is abundant in orchards and gardens in the north and central plains and sub-mountain regions. Analysis of the information available on the damage and economic losses caused by rodents in rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, pearl millet, sorghum, oil seed, legume and vegetable crop fields, horticulture and forestry, poultry farms, and rural and urban dwellings and storage facilities clearly shows that chronic damage ranging from 2% to 15% persists throughout the country and severe damage, sometimes even up to 100% loss of the field crop, is not rare. Several traditional and modern approaches and methods of rodent control are being used. The existing knowledge of the environmental, cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical methods of rodent control in India is reviewed. Considerable variations exist in the susceptibility of the pest species to different methods, particularly to rodenticides and trapping, their field applicability, efficacy and economics in different crops, seasons and geographical regions, behavioural responses of the pest species to these methods in different ecological conditions and their adoption by farmers in different regions of India. Environmental and cultural techniques, such as clean cultivation, proper soil tillage and crop scheduling, barriers, repellents and proofing which may reduce rodent harbourage, food sources and immigration have long lasting effects but are seldom adopted. However, their significance in relation to normal agricultural practices, intensification and diversification are discussed. Rodenticides, which provide an immediate solution to the rodent problem, form the major component of rodent control strategies in India. Poison baiting of rodents with zinc phosphide and burrow fumigation with aluminium phosphide are common in agricultural fields and recently Racumin (coumatetralyl) and bromadiolone have been introduced for the control of both agricultural and commensal rodent pests in India. Methods and timings of campaigns and successes and problems in implementation of rodent control are also reviewed.     

基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量及品质对不同灌水下限的响应

本试验以黄瓜品种“博特209”为试材,采用基质盆栽,共设置4个灌水下限处理,分别为田间持水量的50%（A）、60%（B）、70%（C）、80%（D）,灌水上限统一设定为田间持水量的90%,研究不同灌水下限对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响,并运用主成分分析法对4个处理黄瓜的生长、产量及品质相关的22个指标进行了综合评价。结果表明：处理D的株高和叶面积显著高于处理A、B和C,株高增幅分别为56.50%、22.51%和11.04%,叶面积增幅分别为92.61%、61.35%和27.87%;处理C的茎粗最大,相较于处理A、B、D分别增加了28.36%、16.91%和18.49%;单果重、单株果数、单株产量及灌水量均以处理D最大;水分利用率以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B、D分别增高了33.14%、13.23%和10.30%。处理C与处理D的瓜粗、含水量及商品瓜率无显著差异,但相对于处理A和B则分别显著增加了19.17%和10.81%、0.98%和0.45%、66.70%和18.21%。处理C的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理,而硝酸盐含量显著低于其他处理;黄瓜果实中全K和全Ca含量以处理C最高,相较于处理A、B和D,其全K和全Ca的增幅分别为35.20%和11.19%、3.81%和11.19%、1.06%和6.43%。经主成分分析及综合评价,4个处理的得分从高到低依次为：处理C、处理D、处理B、处理A。     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

3种蚜虫对方斑瓢虫适合度及种群增长的影响

方斑瓢虫是新疆农田常见的天敌昆虫之一,具有重要的控害潜能和应用前景。本文利用生命表技术探讨了棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对方斑瓢虫生长发育、存活率、繁殖力、寿命和种群数量增长趋势的影响。结果表明,与饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群相比,饲喂棉蚜和桃蚜的种群幼虫发育历期和平均世代周期更短,存活率、雌虫产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群趋势指数更高。饲喂棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫幼虫存活率分别为85.83%、88.33%和50.83%,单雌产卵量分别为516.71、439.95粒和209.00粒,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的幼虫存活率和雌虫产卵量均显著高于以豌豆修尾蚜为食的种群;取食棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群内禀增长率分别为0.216 9、0.212 5和0.044 3,种群趋势指数分别为164.10、130.93和20.98,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的方斑瓢虫种群增长趋势均显著高于饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的种群。综合以上各项参数,棉蚜和桃蚜是方斑瓢虫的适宜天然猎物。其中,桃蚜规模饲养更为便捷,成本较低,是方斑瓢虫规模化扩繁的优选猎物。研究结果对方斑瓢虫的规模化人工饲养及释放应用具有重要的...     

药液表面张力和黏度对草甘膦药效的影响及其机理研究

通过添加有机硅助剂和丙三醇调节草甘膦药液的表面张力和黏度,测定其对草甘膦药液液滴的物理性状及生物活性的影响。结果表明：降低药液的表面张力,雾滴的铺展直径增加,干燥时间缩短,药液的黏度以及在杂草叶片表面的最大稳定持留量没有显著性变化;草甘膦对杂草的防效表现为先升高后降低,对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草防效可提高37%和37%。增加草甘膦的药液黏度,药液在杂草叶片上的最大稳定持留量增加,表面张力降低,对雾滴的干燥时间和铺展直径影响很小;草甘膦对阔叶杂草最高目测防效和鲜重防效可提高42%和41%,对禾本科杂草的防效可提高42%和42%。适当降低草甘膦药液的表面张力或增加其黏度均可提高其对杂草的防除效果。     

阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死效应以及不同方式释放该螨对根结线虫的防控效果

本研究测定了阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的亚致死浓度及其对修长蠊螨生存、繁殖发育和捕食能力的影响,并通过盆栽试验研究了以不同方式释放修长蠊螨对空心菜根结线虫病的控制效果。阿维菌素对修长蠊螨的3个亚致死浓度LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀分别是2%的阿维菌素稀释2082倍、3760倍和8831倍。这3个亚致死剂量的阿维菌素均使修长蠊螨的生存能力、总产卵量和捕食线虫能力显著下降。修长蠊螨被LC₅₀、LC₃₀和LC₁₀ 3个亚致死浓度药液处理后,从幼螨发育至成螨时的存活率分别为对照的32.00%、46.00%和72.00%;总产卵量分别是对照的6.23%、17.58%和34.24%;处理2 d后的捕食线虫能力分别是对照的34.70%、53.06%和62.59%;但对卵的孵化率无显著影响。修长蠊螨控缓速释放和直接释放均能减少空心菜根系的根结数量和根结线虫卵囊数量,有效控制空心菜根结线虫的发生。各项防治处理30 d后,修长蠊螨直接释放处理、控缓速释放处理、修长蠊螨和阿维菌素联合施用处理以及仅施用阿维菌素处理的空心菜根际根结数量和线虫卵囊数量,分别比未防治对照处理减少28.97%和64.38%、49.97%和74.43%、81.92%和92.24%以及80.15%和92.69%。所以修长蠊螨控缓速释放的控制效果显著好于直接释放,但是修长蠊螨与阿维菌素联合施用不能提高防效。     

纳米材料结合的dsRNA对烟草花叶病毒侵染的抑制

基于病毒基因的外源双链RNA（dsRNA）可以在植物体内诱导RNAi,但dsRNA易降解、作用时间有限,限制了这项技术的应用。本研究以TMV衣壳蛋白（CP）基因为目的片段,体外合成dsRNA,分别与2种纳米材料壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）和层状双氢氧化物（layered double hydroxide,LDH）融合,合成CS-dsRNA和LDH-dsRNA 2种制剂。测试了2种制剂的稳定性及其对TMV的预防和治疗效果。结果表明,在4、25和37℃,30 d的稳定性测定试验中,dsRNA的量较初始值分别减少了80.01%、58.89%和59.76%,降解比较明显,dsRNA在4℃的降解速率略高于在25和37℃的降解速率;CS-dsRNA制剂中dsRNA的量较初始值分别增加了65.98%、103.82%和157%,LDH-dsRNA制剂中dsRNA的量较初始值分别增加了54.30%、58.4%和66.42%,dsRNA被CS与LDH 2种纳米材料包裹后降解率明显下降,而且随着温度的升高dsRNA的量有所增加,说明纳米材料融合的dsRNA有缓释效应。半叶法试验表明,dsRNA、CS-dsRNA和LDH-dsRNA对TMV的预防效果分别为60.12%、57.79%和55.18%,治疗效果分别为65.01%、58.40%和59.08%。本研究表明,纳米材料CS与LDH对dsRNA起到了良好的保护、缓释及提高稳定性的作用,在利用RNA干扰防治植物病毒病害中具有良好的应用前景。     

Activity, adsorption and mobility of three acetanilide and two new amide herbicides

Activity, adsorption, and mobility of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and microencapsulated (ME) formulations of alachlor and acetochlor as well as of metolachlor, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid and flufenacet were studied. Petri-dish bioassay, based on root response of oats ( Avena sativa L.), was used for their activity in sand and in a silty clay loam soil, and for determination of herbicide concentrations in soil solution (not adsorbed) and in column leachates of the adsorption and mobility studies respectively. Flufenacet and both acetochlor formulations showed the highest activity in both soils and ME-alachlor and metolachlor the lowest; the activity of dimethenamid, EC-alachlor and S-metolachlor was intermediate. Activity of both formulations of alachlor and acetochlor decreased with increasing organic matter content, but alachlor activity was reduced more than that of acetochlor. Lower amounts of dimethenamid and S-metolachlor were adsorbed by soil compared with the other herbicides and, consequently, greater amounts of these two herbicides were leached through that soil. None of the herbicides tested was detected below 30 cm. Less alachlor and acetochlor were biologically available in soil solution after their application as ME-formulations and, therefore, lower amounts of both ME-alachlor and ME-acetochlor were leached through the soil compared with those applied as EC-formulations.     

核盘菌对油菜、向日葵和大豆的侵染及其致病性分化研究

 通过对从陕西大荔采集的油菜及其后茬向日葵上的核盘菌和从新疆阿勒泰的向日葵上采集的核盘菌样品进行单菌核分离、培养和纯化,比较其菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重、菌落形态、致病力强弱及菌株的草酸累积等,将两地的核盘菌分成A、B、C三种类型,其中A类来源于陕西大荔的油菜和向日葵,B、C类来源于新疆阿勒泰的向日葵。不同类型核盘菌对于不同寄主的致病力存在着分化现象,A、B类菌株生长正常、菌落均匀旺盛,B类对油菜、向日葵和大豆的致病力较强,草酸产量较高;而A类仅对油菜和向日葵的致病力较强对大豆的致病力很弱,但草酸产量最高。C类菌株生长异常,菌落稀疏不均匀,对3种作物的致病力均弱,草酸产量较低。2001年田问调查亦表明:A类菌株可导致油菜、向日葵菌核病的发生,但未见其使大豆致病,由此提出油菜茬后,不宜种植向日葵,二者应与小麦、玉米等实行较长周期的轮作。本文也同时对各菌株进行了RAPD分析和菌丝体亲和性研究,结果表明,菌株间的遗传多样性表现丰富但未发现与其致病性分化相关。     

The pesticide module of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM): testing and sensitivity analysis of selected algorithms for pesticide fate and surface runoff

The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a one-dimensional, numerical model for simulating water movement and chemical transport under a variety of management and weather scenarios at the field scale. The pesticide module of RZWQM includes detailed algorithms that describe the complex interactions between pesticides and the environment. We have simulated a range of situations with RZWQM, including foliar interception and washoff of a multiply applied insecticide (chlorpyrifos) to growing corn, and herbicides (alachlor, atrazine, flumetsulam) with pH-dependent soil sorption, to examine whether the model appears to generate reasonable results. The model was also tested using chlorpyrifos and flumetsulam for the sensitivity of its predictions of chemical fate and water and pesticide runoff to various input parameters. The model appears to generate reasonable representations of the fate and partitioning of surface- and foliar-applied chemicals, and the sorption of weakly acidic or basic pesticides, processes that are becoming increasingly important for describing adequately the environmental behavior of newer pesticides. However, the kinetic sorption algorithms for charged pesticides appear to be faulty. Of the 29 parameters and variables analyzed, chlorpyrifos half-life, the Freundlich adsorption exponent, the fraction of kinetic sorption sites, air temperature, soil bulk density, soil-water content at 33 kPa suction head and rainfall were most sensitive for predictions of chlorpyrifos residues in soil. The latter three inputs and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil and surface crusts were most sensitive for predictions of surface water runoff and water-phase loss of chlorpyrifos. In addition, predictions of flumetsulam (a weak acid) runoff and dynamics in soil were sensitive to the Freundlich equilibrium adsorption constant, soil pH and its dissociation coefficient.     

Poultry Integrated Pest Management: Status and Future

Modern commercial poultry production under large companies is expanding worldwide with similar methods and housing, and the accompanying arthropod and rodent pest problems. The pests increase the cost of production and are factors in the spread of avian diseases. The biology, behavior and control of ectoparasites and premise pests are described in relation to the different housing and production practices for broiler breeders, turkey breeders, growout (broilers and turkeys), caged-layers, and pullets. Ectoparasites include Ornithonyssus fowl mites, Dermanyssus chicken mites, lice, bedbugs, fleas, and argasid fowl ticks. Premise pests include Alphitobius darkling beetles, Dermestes hide beetles, the house fly and several related filth fly species, calliphorid blow flies, moths, cockroaches, and rodents. Populations of these pests are largely determined by the housing, waste, and flock management practices. An integrated pest management (IPM) approach, tailored to the different production systems, is required for satisfactory poultry pest control. Biosecurity, preventing the introduction of pests and diseases into a facility, is critical. Poultry IPM, based on pest identification, pest population monitoring, and methods of cultural, biological, and chemical control, is elucidated. The structure of the sophisticated, highly integrated poultry industry provides a situation conducive to refinement and wider implementation of IPM.     

干旱区景观生态研究的方法与案例分析

干旱区景观生态学中的景观结构、功能、变化以及尺度、过程、管理等方面的研究,需要理论与方法的支撑。生态景观制图的类型划分、表达方式、数据采集、数据分析等过程,综合性地体现了景观生态的一般方法和途径,对于生态景观信息认知、信息识别、信息挖掘与信息分析具有重要提升作用。通过获取遥感信息源,应用图象图形学以及遥感图象模式识别与解译的原理和方法,进行特定尺度和精度条件下的景观分类,编制生态景观图;并通过相应的GIS软件,实现景观专题要素特征属性的量化统计,求算景观生态指数值;并以塔里木河干流及英巴扎典型区为例,应用NOAA/AVHRR以及CBERS-1/CCD等信息源,结合区域自然、社会和人文、历史等特征,系统分析其数量特征、变化规律以及相互关系,提出干旱区生态景观建设的原则与途径。     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

大豆疫霉MAPK基因的鉴定与转录分析

 疫霉菌包括大豆疫霉等重要植物病原物,属于茸鞭生物界卵菌门,在进化上与真菌相差甚远;由于分离培养与遗传转化等相对困难,目前对其生长发育和致病机理的研究相对滞后。本研究综合运用基因组学和转录组学方法,首先对植物病原卵菌与真菌的蛋白激酶特别是MAPK进行了鉴定和比较,然后对大豆疫霉MAPK的基因结构、蛋白功能域以及转录模式等进行深入分析。结果表明,植物病原卵菌比真菌含有更多的蛋白激酶(包括MAPK),且卵菌及其近缘物种硅藻的MAPK与真菌在进化上相对独立;大豆疫霉的14个MAPK中,4个具有非典型的磷酸化唇序列,7个含有PH、C2、WW、PAS等与细胞信号转导相关的其它功能域;转录分析表明,大部分MAPK可能在大豆疫霉生长发育与致病的整个过程或特定过程中发挥重要作用。本文通过对蛋白激酶特别是MAPK的分析揭示了植物病原卵菌(与真菌相比)在细胞信号转导网络与机制上的独特性与复杂性,可为进一步研究疫霉菌MAPK的生物学功能及其信号调控机制提供参考。     

Toxic metal enrichment characteristics and sources of arid urban surface soil in Yinchuan City,China

To investigate the environmental quality of the urban surface soil in Yinchuan City, the capital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(Ningxia), China, we sampled surface soil and measured the concentrations of 8 toxic metals(Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V) using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The enrichment characteristics and sources of these toxic metals in the soil were analyzed by the enrichment factor(EF) and multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the mean concentrations of these toxic metals in the soil samples were 25.0, 109.1, 16.8, 26.0, 37.2, 2.7, 25.3 and 59.9 mg/kg for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Bi, Ni and V, respectively, which were 1.2, 1.8, 0.8, 0.4, 3.2, 8.7, 0.7 and 0.8 times of the corresponding background values of Ningxia soil, respectively. The variations of Pb, Zn, Co, Bi and Ni concentrations in the surface soil of Yinchuan were larger than those of the other metals. Our results also showed that the toxic metals investigated in the soil had different enrichment levels. Both Co and Bi were significantly enriched, whereas Cr was only moderately enriched in the soil. There was a deficiency or minimal enrichment of the other toxic metals in the soil. Source analysis results based on the concentration, enrichment characteristics and multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cr, V and Ni originated from a combination of fossil fuel combustion, traffic pollution and natural occurrence. Pb, Cu and Zn were predominantly derived from natural and traffic sources, while Co and Bi primarily originated from construction sources.     

Significant plant virus diseases in India and a glimpse of modern disease management technology

India has a diverse agroclimate representing tropical, subtropical and temperate climates with zones ranging from average to high in temperature, humidity and rainfall; from low to scarce rainfall in deserts to cold to very cold plains and upland areas. Thus it is the home of one of the richest flora and fauna in the world. For pests and pathogens, too, tropical and subtropical climates are ideal for growth and development. A majority of the world’s fruits, vegetables, cereals, pulses, oil seed crops, fiber crops, sugarcane, spices, and ornamentals are cultivated in India. Virus diseases and their vectors are also in abundance. Since ancient times, virus-like diseases and management practices have been known in India. This knowledge has now been revived and adopted in organic farming, especially for medicinal and aromatic plants. Current trends for extensive and intensive agriculture, open international agricultural trade, and thus food security and sustained economy have brought new challenges in the fight against virus diseases. In this changing scenario, current diseases of significance are caused by begomoviruses, badnaviruses, cucomoviruses, potyviruses, ilarviruses in crops such as vegetables, fruits, ornamentals, fiber crops, and sugarcane. Variability in the viruses is also common. Briefly reviewed here is the positive effect of an isolate of Rice necrosis mosaic virus; when artificially inoculated on jute and mesta fiber crops enhanced their fiber contents. Diseases of significance, e.g., leaf fleck disease of sugarcane, citrus yellow mosaic disease, banana bunchy top, banana bract mosaic, mungbean yellow mosaic, mosaic in chrysanthemum, gladiolus and orchids are also discussed. Efficient, reliable diagnostic tools have been developed and used extensively. Some of the advanced laboratories have been accredited for virus indexing under the National Certification System for tissue-cultured plants. International standards for phytosanitary measures have been promulgated, and a mandatory nodal agency is in place for the conservation and exchange of germplasm; a Containment Level-4 facility to examine incoming transgenics and a fully equipped laboratory to intercept virus-infected plant material are functional. A National Agricultural Biosecurity System will soon be in place. All these measures are essential to protect agricultural systems and to compete in the international agriculture market. Continued vigilance, disease mapping and adopting the latest technology are required to practice sustainable agriculture.     

不同林龄胡杨林叶片与土壤的化学计量特征

为了解天然胡杨林生态系统的C、N、P、K含量及化学计量特征,在新疆轮台县轮南镇选取5种不同林龄胡杨林(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林),研究不同林龄胡杨叶和林下土壤C、N、P、K含量及化学计量特征。结果表明:(1)不同林龄胡杨叶的C、N、P、K含量分别为437.77、13.67、1.87、5.26 g·kg-1,林龄对叶片C、N、P、K含量影响不显著。不同林龄胡杨叶片C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K为35.46、187.04、87.86、8.40、2.66、0.57,林龄对叶片的C∶P、C∶K影响显著,对C∶N、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K影响不显著。(2)土壤的C、N、P、K含量分别为6.89、0.62、0.57、18.69 g·kg~(-1),林龄对土壤C、N、P、K含量影响显著。不同林龄土壤C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K为11.48、12.34、0.36、1.12、0.032、0.032,林龄对土壤化学计量影响差异显著。(3)胡杨叶片N∶P比为8.40,远远小于阀值14,表明胡杨生长发育过程中严重受土壤氮素含量限制。     

茶园天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨的跟随效应研究

为了合理保护和利用自然天敌进行害虫的综合防治,对安徽茶园主要害虫与天敌进行系统调查,进行了天敌对花蓟马和茶短须螨跟随效应的研究。运用地学统计学方法求得天敌与害虫半变异函数的变程,用灰色关联度分析方法分析变程之间的关联度,与害虫关联度值越大的天敌对害虫的跟随关系越密切。本文分析了花蓟马种群数量在全年最多时段(4月13日—7月8日)、茶短须螨种群数量在全年最多时段(5月13日—8月5日)内,茶园中5种主要天敌对两种害虫跟随关系的密切程度。结果表明,花蓟马与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.658 3、0.614 6、0.607 1、0.753 8和0.647 1,茶短须螨与斜纹猫蛛、八点球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛、龟纹瓢虫和异色瓢虫半变异函数变程的关联度分别为0.718 9、0.615 6、0.701 0、0.676 5和0.697 6。表明与花蓟马跟随关系密切的天敌依次是龟纹瓢虫、斜纹猫蛛和异色瓢虫,与茶短须螨跟随关系密切的天敌依次是斜纹猫蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。     

三氟氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯对二点叶螨生命活力及繁殖力的影响

采用室内盆栽和叶盘饲养二点叶螨的方法,测定了三氟氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯不同浓度对二点叶螨的生命活力和繁殖力的影响。结果表明:分别用三氟氯氰菊酯10和20mg/L在二点叶螨第Ⅰ若螨期处理后,其成螨寿命、产卵量和卵的孵化率分别比对照增加19.4％和14.0％、41.1％和36.8％以及159.1％和107.3％;当分别用甲氰菊酯7.5和15mg/L在二点叶螨第Ⅰ若螨期处理后,其成螨寿命、产卵量和卵的孵化率分别比对照增加24.7％和23.7％、17.1％和9.21％以及174.2％和141％。用三氟氯氰菊酯20mg/L和甲氰菊酯15mg/L分别处理雌成螨后,其产卵量分别比对照增加24.6％和70.2％。在盆栽菜豆苗上以若螨为主的二点叶螨种群,在用三氟氯氰菊酯10、20mg/L处理后的第7d,其各螨态(成螨、幼若螨和卵)的增长指数分别为3.39和3.68、2.37和4.76、2.58和4.38;用甲氰菊酯7.5、15mg/L处理是3.74和4.82、3.22和4.00、2.30和3.75,均高于同期对照。三氟氯氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯对雌成螨和卵的数量明显增加,对害螨的发生有刺激作用。