塑料大棚条件下灌溉方法对土壤磷分布的影响

Water-saving irrigation methods have been increasingly used for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse or plastic film house.However,there is limited information concerning the effect of water-saving irrigation methods on soil phosphorus (P)behavior.In this experiment,drip and subsurface irrigation methods were applied,with furrow irrigation method as control,in Mollic Gleysols.Soil P distribution throughout the depth was significantly affected by irrigation methods.Total, Olsen,organic and inorganic P contents were greater in the topsoil(0–10 and 10–20 cm)than in the subsoil(20–30,30–40, 40–50 and 50–60 cm).The Olsen P content throughout 0–60 cm layer under drip and subsurface irrigation treatments was lower than that under the furrow irrigation treatment.However,the total,organic and inorganic P contents from 20 to 60 cm under drip irrigation treatment were higher than or close to those under furrow irrigation treatment,but were lower under subsurface irrigation treatment than under furrow irrigation treatment.Under subsurface irrigation treatment,the contents of total,organic and inorganic P at the 0–10 cm layer were 78.0%,1.3% and 3.7% greater than those at the 10–20 cm layer,respectively.But Olsen P content at the 10–20 cm layer was 5.7% larger than that at the 0–10 cm layer.These suggested that soil P behavior could be manipulated by soil water management to some extent.     

使用自由软件和便携式光学显微镜研究土壤孔隙特征

Total porosity (TP), determined by image analysis, pore type and pore size distribution were evaluated on impregnated soil blocks from an undisturbed Brazilian sandy loam soil using a digital portable optical microscope. The free software Image J (version 1.40g) was used for image analysis. Procedures for soil image collection and analysis were presented. The image analysis allowed the evaluation of pore sizes with diameters ranging from 20 to >1 000 μm. The following types of pores were also obtained: rounded, elongated and intermediate. The results allowed the characterization of the soil as moderately porous (TP=21.6%). Rounded, intermediate and elongated pores were responsible for 11.6%, 31.7% and 56.7% of TP. In relation to pore size 51.1% of TP was in the 100-500 μm size class and a third of TP came from the pores larger than 500 μm.     

粘土土壤孔隙大小分布及其与土壤有机质的相关性

Soil pore size distribution(PSD) directly influences soil physical,chemical,and biological properties,and further knowledge of soil PSD is very helpful for understanding soil functions and processes.In this study,PSD of three clayey soils collected from the topsoil(0-20 cm) of Vertisols in Northern China was analyzed using the N_2 adsorption(NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP) methods.The effect of soil organic matter(SOM) on the PSD of clayey soils was also evaluated.The differential curves of pore volume of clayey soils by the NA method exhibited that the pores with diameter 0.01 μm accounted for more than 50%in the pore size range of 0.001 to 0.1 μm.The differential pore curves of clayey soils by the MIP method exhibited three distinct peaks in pore size range of 60 to 100,0.3 to 0.4 and 0.009 to 0.012 μm,respectively.In the three clayey soils,the ultramicropores(5-0.1μm) were determined to be the main pore class(on average 35.5%),followed by macropores( 75 μm,31.4%),cryptopores(0.1-0.007μm,16.0%),micropores(30-5 μm,9.7%) and mesopores(75-30 μm,7.3%).The SOM greatly affected the pore structure and PSD of aggregates in clayey soils.In particular,SOM removal reduced the volume and porosity of 5-100 μm pores while increased those of 5 μm pores in the 5-2 and 2-0.25 mm aggregates of clayey soils.The increase in the volume and porosity of 5 μm pores may be attributed to the disaggregation and partial emptying of small pores caused by the destruction of SOM.     

Effects of porous clay ceramic rates on aeration porosity characteristics in a structurally degraded soil under greenhouse vegetable production

Soil structure degradation in greenhouse vegetable fields reduces vegetable production. Increasing aeration porosity is the key to ameliorating soil structure degradation. Thus, we tested the effect of a porous material, porous clay ceramic(PLC), on the amelioration of soil structure degradation under greenhouse vegetable production. A 6-month pot experiment was conducted with four PLC application levels based on volume, i.e., 0%(control), 5%(1 P), 10%(2 P), and15%(3 P) using Brassica chinensis as the test plant. At the end of the experiment, soil columns were sampled, and the aeration pore network was reconstructed using X-ray computed tomography(CT). The degree of anisotropy(DA), fractal dimension(FD), connectivity, aeration porosity, pores distribution, and shape of soil aeration pores and plant biomass were determined. The DA, FD, and connectivity did not significantly differ as the PLC application rate increased.Nonetheless, aeration porosity significantly linearly increased. The efficiency of PLC at enhancing soil aeration porosity was 0.18% per Mg ha~(-1). The increase in aeration porosity was mainly due to the increase in pores 2 000 μm, which was characterized by irregular pores. Changes in aeration porosity enhanced the production of B. chinensis. The efficiency of PLC at increasing the plant fresh weight was 0.60%, 3.06%, and 2.12% per 1% application rate of PLC for the 1 P, 2 P, and 3 P treatments, respectively. These results indicated that PLC is a highly efficient soil amendment that improves soil structure degradation by improving soil aeration under greenhouse conditions. Based on vegetable biomass, a 10% application rate of PLC was recommended.     

红壤中水热耦合转化的实验和数值模拟研究

Coupled transfer of soil water and heat in closed columns of homogeneous red soil was studied under laboratory conditions.A coupled model was constructed using soil physical theory,empirical equations and experimental data to predict the coupled transfer.The results show that transport of soil water was affected by temperaature gradient,and the largest net water transport was found in the soil column with initial water content of 0.148m^3m^-3,At the same time,temperature changes with the transport of soil water was in a nonlinear shape as heat parameters wre function of water content,and the changes of temperature were positively correlated with the net amount of water transported.Numerical modelling results show that the predicted values of temperature distribution were close to the observed values,while the predicted values of water content exhibited limited deviation at both ends of the soil column due to the slight temperature changes at both ends .It WAS indicated that the model proposed here was applicable.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

废弃农耕地自然演替过程中微生物群落与土壤特性间的关系

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.     

植树造林对土壤性质和菌根形成的影响

A study was conducted on Cambisols in Northern Germany to analyze the effect of fast growing trees （Salix and Populus spp.） used in agroforestry on soil chemical and physical properties and also on endo- and ectomycorrhizal colonization of the fine roots. Representative plots of three trials, Giilzow （GUL）, Vipperow （VIP） and Rostock （ROS）, were used to measure the topsoil inventories at the very beginning and after six （GUL）, seven （VIP） and ten （ROS） years of afforestation with fast growing trees. The effect on soil organic carbon, plant available nutrients, reaction, bulk density, porosity and water conditions was analyzed, Arable soils without tree coppice were used as controls. Additionally, the endoand ectomycorrhizal colonization of two Salix and two Populus clones were investigated at one site （GUL） in 2002. The amounts of organic carbon in the topsoil increased significantly （P 〈 0.01） presumably induced by leaf and root litter and also by the lack of tillage. The soil bulk density significantly decreased and the porosity of the soil increased significantly （both P 〈 0.01）. The proportion of medium pores in the soil also rose significantly （P 〈 0.05 and 0.01）. Generally, afforestation of arable soils improved soil water retention. Ectomycorrhizas dominated the mycorrhizal formation of the Salix and Populus clones, with the accumulation of organic matter in the topsoil suspected of supporting the ectomycorrhizal formation. Thus, agroforestry with Salix and Populus spp. conspicuously affected chemical and additionally physical properties of the top layer of Cambisols within a period of six years.     

土壤微生物对不同粒径、不同表面和孔隙性质生物炭的响应

Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size(sieved) fractions(0.5–1.0, 1.0–2.0 and 2.0–4.0 mm) from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood,jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25?C for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous,varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.     

利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙

为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。     

Effect of water content on the fabric of a soil material: an experimental approach

To characterize the fabric of a wet soil sample two sets of experiments were performed. In one, water retention and shrinkage curves were determined with samples stored at the field water content, and in the other, pore size distribution curves and microscopic observations were made as samples progressively dried. The experiments were performed with soil samples of different aggregate sizes to determine the contribution of each class of pores to porosity.
Data were analysed by comparing (i) the amount of water extracted from the sample, (ii) the air-filled porosity of the sample and (iii) the accumulated pore volume by mercury injection, each in relation to the equivalent pore radius. This gives information on the geometry of pores developed during the drying process. It has shown that micrometric cracks in dried soils are not artefacts but the result of a more severe drying never reached by the material in the field.     

Acoustic determination of air-filled porosity and relative air permeability of soils

Two acoustic techniques for determining the air-filled porosity and air permeability of soil surfaces, and the near-surface variation of these properties with depth, have been applied to several soils in situ. The techniques depend upon an inversion process using data on sound propagation near to the soil surface and through the soil surface. The measured difference in acoustic spectra received by two vertically separated microphones above the ground surface and by probe microphones beneath the surface were matched theoretically to deduce the porosity of air-filled connected pores and an effective air permeability which depends on pore shape and size distribution. This modified permeability parameter and the acoustically deduced porosity varied realistically with surface sealing and compaction. The acoustically deduced porosities were within 10% of those obtained conventionally. Changes in acoustically deduced parameters occurred with changes in moisture content both in soil bin and field experiments. The acoustic techniques were successful in monitoring surface sealing and near-surface layering on a fine scale.     

Modelling the effect of water distribution and hysteresis on air-filled pore space

Soil pore networks have a complex geometry, which is challenging to model in three dimensions. We use a Boolean model of pore space that has proved useful in modelling gas diffusion in dry structures to investigate the distribution of water in this pore space and to quantify the effects on pore connectivity to the soil surface. We first show how total porosity in dry soil influences connectivity via the percolation threshold. Then we show that our model simulation of the ‘ink-bottle effect’ can account for much of the hysteresis of the soil water. The differences in distribution of water between wetting and drying result in maintaining greater connectivity of the air-filled pore space during drying than during wetting. Hysteresis is large at small total porosities and slowly declines as porosity increases. During wetting much pore space is blocked when more than 40% of the pore space is filled with water, although during drying all non-isolated air-filled pores are connected to the surface. Even when soil is allowed to wet to near saturation, there are rapid increases in pore connectivity during drying, which may explain, for example, rapid increases in production and emission of nitrous oxide in soils near saturation.     

Untersuchung der potentiellen Stickstoff-Mineralisation in Trumao-Böden und einem Pseudogley

Total porosity and pore size distribution in untilled and tilled loess soils . Soil core samples were taken from untilled and tilled soils of a no-tillage experiment to determine total porosity and pore size distribution. The soil samples were collected at short time intervals during 1969–1971 from 2–6 cm depth of a Grey Brown Podzolic Soil (Typudalf) deriverd from loess. 1. Total porosity differed in untilled and tilled plots on the average by 4.7 vol.% (table 2). The seasonal changes are more pronounced on the tilled soil. Higher values of total porosity are observed during spring and fall, as compared to summer. Values are influenced by soil cultivation, rainfall and green manure crops (fig. 1a, b). 2. The changes of the fraction of large pores (> 30 μ), expressed on a volume basis, are similar to the changes in total porosity in direction but greater in extent. On the contrary the seasonal changes of the fractions of medium pores (3–30 μ), small pores (0,2–3,0 μ) and very small pores (< 0, 2 μ) appear to be independent from changes in total porosity (fig. la, b). 3. Fig. 2, showing the relation between total porosity and pore size distribution, may induce the wrong impression, that a decrease in total porosity results in an increase of the quantity of small and very small pores, accompanied with an excessive reduction of the quantity of large pores. If this relation is based on weight (100 g of solid soil particles) and not on volume (100 cm³ of soil particles and pores), it becomes clear, that compacting and loosening the soil investigated affect mainly the amount of large pores. 4. The seasonal changes of soil water content in the field influence pore size distribution. Under the condition of constant total porosity increasing water content at sampling date induces a pore size redistribution in favour of the pores > 300 μ and 1,5–3,0 μ (table 3). 5. A decrease in total porosity does not induce an increase in the homogeneity of the soil investigated (fig. 3). 6. The average total porosity of the untilled and tilled soil is near the lower and upper limit respectively of the range, which is considered to be the optimum for air capacity.     

氨化秸秆还田对土壤孔隙结构的影响

【目的】土壤孔隙性质是土壤结构性的反映,直接影响着土壤的肥力和水分有效性。定量研究氨化秸秆还田对土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量和孔隙分布的影响,可以为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用室内试验方法,设置氨化秸秆加入量为土壤总质量的 0(CK)、 0.384%(S1)、 0.575%(S2)、 0.767%(S3)4个处理,室内培养。在培养0、60、120和180 d,取样测定土壤水分特征曲线(SWRC)数据,利用双指数土壤水分特征曲线模型(DE模型,Double-exponential water retention equation),分析氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙的影响; 基于DE模型的微分函数,探究不同氨化秸秆处理对土壤孔隙分布的影响。【结果】不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线SWRC实测值和DE模型模拟值之间的均方根误差介于0.0036和0.0041 cm3/cm3之间,R2介于0.998和0.999之间,土壤含水量模拟值和实测值非常接近1 ∶1,表明DE模型可以准确反映添加氨化秸秆后土壤含水量随吸力的变化规律,较准确地估算土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量变化。培养120 d内,氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙影响不显著; 培养180 d时,各处理土壤结构孔隙度表现出随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加而增加的趋势; 此时S3对土壤剩余孔隙影响不显著,显著减小了土壤的基质孔隙度(P0.05),极显著地增加了土壤的结构孔隙度(P 0.01)。在孔隙分布中,氨化秸秆促进了土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙的发育,显著增加了土壤结构孔隙分布数量; 随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加,土壤结构孔隙的分布数量越大,且峰值出现的越早。氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量; 土壤结构孔隙和总孔隙均与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系(P 0.05); 有机质可以黏结团聚土壤的矿物颗粒,有效地促进了土壤结构孔隙的发育; 氨化秸秆对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的进行越来越明显。【结论】氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量,促进了土壤孔隙结构的发育,增加了土壤的结构孔隙度和总孔隙度,这对改良和培肥土壤、改善土壤耕性具有重要意义。     

雨滴击溅下表土孔隙变化及其对入渗能力的影响

为探究雨滴击溅下土壤结构与入渗能力的变化规律,为雨滴击溅下土壤侵蚀状况预测提供参考,以黄土高原褐土为对象,基于雨滴击溅试验、土壤渗透试验和同步辐射CT扫描方法,对降雨条件下表土孔隙结构与土壤渗透能力的关系进行了分析。结果表明：①雨滴击溅导致土壤总孔隙度和渗透系数显著降低(P<0.05)。2.67、3.39和4.05 mm直径雨滴击溅后土壤的总孔隙度分别降低了20.64%、36.05% 和44.88%,土壤渗透系数分别降低了15.69%、40.42% 和71.77%。雨滴击溅后土壤孔隙的碎片化程度加剧,导致孔隙形状更不规则,连通性降低。②土壤孔隙大小、形状和连通性对土壤渗透能力有显著影响(P<0.01)：孔隙越大,形状越规则,对土壤渗透能力的影响越大。从孔隙连通性角度看,土壤连通孔隙的孔喉半径和孔隙率对入渗能力的影响程度最大。基于以上分析,建立了土壤渗透系数(K)与总孔隙度(P_T)、大孔隙率(P_lp)、规则孔隙率(P_rp)、连通孔隙率(P_cp)和孔喉半径(R_th)的预测模型：K=0.402P_T+0.104P_lp+0.1401P_rp+0.350P_cp+0.003R_th–0.415,R²=0.93,P<0.05。综上可见,雨滴击溅通过改变土壤孔隙的大小、形状和连通状况,导致土壤孔隙结构破坏,从而降低了土壤入渗能力。     

灌溉方式对露地菠菜的生长及氮素利用的影响

试验比较了在山东莱阳的生产条件下畦灌和喷灌方式对菠菜(Spinacia.oleracea.L.)的生长和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在两种灌溉条件下施N180kg.hm2处理的菠菜产量最高。播后29d,相同氮素处理下喷灌的菠菜生长明显好于畦灌;喷灌条件下的施N120与180kg.hm2处理的菠菜产量无明显差异,但在畦灌条件下二者差异显著。高氮条件下喷灌比畦灌可明显减少表观氮素损失,可考虑减少氮素投入。在本试验条件下,菠菜施氮量(即施肥量和播前根层土壤无机氮之和)喷灌和畦灌应分别为N164和224kg.hm2,以保证秋季露地菠菜的生长而不造成肥料的浪费。     

漫灌和喷灌条件下土壤养分运移特征的初步研究

用非饱和土壤溶质运移的对流扩散方程及其解析解,联系大田漫灌、喷灌的入渗实际,在室内试验的基础上,研究了漫灌、喷灌入渗条件下,土壤养分运移的特征。研究结果表明,阳离子Ｋ^＋,由于土壤颗粒的吸附作用,流动性差,入渗结束后,Ｋ^＋浓度集中分布在土表０～２０ｃｍ土层内。阴离子ＮＯ₃^-,流动性强,入渗方式对ＮＯ₃^-离子运移影响大。漫灌入渗条件下,孔隙水流速度大（是喷灌的３．５倍）,ＮＯ₃^-运移快,机械弥散作用是喷灌的１１．６倍,入渗结束后,ＮＯ₃^-浓度集中分布在土壤深层的作物主根区之外,不利于作物吸收利用,并容易造成地下水污染。而在喷灌入渗条件下,供水强度低,孔隙水流速度小,ＮＯ₃^-运移慢,弥散作用弱,入渗结束后,ＮＯ₃^-浓度的峰值迁移浅,ＮＯ₃^-浓度集中分布在土壤表层作物主根区内,有利于作物吸收利用。这正是喷灌节水、保肥的内在机理。     

喷灌条件下玉米地土壤水分动态与水分利用效率

为了探索适宜于鄂尔多斯高原玉米的最佳喷灌定额和节水效果,在鄂尔多斯市赛乌素镇喷灌示范基地内进行了田间试验,研究了喷灌和管灌方式下玉米地土壤水分动态、玉米产量及其构成因子和水分利用效率（WUE）的变化。结果表明：喷灌区土壤含水率在玉米全生育期内变化幅度较小,20～60?cm土层的含水率略高于其他土层,管灌区变幅较大;喷灌水入渗速率明显低于管灌;喷灌灌溉定额主要通过影响单穗粒数和单位数量粒籽质量影响玉米粒籽产量,对玉米穗数也有一定影响,当喷灌灌溉定额大于4?965?m3/hm2时,喷灌与管灌产量无明显差异,灌溉定额5?430?m3/hm2时,喷灌WUE可提高到1.26?kg/m3,比管灌提高17.76%;耗水量70.40%～88.90%来自于灌溉,且随灌溉定额的增加,所占比例增加;试验地从播种到定苗期需补充灌溉,否则玉米穗数（株数）会显著降低。