糙米酵素工艺技术研究及品质分析

以糙米为原料,添加蜂蜜、大麦芽、盐、酵母进行发酵制得糙米酵素,并对其品质进行分析.研究了糙米酵素的添加料(蜂蜜、大麦芽、盐和酵母)对酵母发酵剂生长的影响.以酸度为指标,采用正交试验的方法确定最佳发酵培养基,培养基的配比是:水150%,蜂蜜8%,大麦芽1.0%,盐1.0%.采用正交设计实验对酵母用量、温度和发酵时间进行了发酵影响条件的实验,以感官评定为指标,进行发酵效果测定.实验结果表明:酵母用量3%、时间6 h和温度35℃为较适宜的发酵条件,对以此条件制成的糙米酵素进行口感、多糖、植酸含量等品质分析,结果是:酸甜风味、乳白色、多糖含量可达18.96%,植酸达1.07%.     

好食脉孢菌和红酵母协同发酵秸秆产类胡萝卜素的研究

以好食脉孢菌和红酵母为发酵菌种,通过固态发酵玉米秸秆生产类胡萝卜素。将类胡萝卜素产量作为发酵指标,通过对培养基含水量、培养基初始pH值、氮源添加量、碳源添加量、无机盐添加量、培养基装量的单因素试验和正交试验确定最优培养基条件:秸秆用量10 g,干豆渣(氮源)用量3 g,麸皮(碳源)用量4 g,MgSO4添加量0.4%(与秸秆量比W/W),pH值约为5.5,培养基含水量为60%,培养基装量为12.5 g/250 mL,最佳发酵条件为接种量20%(好食脉孢菌∶红酵母=1∶1),培养温度28℃,培养时间96 h。通过优化后的类胡萝卜素产量为224.75μg/g。     

番荔枝果酒酿造工艺研究

采用成熟番荔枝果实为原料,研究在不同发酵温度、SO2添加量、酵母接种量、植酸量等条件下对其果酒发酵品质影响,最终得出最佳发酵工艺条件:SO2添加量为80~120 mg/L,发酵温度为23~26℃,酵母接种量为0.6 g/L,植酸添加量为0.06%~0.08%。     

糙米酵素发酵工艺的研究

糙米酵素是利用糙米、蜂蜜和玉米胚油等原料,经微生物发酵生成的混合生物酶体系,主要从糙米酵素的发酵工艺、营养价值及应用前景等方面对糙米酵素进行综述。     

糙米酵素在食品中的应用研究初探

糙米酵素是以糙米为主要原料,添加蜂蜜和麦芽等进行调配,经微生物发酵制成的,在发酵过程中微生物利用调配的营养物质进行代谢产生出多种复合酶类,提高了糙米的食用特性和功能特性。初步探讨了糙米酵素在乳、肉和焙烤食品中的应用,结果表明,糙米酵素可改变原料和食品的特性,为糙米的深加工和应用提供了技术参考。     

糙米酵素发酵工艺对γ-氨基丁酸和谷胱甘肽含量影响研究

以糙米为主要原料,经调制后接入酵母菌发酵,研究发酵温度、时间和接种量等工艺对γ-氨基丁酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响情况,并采用单因素及正交试验方法优化试验。结果表明,在发酵温度为30℃,发酵时间为6 h和酵母接种量为4%最优组合时,γ-氨基丁酸含量可达0.85 mg/mL,而谷胱甘肽含量可达2.97μg/mL。     

山药茯苓复合酵素的发酵工艺优化及其发酵前后总多糖含量对比分析

以总多糖含量和干浸膏得率为评价指标、植物乳酸杆菌为发酵菌种,通过正交设计试验优化水提取工艺及发酵工艺,采用紫外-可见分光光度法(苯酚-硫酸法)测定水提取工艺及发酵工艺各样品中总多糖的含量。结果表明,山药、茯苓等5味药食同源中药水提液的最佳提取工艺为水提温度95℃;加水量为药材量的12,10倍;提取时间为2.0,1.5 h;超声浸泡时间为0.5 h;山药茯苓复合酵素的最优发酵工艺为接种量为发酵液总量的10%,发酵温度为31℃,发酵时间为72 h,在此优化的发酵工艺条件下,山药茯苓复合酵素的总多糖含量高达23.97%,是发酵前水提物总多糖含量(8.796%)的2.725倍。通过植物乳酸杆菌发酵制作的山药茯苓复合酵素中降血脂活性成分总多糖含量比发酵前含量显著增加(p=0.000 1),该产品有望开发成降血脂的保健食品。     

竹荪蜜柚复合酵素的制备工艺研究

以竹荪和蜜柚为主要原料,添加青金桔、糖和盐等辅料通过发酵制成酵素,通过正交试验确定制备竹荪蜜柚复合酵素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制备竹荪蜜柚复合酵素最佳发酵条件为:酵母菌接种量0.1%,发酵时间10 d,竹荪酵素初液∶蜜柚酵素初液=1∶2(V/V),白砂糖添加量30%。制得的竹荪蜜柚酵素呈淡黄色,组织均匀一致,口感酸甜适中,有独特的菇香和天然果汁香味,营养丰富。     

糙米挤压膨化对营养因子的影响

以糙米为原料,采用挤压膨化技术,通过改变挤压机机筒温度、物料水分、螺杆转速、物料粒度等工艺参数,研究挤压膨化对糙米中植酸和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)等营养因子的影响。通过调控不同的挤压膨化条件,如螺杆转速、物料水分、物料粒度以及挤压温度等条件,了解不同条件对营养因子的影响,并通过单因素和响应面实验得出最佳挤压膨化方案。其结果为:温度、粒度、水分含量及主机转速对植酸的影响均较大,而温度和螺杆转速对WSC的影响较大;为了最大限度的保持糙米营养特性,应该尽量使水溶性碳水化合物含量较高,使植酸含量降到最低。所以在挤压膨化中通过响应面实验得出最佳优化工艺参数为:粒度55.12、水分19.63%、温度134.21℃、主机转速21.41Hz。     

木薯淀粉生料发酵生产酒精研究

木薯生淀粉生产酒精工艺淀粉需蒸煮糊化,蒸煮糊化工序所需能耗占整个酒精生产30%左右,研究木薯生淀粉生产酒精工艺能降低生产所需能耗,本研究通过单因素实验对影响木薯生淀粉发酵生产酒精相关因素进行研究,并通过正交实验进行条件优化,得出影响酒精发酵的主要因素为发酵时间,生淀粉酶用量和酵母接种量等,木薯生淀粉发酵生产酒精最佳条件为,料水比1:2.5,生淀粉糖化酶用量315 U/g,酵母接种量7500 cfu/mL,发酵时间5天。发酵醪酒精浓度可达到12.9%(v/v),残糖含量为0.38%,淀粉利用率为73.86%。淀粉利用率不高与低温水解发酵工艺相比尚有一段距离。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.