香蕉枯萎病防治进展

香蕉枯萎病是一种对外检疫性病害，世界各生产区均有不同程度的发生，每年给农业生产造成巨大损失，是一种难以防治的土传病害。本文重点阐述了香蕉枯萎病的防治方法和未来发展趋势。     

香蕉枯萎病的综合防治技术

香蕉枯萎病又称香蕉巴拿马病、黄叶病 ,是香蕉毁灭性病害 ,也是广东省补充植物检疫对象。 1 998年我站抽取样本 ,经华南农业大学真菌研究室鉴定为香蕉镰刀枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp .cubenseSnyder&Hansed)。该菌因小种不同而危害不同的蕉 ,主要寄主有香蕉、粉蕉、西贡蕉、香芽蕉等。1　香蕉枯萎病的发生情况香蕉是岭南四大佳果之一 ,在水果种植业中占有举足轻重的地位。由于其投入少、产出高 ,成为深受我市果农欢迎的高效益产业之一。自 1 998年以来 ,香蕉镰刀菌枯萎病开始零星发病危害我市的香蕉 ,近两年有进一步蔓延扩展之势 ,倍…     

香蕉枯萎病的检测与监控

香蕉枯萎病菌4号小种的发生与蔓延对我国香蕉产业造成严重危害，加强检疫和监控力度具有,重要意义。本文介绍了该菌的分离培养检测、PCR及营养体亲和性（VCG）等检测方法。与传统分离鉴定相比较，PCR与VCG技术相结合，能够提高香蕉种苗质量的检测水平。此外，本文还从多个方面对香蕉枯萎病的防治进行探讨。     

香蕉枯萎病的两种症状类型

香蕉枯萎病是蕉类毁灭性病害,60—70年代在两广局部地区已有发生,近几年在广东中山等地为害龙牙蕉(过山香)、粉蕉严重,限制了这些优良蕉种的发展。1983年以来,在对该病的田间调查中,我们发现表现叶片黄化症状的蕉株,有部分表现叶片倒垂、有部分则表现假茎基部开裂。通过病原     

防治香蕉枯萎病胶囊药剂研制与应用

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cubense)引起的维管束系统性的毁灭性病害,给香蕉产业造成巨大损失。为有效控制该病害的发生危害,本实验室研制出一种胶囊杀菌剂绿茵2号,有效成分为噁霉灵。采用香蕉叶鞘内注入胶囊剂,2009年和2010年分别在广州市番禺区和东莞市麻涌镇进行了该药剂防治‘粉蕉’和‘巴西蕉’枯萎病的田间药效试验,防治效果分别达到58.00%和63.77%,获得利润分别为6 005.0元/667m2和1 420.0元/667m2,取得了较好的防治效果和经济效益。     

香蕉枯萎病的发生与防治

香蕉枯萎病又称西贡蕉枯萎病、黄萎病,是一种毁灭性的土传病害。该病最早是在1874年澳大利亚发现,在1910年造成巴拿马香蕉极大的损失,故该病又称巴拿马病。我国香蕉主产区广东、广西、福建、海南、云南和台湾均有发生。香蕉被枯萎病感染后,严重影响香蕉的产量和品质。     

防治西瓜枯萎病的关键措施

防治西瓜枯萎病的关键措施山东省临沂农校蔬菜专业科（２７６００３）李传宝西瓜枯萎病是一种土壤传播病害，一旦发生，轻者减产５０％，重者绝产。由于该病的传播途径多，危害期长，因而必须采取综合措施加以防治。１苗期防治用０．１％高锰酸钾１０００倍液或５０％复方...     

黄瓜枯萎病及其综合防治措施

黄瓜枯萎病及其综合防治措施龚标勋（海南省白沙县植保植检站５７２８００）黄瓜枯萎病俗称蔓割病，萎蔫病，是黄瓜重要病害之一，还为害西瓜和甜瓜，各地均有发生。我省一年四季都有种植黄瓜、西瓜和甜瓜，因而终年均可发病。如果防治不当对冬季黄瓜生产将受影响，内地冬...     

福建省香蕉枯萎病菌硝酸盐营养突变体的营养体亲和性测定

 Fourteen strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense were induced to produce 146 nitrate-nonutilizing(nit) mutants on a chlorate-containing medium. Among them, there were 117 nit1 mutants(80.14%), 17 nit3 mutants(11.64%) and 12 nitM mutants(8.22%). These strains were divided into two vegetative compatibility groups(VCGs) by the vegetative compatibility tests. Twelve strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense from Musa AAA belonged to VCG1, two trains from Musa ABB belonged to VCG2.     

香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种鉴定及其SCAR标记

 通过室内人工接种蕉类鉴别寄主,对采集于广东蕉区的18个蕉类枯萎病菌菌株进行鉴定,KP021、KP022、GZ981和JL021 4个菌株属Racel,其余14个菌株属Race4,说明广东蕉区同时存在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Race1和Race4。用RAPD技术对上述18个菌株进行分析,从200条随机引物中筛选出8条引物可产生生理小种RAPD标记12个,其中标记Racel的8个,标记Race4的4个。对这些RAPD标记带分别进行回收、克隆、测序,根据这些特异片段序列分别设计相应的SCAR引物,通过对18个菌株的PCR扩增检验,有4个RAPD标记成功地转化为SCAR标记,其中Race1-SCAR标记1个、Race4-SCAR标记2个、同时能鉴定出2个小种的SCAR标记1个。应用这4个SCAR标记同时对采自田间的9个病菌分离物进行检测,能够准确地鉴定出广东蕉区的尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型Racel和Race4,这为下一步开展香蕉枯萎病菌生理小种的分子鉴定及各生理小种田间流行动态监测奠定了基础。     

黄瓜枯萎病菌遗传多样性的AFLP分析

黄瓜枯萎病是由半知菌亚门尖孢镰刀菌黄瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporumf.sp.cucumainum Owen)侵染引起的一种土传病害,是影响黄瓜生产的最主要病害之一[1].近年来随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展,国内外学者对于病原真菌的遗传多样性做了大量的研究,Wang等[2]对影响黄瓜枯萎病菌AFLP技术体系的多种因素作了探讨,得到了1种适合于黄瓜枯萎病菌AFLP分析的优化体系;Duan等[3]应用RAPD、ISSR和AFLP标记揭示出了西瓜枯萎病菌株在分子水平上的遗传多样性.     

Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1 in Japan

In 1994, Fusarium wilt of melon cultivars which are resistant to races 0 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis was observed in southern area of the Lake Biwa region, Shiga prefecture. In commercial fields, mature plants of cv. Amus which were grafted onto cv. Enken Daigi 2, and of cv. FR Amus showed yellowing, wilting and finally death before harvesting of fruits. Diseased plants had vascular and root discolorations, and their stem sections yielded typical colonies of F. oxysporum. When the Shiga strains were tested for their pathogenicity to 12 species of cucurbits, they caused wilts only on melon. Using race differential cultivars of melon, the Shiga strains were classified as race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, which has not been reported in Japan. To further characterize their pathogenicity, the strains were used to inoculate 46 additional cultivars of melon, oriental melon and oriental pickling melon. All the race 1 strains were pathogenic to the cultivars tested, and their host range was apparently different from those of strains belonging to other races (races 0, 2 and 1,2y). DNA fingerprinting with a repetitive DNA sequence, FOLR3, differentiated race 1 strains from strains of races 0 and 2, but not from race 1,2y strains. Received 2 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 30 September 1999     

Resistance sources to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 in banana wild relatives

Target trait evaluation in crop wild relatives is an important prerequisite for efficiently using the potential useful genes located in this valuable germplasm. Over recent decades, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc‐TR4) has seriously threatened worldwide banana plantations. Breeding new resistant cultivars from wild banana species is expected to provide invaluable additional resources. However, knowledge on resistance to Foc‐TR4 in wild Musa species is very limited. In this study, eight genotypes of wild banana relatives (Musa acuminata subsp. burmannica, M. balbisiana, M. basjoo, M. itinerans, M. nagensium, M. ruiliensis, M. velutina and M. yunnanensis) were characterized for resistance to Foc‐TR4 in both greenhouse and field conditions. Most wild bananas showed higher resistance levels to Foc‐TR4 than the reference cultivars ‘Brazilian’ (AAA, susceptible) and ‘Goldfinger’ (AAAB, moderate resistance). Among the wild species, M. balbisiana showed the highest levels of disease intensity followed by M. acuminata subsp. burmannica. Some individuals of M. yunnanensis, M. nagensium, M. ruiliensis and M. velutina showed low levels of rhizome discolouration in greenhouse conditions, but were resistant in the field. No symptoms were observed on M. basjoo and M. itinerans, suggesting higher levels of resistance to Foc‐TR4. The results revealed different sources of resistance to Foc‐TR4 in banana wild relatives, which constitute a valuable genetic resource for banana breeding programmes aiming to produce cultivars resistant to fusarium wilt.     

假单胞菌对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

从已感染香蕉枯萎病的果园中分离到1株对香蕉枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense）抑制作用很好的菌种,命名为G1。采用固体和液体培养法从不同角度证实了G1对香蕉枯萎病菌生长的抑制作用。结果表明,G1的发酵液、无菌滤液、挥发性物质、非挥发性代谢产物的平均抑菌率分别为92.5%、27.4%、73.8%、57.7%,可见抑制作用与活菌体有直接关系,其中产生挥发性物质尤其重要。液体培养的病原菌浓度为1.0×107cfu/mL经G1作用10d后,取样镜检发现G1通过抑制病原菌菌丝正常生长以至不能产孢,从而导致菌丝消融;通过吸附在孢子的周围,融解细胞壁,造成原生质泄露致使孢子死亡。     

Biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici

Fungi known to produce lytic enzymes were used in an attempt to control wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Some of the fungal species (Penicillium oxalicum, Penicillium purpurogenum and Aspergillus nidulans) damaged hyphae of FOL in vitro and reduced the numbers of microconidia in the soil. Treatments with fungi did not result in a reduction in either chlamydospores of FOL in soil or populations of FOL in the rhizosphere of tomato. P. oxalicum was the most effective agent of biocontrol, and it reduced disease severity in both non-autoclaved (20% decrease) and sterile soil. In sterile soil, P. oxalicum reduced disease with different levels of severity (27% decrease at high levels and 50% decrease at low levels). Disease control by A. nidulans and P purpurogenum was only achieved when disease severity was low in sterile soil (55% and 45%, respectively).     

香蕉枯萎病菌侵染香蕉根系的组织学过程

 为探明香蕉枯萎病菌侵染香蕉根系的过程,利用绿色荧光蛋白标记的香蕉枯萎病菌4号生理小种（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 tagged with green fluorescent protein,GFP-FOC4）,接种香蕉根系以观察病原菌侵染香蕉根系的组织学过程。结果表明,接种1 d后病原菌以菌丝体、大型分生孢子和小型分生孢子的形式附着于根系表皮细胞,优先沿细胞胞间层生长。接种7 d后,观察到病原菌以菌丝体、大型分生孢子和小型分生孢子的形式直接侵染维管束,在维管束内以两种方式扩展繁殖,一种在维管束内横向扩展,菌丝体随机分支,逐步形成网状分布;另一种是菌丝体在维管束内纵向生长,倾向于呈束状沿维管束单侧生长繁殖,形成大量菌丝体。本研究首次从组织病理学的角度观察并分析了GFP-FOC4侵染香蕉根系的过程,为研究香蕉枯萎病菌的致病过程机理提供参考。     

西瓜枯萎病菌对西瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长发育的影响

分别采用滤纸法和浸胚根法测定了西瓜枯萎病菌对西瓜种子发芽和幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明,枯萎病菌孢子悬浮液浓度为106～107个/ml时,种子的发芽势和发芽率均显著低于对照,并且对京欣1号品种和航兴1号品种种子发芽的影响大于黄小帅;枯萎病菌孢子悬浮液处理种子后,幼苗的茎长、子叶长度、子叶宽度、第3叶长度、第3叶宽度、百株鲜重等指标均有所降低,当浓度为106～107个/ml时,除百株鲜重和航兴1号品种幼苗的第3叶长度外,与对照相比,其他指标均显著降低。     

Polygenic Inheritance of Partial Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1.2 in Melon

ABSTRACT Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis is responsible for Fusarium wilt of melon. Race 1.2 strains overcome two dominant resistance genes (Fom-1 and Fom-2) and are further divided into two types depending on the symptoms they cause, yellowing or wilting. Partial resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2 was studied by using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population that was developed by single seed descent from an F(1) hybrid between 'Isabelle', a partially resistant line, and a susceptible line, 'Védrantais'. Artificial inoculations were performed with a yellowing strain (TST) and a wilting strain (D'Oléon 8) and replicated in six locations. Disease reactions of the parental lines, controls, and RILs were scored using a 1-to-5 scale and by using the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Phenotypic correlations were highly significant between the different locations and experiments. The heritability of the resistance was high, from 0.72 to 0.96, and 4 to 14 genetic factors were estimated to confer resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2. Thirteen other strains were tested with an RILs subset. Some small strainspecific effects may be involved. These results contribute to a better understanding of the polygenic inheritance of the partial resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1.2.