杉木地板表面抗菌处理的工艺

为防止细菌在地板的传播,通过在地板面漆中加入抗菌剂的方式来实现地板的抗菌功能。通过分析抗菌剂和分散剂的优选效果,以及抗菌性能的测试结果,优化杉木地板表面抗菌处理工艺。试验结果表明:纳米HTB-032型载银磷酸锆剂添加到杉木地板面漆中具有较好的抗菌效果,六偏磷酸钠可以提高纳米HTB-032型载银羟基磷酸锆钠米抗菌剂的分散效果。     

地板设计动态

欧洲强化木地板制造商协会报道，目前国际强化木地板市场的两个趋势：一个是以纹理和纹孔同步印刷（synchronized grain and pore printing）技术继续改进表面处理，此技术在家具业已成功应用很久，用于地板是个新发展。另一个是用照相制版直接印刷。今年，已有许多强化木地板厂家推出新产品。同时，表面的设计也在不断改进，追求完美、真实和精细。虽然仿木材纹理的装饰仍处主流地位，瓷砖效果在强化木地板中也有了一席之地。为造成更鲜明的对比，石材和花岗岩的效果也受到消费欢迎。     

UV固化水性漆地板的开发

为了开发UV固化水性漆地板，在分析当前水性漆地板存在问题的基础上，有针对性地提出解决措施，包括水性漆筛选、地板用树种筛选、涂装工艺优化等。以优化工艺制备的水性漆地板试样，按LY/T 1859—2009《仿古木质地板》和Q/YFL 0035—2018《水性光固化（UV）漆木地板》进行性能测试，其表面耐磨≤0.15 g/100r，漆膜硬度≥H；漆膜附着力1级~2级；TVOC≤200 ug/m3。     

湿法耐磨层技术在强化木地板生产中的应用

浸渍纸层压木质地板（商品名称为强化木地板）源于欧洲，现流行于欧亚大陆，有蔓延全球之势，由于其所用原料和工艺的不同，其产品档次和性能差异较大，强化木地板是一层或多层专用浸渍纸铺装在刨花板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板等人造板基材表面，再在面层加上耐磨层、背面加平衡层浸渍纸，经热压而成的地板。     

家庭装修如何选择木地板

一般家庭装饰常用的木地板种类有：实木地板、实木复合地板、强化木地板等。各种木地板材质不同，生产工艺不同，其装饰效果、价格和质量也不同。就木板产地而言，可分为国产、进口、合资3种，实木地板既有国产的，也有进口的；实木复合地板多为合资企业产品，强化木地板则多为进口产品。实木淋漆地板———实木烘干后经过机器加工，表面经过淋漆固化处理而成。常用种类有：枫木、柚木、橡木、水曲柳、花梨木、紫檀木等。其优点是纯木制品，材质性温，脚感好，真实自然，表面涂层光洁均匀，尺寸多，选择余地大，保养方便。缺点是木质细腻，…     

刨切单板贴面实木地板工艺探讨

针对山毛榉实木地板生产中因表面材质缺陷导致地板优等品率及出材率低的问题，采用山毛榉刨切单板对山毛榉实木地板进行贴面，并对改善实木地板表面质量的工艺技术进行了探讨。     

杨木重组装饰地板坯的表面强化处理

用水溶性低分子酚醛树脂(PF)与添加耐磨成分的PF树脂,分别浸渍处理杨木重组装饰地板坯,并检测被处理地板的表面力学性能.试验表明,浸渍处理可显著提高地板的表面耐磨性、抗冲击性和硬度,增加其静曲强度和弹性模量;采用添加耐磨成分PF树脂处理的地板,较普通PF树脂处理时,其表面耐磨性和抗冲击性能显著提高.     

三层复合地板的特点

三层复合地板的特点王军周纯洁张海霞（吉林省林产品质检站）赵铁厚（白山市林业局近几年，随着人们生活水平的提高，对地板的需求量不断增加，档次也逐渐提高。普通实木地板虽有良好的装饰性能，由于木材自身固有的特点，随着空气温度和湿度的变化，地板产生鼓包或裂缝，...     

表层压缩技术在杨木实木地板生产中的应用

为扩大意杨木材的应用领域、实现高附加值利用,对意杨木材进行表层压缩处理,再将其制成实木地板.对表层压缩意杨木材的性能,及地板成品漆膜性能的检测结果表明:表面压缩处理后,意杨木材表层密度增加;再经热处理后,表面硬度、弹性模量,弦向尺寸稳定性均有增加,但静曲强度略有降低 ;制成的杨木实木地板的漆膜硬度增加.     

木地板尺寸稳定化热处理的研究

通过对木材材性的分析，探讨了地板热处理的可行性；研究并分析了热处理工艺及不同处理方式对试验结果的影响及力学性能在处理前后的变化。结果表明：采用文中工艺参数真空热处理可从本质上解决地板尺寸不稳定的难题。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.