我国常见药用植物病毒病的危害与防控

药用植物种植是我国中医药事业传承和快速发展的必要物质基础。近年来,随着规模化种植模式的推广,我国药用植物种植面积不断扩大,经济效益稳步提升。然而,药用植物病毒病的危害也日益凸显,严重降低了药用植物的产量和品质,对中医药临床疗效造成不利影响。本文对我国多种常见药用植物上已报道的病毒病的致病病原、典型症状、发生流行危害以及防控策略做了介绍和归纳总结。     

Strobilurin类杀菌剂作用靶标的研究进展

Strobilurin类杀菌剂是在具有杀菌活性的天然β-甲氧基丙烯酸酯衍生物的基础上研发出来的,具有广谱、高效、安全的特点。主要以粘噻唑为例综述了该类杀菌剂作用靶标及作用位点的研究过程及最新进展。生化作用机理的研究明确了粘噻唑作用于线粒体呼吸链bc1复合物中的细胞色素b及铁硫蛋白,阻止了从细胞色素b到细胞色素c1的电子传递,从而抑制线粒体的呼吸作用;蛋白质晶体学研究明确了粘噻唑的作用位点(Qo位点)是通过氢键与铁硫蛋白及细胞色素b的残基结合的。其他strobilurin类杀菌剂和粘噻唑具有相同的靶标,但由于各化合物之间存在一定的结构差异,其具体作用位点亦有一定的差别。     

植物抗线虫基因与抗性机理研究进展

植物寄生线虫是严重危害农业生产的一类重要病原生物,对全球作物产量造成重大损失.抗线虫基因在植物抗线虫反应中发挥重要作用,发掘抗线虫基因并培育抗线虫品种是防治线虫病害的一条有效途径.抗线虫基因的定位与克隆对解析植物抗线虫性的分子机理做出了巨大贡献,明确线虫与寄主植物之间的互作关系及抗线虫机制,可以为制定和采取更加有效的防控策略提供借鉴.     

Cold plasma: a potential new method to manage postharvest diseases caused by fungal plant pathogens

Development of alternative, chemical‐free approaches for control of postharvest fungi on a commercial scale has become a challenge for plant pathologists in recent years. Although there are several established techniques such as heat that are used as postharvest treatments, they often have disadvantages, including alteration of food quality due to physiological responses to the treatment, or environmental pollution. A promising new postharvest treatment is cold plasma, which is a gas‐derived mix of atoms, excited molecules and charged particles. Cold plasma has no known adverse effects on fresh produce or the environment. It is an established technology in the medical field and has been demonstrated to successfully control bacterial pathogens that cause food safety issues. This review focuses on the potential of cold plasma technology for postharvest disease control, especially those caused by fungi. An overview of plasma generation systems is provided, and in vivo and in vitro research is reviewed to consider benefits, limitations and research gaps in the context of cold plasma as a potential method for controlling postharvest fungal pathogens. Finally, recommendations are provided for the application of this technology in commercial facilities.     

除草剂与乙酰乳酸合成酶相互作用的分子机理研究进展

综述了酵母乙酰乳酸合成酶(ScALS)与磺酰脲类除草剂氯嘧磺隆(chlorimuron-ethyl,CE)形成的复合物在0.28 nm分辨率下的晶体结构及拟南芥乙酰乳酸合成酶(AtALS)与磺酰脲类和咪唑啉酮类除草剂复合物的三维结构。除草剂的分子结构与酶、底物并不相似,但它们与酶形成的复合物可阻断底物进入酶活性位点通路而起抑制作用。连接磺酰脲的10个氨基酸残基同样连接咪唑喹啉酸,另有6个残基只与磺酰脲而不与咪唑喹啉酸相连,有2个残基只与咪唑喹啉酸而不与磺酰脲相连,即两种抑制剂占据了特别的重叠位点,但以不同方式连接。抗性杂草的产生是因为突变株ALS的残基位点变异,从而引起除草剂与ALS结合方式的变化。这些研究对进一步理解除草剂与靶分子的作用方式及除草剂的分子药物设计具有重要的指导作用。     

植物源农药研究进展(综述)

与传统化学杀虫剂相比,植物源天然产物杀虫剂具有靶标特异性强、易降解无残留、对环境无污染等优点,符合绿色农业的发展要求,是杀虫剂研发的重要领域之一。本文围绕不同类型植物源天然产物杀虫剂的结构特征和作用机制,综述了2015年之后以植物源杀虫剂活性成分为先导化合物进行结构改造的研究现状,最后对植物源农药的发展方向、当前面临的挑战以及产品研发策略进行了分析和展望。     

草甘膦作用机制和抗性研究进展

草甘膦是迄今为止最为重要、应用最广泛和最优秀的除草剂之一。然而,由于抗草甘膦转基因作物的广泛商业化导致草甘膦使用量迅速增长,杂草抗药性发生,这不仅对草甘膦的药效发挥和未来可持续应用造成了严重影响,而且对现代农业生产安全构成了威胁。本文通过对草甘膦的作用机理、草甘膦抗性杂草发展现状和抗性机制进行系统的总结和分析,以期为我国草甘膦的抗性研究和科学使用提供参考。     

Studies on the action mechanism of benzoylurea insecticides to inhibit the process of chitin synthesis in insects: A review on the status of research activities in the past, the present and the future prospects

In this review an effort was made to summarize the up to date information on the knowledge on the action mechanism of diflubenzuron (DFB), a prototype chemical for the benzoylurea type insecticides, with respect to its molecular mechanism to inhibit insect chitin synthesis. The key problem in pinpointing the action site of this insecticide has been the lack of in vitro demonstration of its action to inhibit insect chitin synthesis under cell free conditions. This problem was solved when an approach using a intracellular vesicle preparation from the cuticle of newly molted Periplaneta americana was developed. Using this approach it has become possible to identify that DFB indeed inhibits the process of incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into insect chitin. Recently there has been a breakthrough in this field, when a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) was identified in Drosophila melanogaster. This information was instrumental in establishing that insect SUR in the above intracellular vesicular preparation from P. americana as well as Blattella germanica is likely the actual target site of DFB to cause inhibition of chitin synthesis. The role of SUR in this case has been determined, by using glibenclamide, a typical SUR specific inhibitor as an aid, to be helping the exocytotic movement of these vesicles as is the case of other members of the group of ABC-transporters to which insect SUR belongs. In this case both DFB and glibenclamide have been shown to cause the depolarization of the vesicle membrane through inhibition of the K⁺ channel, which leads to their inhibition of chitin synthesis.     

植物谷胱甘肽转硫酶及其与杂草抗药性的关系

谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GSTs)是由一个超基因家族编码的广泛存在于好氧生物中的多功能蛋白。GST通常都是成簇地非随机地分布在染色体中。每种植物GSTs家族一般有25～60个成员。根据植物GST序列的相似性、基因结构、蛋白中的活性位点,分成6类(6个家族)。其中Phi类和Tau类是植物特有的常见类型,Zeta和Theta类通常存在于动物中。GST基因尽管在序列和功能上表现很高的多样性,但它们都有相似的空间结构。大部分GST都是胞质型的,通常以二聚体的形式发挥功能,具有亲电疏水性异物谷胱甘肽化酶、谷胱甘肽依赖的异构化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和还原毒性有机过氧化物酶等酶学功能,还以非酶学结合的方式来保护植物细胞,例如作为内源性毒物的植物激素或类黄酮类物质的配体(分子伴侣或载体)与GST结合。酶学和非酶学这两种功能都与异物或有毒内源性物质的解毒和防止细胞氧化损伤有关。除草剂的谷胱甘肽化是杂草产生抗药性的机制之一。谷胱甘肽通过过氧化物酶功能消除除草剂造成的氧化逆境而间接参与杂草抗药性。     

三氯杀螨砜对苹果叶螨作用方式及其田间应用技术研究

以三氯杀螨砜药液处理苹果叶螨 ,结果表明 ,该制剂对卵若 (幼 )螨表现出较高的杀灭活性 ,但对成螨的杀灭活性低。进一步研究发现 ,该制剂能有效抑制雌成螨生殖力 ,田间应用虽不能迅速杀死成螨 ,但能逐渐压低螨口密度 ,与甲氰菊酯混用可显著提高速效 ,达到理想效果     

苯并噻唑衍生物亚磷酸盐对禾谷镰刀菌的作用机理初探

为了寻找具有更高杀菌活性的化合物,将苯并噻唑衍生物与亚磷酸反应,得到了4个苯并噻唑衍生物的亚磷酸盐,其结构均经IR、NMR及元素分析确证。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4个亚磷酸盐对禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum的离体抑菌作用,观察了药剂对菌丝形态的影响,并初步研究了其作用机制。结果表明,4个亚磷酸盐对禾谷镰刀菌均有较好的抑制效果,其抑制中浓度(EC50)在15.236.1μg/mL之间。以100μg/mL的2-氨基-6-甲氧基苯并噻唑亚磷酸盐(D)处理3d后,菌丝表现畸形、膨肿,8d后出现干瘪、塌陷,外壁模糊、粗糙;分别以300μg/mL的4个亚磷酸盐处理后12h内,菌体内还原糖含量明显降低,几丁质酶活性显著升高,可溶性蛋白和N-乙酰葡萄糖胺含量短期内略有上升随后下降。     

植物耐盐性研究进展

概述了盐胁迫下植物的生理生化反应机理,在此基础上阐述了渗透调节、离子区域化、大分子蛋白、基因表达的调控、保护酶相关基因利用转基因技术转化植物的研究进展,旨在为开展植物耐盐研究、选育耐盐新品种提供参考。     

Molecular characterization of boscalid- and penthiopyrad-resistant isolates of Didymella bryoniae and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram

BACKGROUND: Didymella bryoniae has a history of developing resistance to single‐site fungicides. A recent example is with the succinate‐dehydrogenase‐inhibiting fungicide (SDHI) boscalid. In laboratory assays, out of 103 isolates of this fungus, 82 and seven were found to be very highly resistant (B^VHR) and highly resistant (B^HR) to boscalid respectively. Cross‐resistance studies with the new SDHI penthiopyrad showed that the B^VHR isolates were only highly resistant to penthiopyrad (B^VHR‐P^HR), while the B^HR isolates appeared sensitive to penthiopyrad (B^HR‐P^S). In this study, the molecular mechanism of resistance in these two phenotypes (B^VHR‐P^HR and B^HR‐P^S) was elucidated, and their sensitivity to the new SDHI fluopyram was assessed. RESULTS: A 456 bp cDNA amplified fragment of the succinate dehydrogenase iron sulfur gene (DbSDHB) was initially cloned and sequenced from two sensitive (B^S‐P^S), two B^VHR‐P^HR and one B^HR‐P^S isolate of D. bryoniae. Comparative analysis of the DbSDHB protein revealed that a highly conserved histidine residue involved in the binding of SDHIs and present in wild‐type isolates was replaced by tyrosine (H277Y) or arginine (H277R) in the B^VHR‐P^HR and B^HR‐P^S variants respectively. Further examination of the role and extent of these alterations showed that the H/Y and H/R substitutions were present in the remaining B^VHR‐P^HR and B^HR‐P^S variants respectively. Analysis of the sensitivity to fluopyram of representative isolates showed that both SDHB mutants were sensitive to this fungicide as the wild‐type isolates. CONCLUSION: The genotype‐specific cross‐resistance relationships between the SDHIs boscalid and penthiopyrad and the lack of cross‐resistance between these fungicides and fluopyram should be taken into account when selecting SDHIs for gummy stem blight management. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂草对9类常用不同作用机制除草剂的非靶标抗性机制研究进展

除草剂的应用为农业生产带来便利, 但长期、单一使用某一种或相同机制的除草剂也引发了杂草对除草剂的抗性问题。抗性杂草种类逐渐增加, 抗性形成机制复杂, 导致农田杂草的治理难度增加。杂草对除草剂的抗性机制主要分为两种, 一种是除草剂靶标位点基因的突变或过量表达导致的靶标抗性, 另一种是杂草对除草剂吸收、转运、固存和代谢等一个或多个生理过程发生变化导致的非靶标抗性。本文综述了杂草对9类不同作用方式除草剂的非靶标抗性机制的生理、生化和分子基础的研究进展, 以期为抗性杂草综合治理提供参考。     

Cassava common mosaic virus infection affects growth and yield components of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) in Argentina

Cassava is an important crop with great economic and social significance in many countries. Most of its biomass is usable: storage roots can be destined for industry or fresh consumption, leaves are a source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, and stems can be used as propagation material. Due to its vegetative propagation, cassava yield is greatly constrained by viral diseases. Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV), one of the most widely spread viruses in Latin America, is the only cassava-infecting potexvirus able to cause disease in a single infection: cassava common mosaic disease (CCMD). Here, we evaluated the effect of an Argentinian strain of CsCMV on several agronomic traits. Field trials were established in north-eastern Argentina for three successive cropping seasons, 2016/17, 2017/18, and 2018/19. CsCMV presence was confirmed by PCR or ELISA tests in mechanically inoculated cassava plants. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), total fresh weight (TFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), diameter and FW of tuberous root per plant (TRD and FWTR), FW of each individual tuberous root (FWiTR), length and number of tuberous roots (TRL and TRN), harvest index (HI), and estimated yield of tuberous root (EY) in both infected and noninfected plants. Significant yield losses were recorded in infected plants. The most affected traits were EY and FWTR (both showing 44.3% of losses), followed by TFW, SFW, TRN, and FWiTR (37.8%, 33.5%, 29.9%, and 24.8% of losses, respectively). These losses are extremely high for Argentina, where this crop provides food security and demand for the raw material is unsatisfied.     

Insect midgut structures and molecules as targets of plant‐derived protease inhibitors and lectins

The midgut of insects is involved in digestion, osmoregulation and immunity. Although several defensive strategies are present in this organ, its organization and function may be disturbed by some insecticidal agents, including bioactive proteins like lectins and protease inhibitors (PIs) from plants. PIs interfere with digestion, leading to poor nutrient absorption and decreasing amino acid bioavailability. Intake of PIs can delay development, cause deformities and reduce fertility. Ingestion of PIs may lead to changes in the set of proteases secreted in the insect gut, but this response is often insufficient and results in aggravation of the malnutrition status. Lectins are proteins that are able to interact with glycoconjugates, including those linked to cell surfaces. Their effects on the midgut include disruption of the peritrophic matrix, brush border and secretory cell layer; induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress; interference with nutrient absorption and transport proteins; and damaging effects on symbionts. In addition, lectins can cross the intestinal barrier and reach the hemolymph. The establishment of resistant insect populations due to selective pressure resulting from massive use of a bioactive protein is an actual possibility, but this can be minimized by the multiple mode‐of‐action of these proteins, mainly the lectins. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

Nematocidal quassinoids and bicyclophosphorothionates: a possible common mode of action on the GABA receptor

The present study was undertaken to identify noncompetitive γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAR) antagonists that are effective in nematodes, as well as to examine the hypothesis that the noncompetitive antagonism of the GABAR underlies the nematocidal activity of quassinoids against free-living nematodes of the Diplogastridae family. First, 14 known GABAR antagonists were screened for the effectiveness of their nematocidal activity in Diplogastridae. As a result, 3-isopropyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-sulfides (3-isopropyl-BPTs) were found to have high nematocidal activities, and 4-cyclohexyl-3-isopropyl-BPT (23) and 3-isopropyl-4-(2-propenyl)-BPT (27) were the two most potent analogues; these compounds are equipotent to samaderine B and more potent than the anthelmintic abamectin. 23-resistant nematodes, selected by challenge with 23, showed cross-resistance to samaderine B. 23 (10 μM) reduced [³H]23 binding to nematode membranes by 30.4%. Samaderine B (10 μM) resulted in a similar level of the inhibition, but had neither additive nor synergistic effects on the 23 inhibition of [³H]23 binding. These findings suggest that samaderine B shares a common binding site with the GABAR antagonist 23 in Diplogastridae. The results of comparative molecular field analysis, a method of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, supported this conclusion.     

链格孢引起的病害严重危害农作物生产并危及农产品安全

链格孢属Alternaria Nees真菌是一类在自然环境中广泛分布的真菌,该属的一些种可引起多种重要农作物病害发生,严重危害农作物生产并造成巨大损失。另外,这些链格孢产生的毒素还积聚在农产品中,危及农产品食用安全。为此有必要加强有关链格孢病害的研究和治理。本文介绍了有关链格孢分类研究进展,近些年来链格孢危害农作物的主要种类及危害情况,以及世界范围内链格孢毒素所引发的农产品食用安全问题。在此基础上,也综述了链格孢病害的主要防控策略和治理技术。