异丙隆在水稻和稻田土壤、水中的残留量和降解动态研究

研究异丙隆在水稻、土壤、田水中的残留分析方法及其消解动态和最终残留量。样品以丙酮提取、净化后采用气相色谱法-氮磷检测器（GC—NPD）毛细管柱进行测定。水田添加0．005、1．00mg／kg，土壤、水稻添加0．05、1．00mg／kg，添加回收率在77．9％-118．4％之间，变异系数为2．1％～11．2％。异丙隆在田水、土壤的消解动态没有明显差异，平均半衰期分别为413、5-3d，在稻秆中消解较慢，平均半衰期为8．3d。异丙隆24％可湿性粉剂，按900ga．i.／hm^2用量，在直播水稻田水稻播种后施药1次，收获时异丙隆在土壤、稻杆和稻谷中的残留量均低于0．05mg／kg。     

Degradation of atrazine and isoproturon in the unsaturated zone: a study from Southern England

The potential for degradation of atrazine or isoproturon in the unsaturated zone of two boreholes was studied under laboratory conditions. Intact and uncontaminated samples were obtained from regular depths of 0–16.45 m and 0–9 m using a percussion coring technique. The results showed that the deep unsaturated zone contained micro-organisms capable of degrading atrazine or isoproturon. The rate of degradation was much faster in surface soil than in most unsaturated materials of both boreholes. The amount of atrazine remaining six months after incubation also varied between the two boreholes. A relatively small amount of atrazine was lost from sterilised samples, suggesting a significant role for microbial degradation. The addition of nutrient and energy sources into materials of low degradation capacity did not enhance the degradation of atrazine. Degradation rate was more related to the presence of a competent microbial population rather than to the presence of indigenous organic matter. However, the competent micro-organisms are more likely to be present when the organic matter content is high. The type and activity of these micro-organisms and their physical environment may have considerable influence on atrazine degradation and are likely to be responsible for much of the variation in the rate of degradation observed at different depths. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pesticide adsorption in the vadose zone: a case study on Eocene and Quaternary materials in Northern France

We present a set of adsorption coefficients measured on various Eocene and Quaternary materials sampled from the vadose zone of a catchment in Northern France for three herbicides, atrazine, isoproturon and metamitron. Some vadose zone materials were found to have higher adsorption coefficients than the topsoil. The adsorption coefficients were strongly dependent on the clay content of the material. From 83% to 97% of the variability in the adsorption coefficients could be explained by a linear relationship to the clay content. Adsorption coefficients normalized for clay content, Kclay, ranged between 1.6 and 17.6 litre kg(-1) for atrazine. Neglecting the adsorption properties of the vadose zone and relying exclusively on Koc values to predict mobility may bias regional or local risk assessment of groundwater contamination by pesticides. More information on the adsorption properties of geological materials should be collected to improve our ability to predict pesticide concentrations in groundwaters.     

极端干旱区3种植物液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

运用热平衡法包裹式茎流计,对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘地区优势植物种梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caput-medusae)和疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia)（以下简称骆驼刺）生长季茎干液流速率变化规律进行持续观测。利用自动气象站对气象因子如太阳辐射(Rs)、气温(Ta)、相对湿度(RH)以及风速进行同步观测,并对气象因子与不同植物液流速率之间的相关关系进行分析。结果表明:① 梭梭液流速率日变化趋势为双峰或多峰型,表现出明显的“午休”现象,而头状沙拐枣呈单峰或多峰型,骆驼刺则表现为单峰型,两者均没有明显的“午休”现象;头状沙拐枣与骆驼刺液流启动时间比梭梭延后1 h左右,却提前1 h左右到达液流峰值,液流速率下降时间基本一致;② 整个生长季中,梭梭单枝液流量均保持较高水平,在7月达到最大值,而头状沙拐枣和骆驼刺则在8月时达到最大值;③ 3种植物在不同天气条件下液流速率大小依次为：晴天>沙尘暴>阴天>雨天;④ 3种植物液流速率与太阳辐射(Rs)、空气温度(Ta)和空气水汽压差(VPD)呈极显著的正相关(P<0.01),与空气相对湿度的关系则表现为极显著的负相关(P<0.01)。     

土壤有效含水量的经验估算研究——以东北黑土为例

土壤有效含水量(AWC)是评价土壤抗旱性、水资源规划和管理以及指导灌溉的重要依据。对土壤AWC进行经验估算,是一种有效方法。文章首先介绍了土壤有效含水量(AWC)的概念、计算方法、经验估算建模的依据及意义,并分析了土壤AWC与土壤其它特征因子如土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤容重等的相互关系,对国外已有的经验估算的统计模型及其建模思路进行了介绍。其次,运用统计技术,对我国东北黑土土壤AWC进行了经验估算研究并建立相应的估算模型。结果表明,土壤质地组成及有机质含量为与东北黑土AWC有着密切关系的理化参数,运用它们所建立的土壤AWC估算模型是比较简单而且可行的。     

小针茅荒漠草原土壤水分动态及其对降雨的响应

揭示干旱、半干旱地区生态系统土壤水分动态对于进一步认识生态系统过程与功能机制,提出应对气候变化影响的途径均具有重要意义。以小针茅草原为对象,基于连续4 a逐时监测的土壤含水量(地表以下15 cm)与降雨数据,结合邻近气象站过去50 a的降雨资料,探讨了荒漠草原土壤水分动态规律及其对降雨的响应。结果表明:1受降雨分布格局的影响,荒漠草原土壤水分动态存在单峰型和双峰型两种模式;2地表以下15 cm处的土壤水分对5 mm以下降雨事件没有响应,18 mm以上的降雨对该土层土壤水分才具有较强的补充作用,土壤所需的降雨量比沙地和荒漠区更高;3降雨量越大、降雨强度越大或降雨前土壤含水量越高,土壤水分对降雨的响应就越迅速。未来气候变化可能对荒漠草原区浅根型植物生长不利,从而对畜牧业生产产生重要影响。