两类枣园昆虫群落结构的比较分析

2009年3~4月初步研究了山西农业大学枣园（记作Ⅰ）和山西省农科院果树研究所枣园（记作Ⅱ）的早春昆虫群落结构特征。结果表明：枣园?昆虫有34种,分别隶属8个目27个科,其中网目拟地甲(Opatrum subaratum Faldermann),,蒙古拟地甲(Gonocephalum mongolicum Reitter),菱蝗科(Tettigidae)和中华广肩步甲(Calosoma maderae chinense Kirby)是群落优势种。枣园Ⅱ昆虫有55种,分别隶属6个目39个科,其中三点盲蝽(Adelphocoris taeniophorus Reuter),隐翅甲科(Staphilinidae)和花蝽科(Anthocoridae)是群落优势种。枣园Ⅱ中,昆虫群落的丰富度、个体总数、多样性指数、均匀度均高于同时期的枣园Ⅰ,其中捕食性昆虫和寄生性昆虫的比例较高。通过聚类分析得出,两园昆虫群落的时间动态格局较相似,可分为两个阶段:发展初期,物种数和个体总数均较少;上升期,物种数和个体总数都显著增加,昆虫群落的稳定性增强。     

Segregation of herring larvae from inshore and offshore spawning grounds in the north-western North Sea — Implications for stock structure

Herring larvae hatching from spawning sites around the Scottish coast are dispersed by water currents during the weeks following hatching. Hydrographic data, observations on the distribution of caesium-137 and measurements of current velocities by moored meters and drifting buoys, suggest that larvae from offshore spawning sites around the north of Scotland should be more rapidly dispersed than those hatching in inshore areas. This has been confirmed by direct observations on the advection of herring larvae in different regions of the north western North Sea. The conclusion is that larvae hatching in inshore areas, especially in the Moray Firth, are most likely to contribute to nearby juvenile populations, whereas larvae from offshore spawning sites should be widely dispersed over the North Sea.Tagging and parasitology investigations have shown that adult herring spawning in the north-western North Sea have been widely dispersed in the North Sea and adjacent waters as juveniles (six months — one and a half years old). However, a high proportion of adult fish caught at inshore spawning sites and in the Moray Firth were found to have been recruited from more local areas. Taken together with the observations on larval drift, these observations suggest that the stock structure of herring in the northern North Sea may in part be a consequence of the physical oceanography of the area.     

不同防治措施对江西稻田蜘蛛亚群落结构的影响

研究不同施药措施对水稻田间蜘蛛亚群落的影响,于2015 年在江西省恒湖垦殖场通过吸虫器法调查不同施药措施下水稻田间蜘蛛亚群落结构。结果表明：高效农药防治区和生物农药防治区蜘蛛亚群落总蛛数和物种数均显著低于不施农药对照区,不同施药措施蜘蛛亚群落物种数、优势集中度、香农指数和均匀性指数均无显著差异;4 个参数的时间动态基本无明显差异;蜘蛛亚群落中科的组成和优势科种类基本一致,除生物农药防治区和高效农药防治区田间跳蛛科优势度显著低于对照田外,不同施药措施田间蜘蛛科的优势度均无显著差异;蜘蛛亚群落优势种基本一致,除高效农药防治区拟环纹豹蛛优势度显著低于对照田外,不同施药措施田间蜘蛛亚群落蜘蛛优势种优势度均无显著差异。高效农药和生物农药均使稻田蜘蛛数量和物种数显著减少,但对蜘蛛亚群落结构并无显著影响,生物农药对蜘蛛亚群落的影响小于高效农药。     

棉属D染色体组的核型变异和进化

本文报道了棉属 D 染色体组11个种的染色体数目和核型,并采用了核型对称系数、异质系数和重合率等新的计算方法进行了分析。根据核型同质程度,可将11个种分为6个亚组,即1—D_1、D_8和 D_6;2—D_(3-k)、D_(3-d);3—D_(2-1)、D_(2-2);4—D_4和 D_7;5—D_5;6—D_9。其中,D_6是 D 组的最原始种。根据核型比较分析,结合地理分布、     

Physiological Genetics of Salt Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Performance of Wheat Varieties, Inbred Lines and Reciprocal F1 Hybrids under Saline Conditions

Four bread wheat cultivars were studied at two salinity levels. Tobari 66 had the lowest uptake of Na⁺ and Cl⁻, and the highest K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; Pato had the highest uptake of these ions and Lyallpur 73 was intermediate. Intervarietal differences were greater at higher salinity, suggesting that they were not caused by variation at the Kna1 locus. There were significant differences between inbred lines for Na⁺, particularly in Blue Silver, suggesting the possibility of selecting genotypes with enhanced tolerance from within existing cultivars. Pato, Tobari 66 and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids were further evaluated at four salinity levels. The hybrids exhibited similar relative grain yield to Tobari, with better Na⁺ and Cl⁻ exclusion and higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios than Pato. Overall, Tobari had the highest absolute yield under salinity, and the hybrids were closer to Tobari than to Pato. Tiller and grain numbers, 100-grain weight and yield were more affected by salinity than were height, spike length and spikelet number. We conclude that intervarietal variation for salt tolerance in wheat is controlled by genes which could be transferred to sensitive genotypes to improve their tolerance, and that the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio of the youngest leaf could be used to screen for salt tolerance.     

Russian wheat aphid in Konya province

To determine the present situation of Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) in Konya province, five localities were surveyed at 7-10 day intervals during the 1989-1990 growing season. Population development, alternate hosts, and natural enemies of this species were observed. While D. noxia was found in small numbers in the autumn of 1989, its population suddenly increased to epidemic levels in 1990. This dramatic increase occurred at the end of wheat heading. The injury level of D. noxia in Turkey is relatively low. This is probably more related to the unsuitable conditions of wheat growth stages during which the pest population is increasing, rather than to the effects of its rich, natural enemy complex. After wheat harvest, the aphid moved to Hordeum murinum L. ssp. glaucum (Steudel) Tzvelev, Phalaris spp. and volunteer wheat and barley plants. The D. noxia population on late sown wheat was three times higher than that on early sown plants. Conversely, the numbers of parasitised aphids and predator mites were higher in early sown wheat. Varieties Kunduru 1149 and Atay 85 were found to be more susceptible, while K?raç 66, Bolal 2973 and Gerek 79, early maturing and drought tolerant varieties, were determined as relatively more resistant. A low level of antibiosis was also observed only on Bolal 2973 by laboratory tests. Threshold for development and thermal constant of D. noxia were 6.1 °C and 94.5 daydegrees, respectively. Theoretical generation number of this aphid in the Central locality of Konya province was 22.3 for 1990.     

Recent Scleractinian coral species collected during the Snellius-II expedition in Eastern Indonesia

A ship-based expedition facilitates coral reef research in areas which are otherwise difficult to reach. In nine different areas visited during the Snellius-II Expedition in 1984 approximately 350 scleractinian coral species, belonging to 75 coral genera, were collected. A survey is given of these species and the localities where they were found. The data set gives a qualitative indication of the species richness in the different areas. This aspect is discussed in some detail. It is suggested that Indonesian waters east of the Sunda shelf are richest in coral species because of the rugged geography of the region, providing ample refuge areas during Pleistocene times.     

旅游活动对泰山登山中路植物群落种类组成及多样性的影响

泰山是我国第一批世界自然与文化双遗产单位,2007年被批准为世界地质公园。运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数,结合方差分析研究了旅游干扰对泰山登山中路四种群落类型物种多样性的影响及其变化规律。结果表明：⑴旅游干扰造成了群落物种丰富度的降低。⑵不同等级植物主要优势种的相对盖度和相对密度发生了不同程度的变化,干扰等级越轻,伴人植物的相对盖度和相对密度越小,个别物种甚至消失,如萹蓄（Polygonum aviculare）。⑶旅游干扰对乔木植物和灌木植物物种多样性的影响不显著,对草本植物的影响明显。随着干扰等级的降低,物种丰富度和物种多样性指数略有增加,在2级时达到最大值。⑷旅游干扰降低乔木和灌木植物的更新种类、数量和频度。鉴于目前旅游活动对泰山登山中路群落植物多样性的干扰程度,建议应在开展旅游的同时,加强资源的保护和可持续利用。     

阿特拉津残留对黑土农田中AM真菌多样性的影响

为了揭示阿特拉津残留对黑土农田中AM真菌多样性的影响,利用湿筛倾析-蔗糖离心法对哈尔滨、齐齐哈尔和黑河地区多年连续施加阿特拉津的农田土壤中的AM真菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明,共计分离出4属47种AM真菌,包括无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 16种、球囊霉属Glomus 27种、盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 3种和巨孢囊霉属 Gigaspora 1种。阿特拉津残留量较低时对AM真菌孢子密度和物种丰度影响不显著,当阿特拉津残留量高于0.28 mg/kg时,AM真菌孢子密度和物种丰富度与阿特拉津残留量呈显著负相关。Glomus属和Acaulospora属为3个地区的主要优势菌属。     

Seasonal distribution of young sole (Solea solea (L.)) in the nursery ground of the bay of Vilaine (Northern bay of Biscay)

The distribution of young sole was studied in the bay of Vilaine nursery ground as a function of age and season for the 0, 1 and 2-groups. During 1988 and 1989, bimonthly trawl surveys were carried out from the estuary to the 50-m-isobath along a 65-km transect. A regular seasonal pattern demonstrated two combined trends. An offshore movement is observed with increasing age; this general trend is marked by an inshore migration in spring and an offshore one in winter. The fluctuations of the distribution pattern are discussed in relation to sedimentary characteristics, to trophic requirements and to hydroclimatic variations. The main conclusion is that young soles are concentrated inside a closed nursery area. In their third winter some participate in spawning migration and they get mixed, to a certain extent, with newly recruted soles from nearby nursery grounds.     

茶园低碳管理方式对结网型蜘蛛群落结构影响

为有效利用茶园天敌控制病虫害,对茶园不同生产管理方式中的结网型蜘蛛进行调查,分析其群落的种类、组成和多样性。结果表明：结网型蜘蛛共采集到16科40种,多刺新园蛛(Neoscona polyspinipes)为优势种;低碳管理茶园(DT)与常规管理茶园(CG)间结网型蜘蛛群落组成存在明显差异,DT比CG的种类和个体数分别高出2.33倍和0.67倍。此外,多样性指数中,DT与CG差异明显,夏秋和冬春茶期间DT比CG分别增加1.39倍和1.05倍;DT均匀性指数数值较大,而CG优势度指数数值较大。主成分分析表明,DT明显向多刺新园蛛、雪银斑蛛(Argyrodes argentatus)、草间钻头蛛(Itatsina praticola)、卡氏盖蛛(Neriene cavaleriei)和温室希蛛(Achaearanea tepidariorum)等结网型蜘蛛群落数量分布较多的方向偏移。由此可知,茶园实行低碳管理,生境结构植物丰富,人为干扰少,有利于保护结网型蜘蛛种类多样性。     

夏季庐山常绿阔叶林4种常见植物根际AM真菌分布特征

为了探索夏季庐山常绿阔叶林土壤丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi，AM真菌）资源分布特征，推动其地下AM真菌资源的开发利用。研究基于孢子形态学分类方法对夏季庐山典型常绿阔叶林中4种常见植物（老鼠矢Symplocos stellaris、檵木Loropetalum chinense、连蕊茶Camellia fraterna、山胡椒Lindera glauca）根际土壤AM真菌群落的分布特征进行调查。结果表明：共分离、鉴定出44个AM真菌物种，其中包括4个优势种AM真菌、5个广布种AM真菌、12个常见种AM真菌与23个稀有种AM真菌。（1）不同植物根系侵染率之间存在显著差异，同时根系侵染率与优势种和广布种AM真菌的孢子密度和物种丰富度均呈正相关，与常见种和稀有种AM真菌的孢子密度和物种丰富度则呈负相关，但均不显著；（2）不同植物根际总AM真菌孢子密度不存在显著差异，但AM真菌物种丰富度存在显著差异；此外，不同植物根际只有常见种AM真菌的孢子密度不存在显著差异，也只有广布种和稀有种AM真菌的物种丰富度不存在显著差异；（3）不同优势度AM真菌的孢子密度之间和物种丰富之间均存在负相关，但只有优势种AM真菌的孢子密度与常见种和稀有种AM真菌的孢子密度存在显著负相关；（4）AM真菌分布受土壤养分（全氮、全磷、全钾、氨态氮、硝态氮）、pH和水分影响较小，但受土壤氮影响相对较大；不同优势度AM真菌受土壤养分、pH和水分影响程度不同，影响程度从大到小依次为稀有种AM真菌、常见种AM真菌、广布种AM真菌和优势种AM真菌。在夏季庐山常绿阔叶林中，常见植物与AM真菌的共生模式可能是以优势种AM真菌和广布种AM真菌共生为主，以常见种AM真菌和稀有种AM真菌补充共生的共生模式。在该共生模式下，植物根际AM真菌资源较为丰富且分布不均；AM真菌与植物共生程度由不同优势度AM真菌共同决定；不同优势度AM真菌之间相互影响较弱；AM真菌受土壤养分（全氮、氨态氮、硝态氮、全磷、全钾）、pH和水分影响较小，但不同优势度AM真菌受土壤养分、pH和水分影响程度不同。     

莽山自然保护区南方铁杉种群物种多样性和稳定性研究

利用30个样地资料,对莽山自然保护区的南方铁杉群落的物种多样性与稳定性进行了研究,结果表明：（1）5个群落的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均存在一定的差异,它们明显受群落类型与群落结构的影响,群落结构越复杂,物种丰富度指数与多样性指数就越大,均匀度指数就越小;（2）5个群落各生活型的物种多样性指数存在一定的差异,但是差异不一定具有统计意义;（3）利用改进的M.Godron稳定性测定方法测得的5个群落的稳定性都极低,而且与群落多样性之间没有明确的关系,这说明群落处于一定的动态变化之中。     

Early life history patterns of Atlantic North American flatfish: Likely (and unlikely) factors controlling recruitment

Life history information for 4 families (51 species) of Atlantic North American flatfish showed that 14 species could be grouped into two categories according to life history pattern. Four high-latitude species had large eggs, long development times, and low growth parameter K. Life history traits of the other 10, lower-latitude, species displayed reverse tendencies and had relatively invariate life history traits. Where age-specific estimates of interannual recruitment variation (CVR) existed, all species showed a decline with age, but there was wide variation, suggesting controls on recruitment may operate at different stages, depending upon species type. Using latitudinal and inshore-offshore gradients in food, predation and abiotic factors, we develop hypotheses for likely controls on different species types according to their range or position within their range. With decreasing latitude, food increases in importance predation probably follows a reverse trend. Abiotic variability is highest in temperate regions and inshore. Species and locations are suggested which would provide the most rigorous tests of hypotheses of recruitment controls.     

森林游憩对张家界国家森林公园金鞭溪植物多样性的影响

为了探明旅游活动对张家界国家森林公园植物多样性的影响,通过调查距离游道不同样带内的生物多样性变化,分析森林旅游开发对植物多样性的影响。结果表明,乔木层、灌木层、草本层三层中物种丰富度指数最低的是1号样带,其值分别为24、4、28,乔木层中2号样带物种丰富度指数最高为37,灌木层和草本层中物种丰富度指数最高的是3号样带,其值分别为7、48;乔灌草三层的Simpson指数与物种丰富度指数呈负相关关系,而Shannon-Wiener指数与物种丰富度指数呈正相关关系;乔灌草三层中的植物重要值大小排序为：3号样带 > 2号样带 > 1号样带;森林游憩对张家界国家森林公园植物多样性有显著影响。     

不同间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林林下植物多样性的影响研究

摘要：本文根据承德塞罕坝机械林场各个分场华北落叶松人工林林下植物多样性的调查资料,对林分设置3个间伐强度处理,其密度分别为225株/hm2、525株/hm2、735株/hm2,采用Simpson指数,Shannon-Wiener指数和Gleason指数进行多样性测度分析,探讨不同间伐强度对华北落叶松人工林林下植物多样性的影响。结果表明:间伐改变林下光照环境,促进植物生长,对华北落叶松人工林林下植物的物种多样性产生较大影响,随着间伐强加的加大,华北落叶松人工林林下植物种类、数量明显增加;不同间伐强度区林下植物种类高于对照区1.1－1.4倍,不同间伐强林分林下植物种类的丰富度和多样性明显高于对照区。间伐可提高林下植被的丰富度和多样性,这种效应以中度间伐最为明显。三种不同间伐林分草本层的物种丰富度和多样性均高于灌木层,其倍数为10.7-11.5倍和2.3—4.8倍。不同间伐强度林下植物的密度和盖度随间伐强度的加大而加大,在强度间伐区中可明显看出林下植物的结构层次。     

Trophic resource partitioning between two coexisting flatfish species off the North coast of Anglesey,North Wales

Interspecific and intraspecific trophic resource partitioning between coexisting plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. and dab, Limanda limanda (L.) populations were investigated at three subtidal locations in the Irish Sea: Two inshore locations off the coast of Anglesey, North Wales and one off-shore location. In shallow inshore waters, the two species had similar diets dominated by the polychaete Pectinaria koreni. Offshore dab appeared to concentrate on Ensis ensis whilst the plaice took a wider variety of prey including bivalves, polychaetes, crustaceans and sand eels. Trawls made over a 24-hour period indicated some crepuscular and nocturnal feeding by individuals of both species. The observed patterns of resource partitioning were due to the abundance of prey species which vary spatially and seasonally and are discussed in relation to current work on resource partitioning between fishes.     

Genetic diversity of the black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] gene pool as revealed by SSR markers

In this study, 520 cultivated and 14 wild accessions of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) were assessed for diversity using 22 SSR markers. Totally, 199 alleles were detected with a mean of 9.05 alleles per locus. Wild black gram showed higher gene diversity than cultivated black gram. Gene diversity of cultivated accessions among regions was comparable, while allelic richness of South Asia was higher than that of other regions. 78.67% of the wild gene diversity presented in cultivated accessions, indicating that the domestication bottleneck effect in black gram is relatively low. Genetic distance analysis revealed that cultivated black gram was more closely related to wild black gram from South Asia than that from Southeast Asia. STRUCTURE, principal coordinate and neighbor-joining analyses consistently revealed that 534 black gram accessions were grouped into three major subpopulations. The analyses also revealed that cultivated black gram from South Asia was genetically distinct from that from West Asia. Comparison by SSR analysis with other closely related Vigna species, including mungbean, azuki bean, and rice bean, revealed that level of gene diversity of black gram is comparable to that of mungbean and rice bean but lower than that of azuki bean.     

果园种植三叶草对杂草群落及物种多样性的影响

为实现果园杂草生态控制,减少或避免使用化学除草剂。根据生态位先估和生态位竞争原理,设计间种豆科绿肥白三叶草和红三叶草两种杂草生态控制技术,同时设置清耕对照(CK),采用小样方多点取样连续两年调查果园杂草种群数量、生物量、平均株高等指标。结果表明：果园共有杂草13科28属34种;3个处理在4次调查时,对照杂草多度(Pi)高达1.001和1.000,间种白三叶草处理分别为0.755、0.664、1.001和0.945,间种红三叶草处理分别为0.986、0.889、0.982和0.992。种植白三叶处理果园在四次调查时期,杂草物种丰富度(S)和种群多样性(H)均大于对照,均匀度(J)在第一次调查时小于对照,优势集中性指数(C)均小于对照;间种红三叶草处理四次调查杂草总数量均低于对照。本研究表明间种白三叶草能改变果园杂草群落结构,有效控制杂草的生长。     

哀牢山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶区系及多样性

明确云南省哀牢山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶资源及区系组成,以期为蝴蝶多样性保护提供策略。采用样线观测法,于2016 年4 月—2017 年10 月对保护区5 个不同生境的蝴蝶资源进行了12 次观测。结果表明：共观测记录5967 只蝴蝶,采集鉴定为133 种,隶属于新分类系统5 科75 属。蛱蝶科个体数量及属种数最多,其次为粉蝶科和灰蝶科。5 个不同生境中缓冲区张家寨蝶类属种数最多。多样性分析结果也表明：蛱蝶科及张家寨具有最丰富的属种多样性及物种丰富度。不同生境的蝴蝶群落相似性较低。哀牢山蝴蝶区系以东洋界种类为主。87%的蝴蝶种类及73%的蝴蝶数量分布于海拔1100 m以下的缓冲区张家寨及保护区外围嘎洒镇新街,暗示了哀牢山蝴蝶具有明显的垂直分布特征。不同生境蝴蝶多样性存在明显差异,为大尺度下蝴蝶多样性观测奠定了基础。