贵州不同三元杂交肉牛生长性能比较

为了筛选适合贵州生产的三元杂交肉牛,试验选用利木赞牛、安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛冻精对西本母牛进行杂交改良.试验结果表明：不同杂交组合后代犊牛均表现出明显的杂种优势,从初生到18月龄,夏西本牛的体重、体尺指标均最优,依次为利西本牛、安西本牛、西本杂牛;3组三元杂交牛不同月龄的体重、体尺指标均差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但均显著高于西本杂牛（P＜0.05）.结论：虽然夏西本牛的体尺指标和生产性能最好,但由于其产犊难产比例较高,且当地养殖户不喜欢其白色的被毛,因此建议在本省推广利西本牛、安西本牛.     

利用关岭牛及其杂交牛生产雪花牛肉的试验研究

选择8～10月龄的关岭牛、西×关杂交牛（西门塔尔牛♂×关岭牛♀）、安×关杂交牛（红安格斯牛♂×关岭牛♀）、利×关杂交牛（利木赞牛♂×关岭牛♀）各8头，进行育肥生产雪花牛肉的试验研究。结果表明：在同一饲养管理条件下，西×关杂的宰前活重、屠宰率、净肉率、肉骨比值、眼肌面积、高档肉块重最高，依次为利×关杂、安×关杂、关岭牛；西×关杂组、利×关杂组、安×关杂组的宰前活重、眼肌面积和高档肉块重差异不显著（P〉0．05），但均显著高于关岭牛组（P〈0．01）；关岭牛组和安X关杂组的肌内雪花状脂肪含量均为3级，优于西×关杂组和利×关杂组；综合评价关岭牛组和安×关杂组的胴体等级均为3A级，西×关杂和利×关杂的胴体等级均为2A级。结果显示，关岭牛虽然产肉性能不高，但机体内并不缺少优秀的遗传基因，具备选育成优质高产肉牛品种的种质基础。     

西门塔尔牛与我国地方黄牛的杂种优势预测分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和与性状相关的SNPs标记分析西门塔尔牛和地方黄牛两个亲本群体的遗传结构,通过亲本种群之间的遗传距离预测不同杂交组合在生长、胴体和肉质性状上的杂种优势.本研究选择来自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区牧场的1 222头西门塔尔牛和8个地方黄牛品种190头共组成8个杂交组合,对亲本群体进行遗传结构分析.利用...     

安徽不同地方牛种精液品质的分析

[目的]为研究安徽省内地方牛种的精液品质差异,[方法]试验对皖东牛、大别山牛、皖南牛3种种公牛的冬春季节所采集的精液质量进行分析与比较。[结果]结果表明:射精量方面,大别山牛射精量低于皖东牛和皖南牛,差异显著(P0.05);3种牛的精液颜色都为乳白色;精子活力方面,皖南牛的原精活力相对最高,其次是皖东牛,大别山牛最低,不同牛种间差异不显著(P0.05);皖东牛的冻精解冻后活率最低,与大别山牛和皖南牛差异显著(P0.05);皖南牛冻精解冻后精子直线运动的数量最高,与皖东牛和大别山牛差异显著(P0.05);精液细菌数方面,大别山牛的每剂冻精细菌数最高,与皖东牛和皖南牛差异显著(P0.05);畸形率方面,皖东牛的精子畸形率最低,与大别山牛和皖南牛差异显著(P0.05)。[结论]3种种公牛中,皖东牛与皖南牛的射精量高,皖东牛解冻后精子畸形率低,皖南牛与大别山牛解冻后精子活率高。     

利木赞、夏洛来改良大别山牛育肥效果观察

[目的]探索肉牛改良大别山牛的育肥效果。[方法]从大别山黄牛及其与利木赞和夏洛来的杂交牛中分别选择体重150 kg左右的育肥牛各6头;均饲喂我们设计的同一饲料配方日粮,预试期同健胃驱虫法处理。[结果]在日常饲养管理相同的情况下,经30 d观察记载,大别山黄牛日增重0.46 kg、利杂牛日增重0.99 kg、夏杂牛日增重1.28 kg;两种杂交牛分别比大别山黄牛提高115.22%和178.26%。[结论]每增重1 kg毛重,大别山黄牛需精饲料5.43kg;而利杂牛和夏杂交牛只需要2.85 kg和2.38 kg。     

隆林牛与郏县红牛线粒体DNA全基因组遗传多样性比较研究

摘　要：［目的］本研究旨在从基因组水平探究隆林牛和郏县红牛的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）全基因组遗传多样性与母系起源,并对2个黄牛品种的mtDNA全基因组遗传多样性进行比较分析。［方法］采用全基因组重测序及生物信息学方法。［结果］在15头隆林牛和28头郏县红牛mtDNA全基因组序列中,共检测到36种单倍型,其中郏县红牛有26种单倍型,隆林牛仅有8种单倍型,2个黄牛品种共享2种单倍型。郏县红牛和隆林牛的平均单倍型多样度（Hd）分别为1.000和0.943,平均核苷酸多样度（Pi）分别为0.0080和0.0053,表明其遗传多样性丰富。构建的系统发育树表明,隆林牛和郏县红牛具有瘤牛和普通牛两个母系支系。［结论］隆林牛以瘤牛起源为主,郏县红牛为普通牛与瘤牛的混合起源,这2个地方黄牛品种具有独特的母系遗传信息,表现出明显的母系遗传差异。     

热应激对不同品种(系)青年肉牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究热应激对不同品种(系)青年肉牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响,探究不同品种(系)肉牛的耐热性差异。选取体重[(185.89±14.02)kg]相近、健康的青年西杂牛(西门塔尔牛×宣汉黄牛)、地方黄牛(宣汉黄牛)和犏牛(娟姗牛×麦洼牦牛)各6头为研究对象,试验期间不同品种(系)的青年肉牛饲喂相同饲粮。试验时间为2015年4—9月,预试期7d,正试期180d。结果表明:1)试验牛舍5—8月温湿度指数(THI)高于72,属于热应激期,且显著高于4月(热应激发生前)和9月(热应激发生后)(P0.05);热应激环境导致各试验牛呼吸频率和直肠温度显著升高(P0.05)。试验期间犏牛呼吸频率和直肠温度显著高于西杂牛和地方黄牛(P0.05)。2)热应激期内西杂牛、地方黄牛和犏牛单位体重干物质采食量均有不同程度降低,以6月为最低,均较4月显著降低(P0.05),且降低幅度为犏牛西杂牛地方黄牛。西杂牛、地方黄牛和犏牛的平均日增重(ADG)均在6月最低,分别较4月降低了27.62%(P0.05)、10.81%(P0.05)和46.15%(P0.05);西杂牛的ADG在4—7月显著高于犏牛(P0.05)。西杂牛和犏牛的料重比(F/G)以6月为最高,分别较4月升高了63.01%(P0.05)和89.03%(P0.05);地方黄牛的F/G在9月最高,较4月升高了53.12%(P0.05)。3)热应激期内西杂牛、地方黄牛和犏牛的粗蛋白质(CP)表观消化率均有不同程度降低,且7月均较4月显著降低(P0.05);西杂牛7月的粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率较4月显著降低(P0.05),而热应激对地方黄牛和犏牛的EE表观消化率无显著影响(P0.05);热应激期内犏牛中性洗涤纤维(NDF)(6月)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率(5—8月)较热应激发生前显著降低(P0.05);热应激期内西杂牛和犏牛钙(Ca)(西杂牛:6—8月;犏牛:5—8月)和磷(P)的表观消化率(西杂牛:6—7月;犏牛:5—8月)较热应激发生前显著降低(P0.05)。试验期间,不同品种(系)牛的CP表观消化率无显著差异(P0.05),西杂牛和地方黄牛的EE表观消化率显著高于犏牛(P0.05),地方黄牛的ADF表观消化率显著高于西杂牛和犏牛(P0.05),西杂牛和地方黄牛的P表观消化率显著高于犏牛(P0.05)。此外,5—9月地方黄牛的Ca表观消化率显著高于犏牛(P0.05)。4)西杂牛、地方黄牛和犏牛血清中葡萄糖(GLU)浓度均以6月最低,较4月分别降低了16.82%(P0.05)、12.82%(P0.05)和15.90%(P0.05);热应激期间各试验牛血清中非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)浓度均以7月最低,显著低于4月(P0.05);试验期间西杂牛和地方黄牛血清中尿素氮(UN)浓度随年龄的增大呈先升高后降低变化,而犏牛血清中UN浓度则持续升高;6—9月各试验牛血清肌酐(CRE)浓度均显著高于4、5月(P0.05),且7—9月犏牛血清CRE浓度显著高于地方黄牛(P0.05)。综上所述,热应激导致不同品种(系)青年肉牛生产性能降低、饲粮营养物质消化率降低,地方黄牛的耐热应激能力强于西杂牛和犏牛,犏牛对热应激最敏感。     

河南省三种地方牛种超数排卵结果与分析

［目的］为了分析河南三种肉牛超数排卵效果。［方法］分别选择夏南牛、郏县红牛、南阳牛作为试验母牛,采用两次PG+促卵泡素(FSH)的方法对试验母牛进行超数排卵,观测试验母牛获得总胚胎数、可用胚数分析超数排卵效果。［结果］结果显示,夏南牛可用胚9.86枚/头,南阳牛可用胚7.71枚/头,郏县红牛为6.75枚/头,可用胚中夏南牛最高与郏县红牛和南阳牛有显著性差异。可用胚率郏县红牛最高79.41%,显著高于夏南牛和南阳牛。［结论］结果表明,PG+FSH法可以用于夏南牛、郏县红牛和南阳牛的超数排卵。     

Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia

The concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the serum and urine and their rates of clearance were determined in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia, an autosomal recessive hereditary disease associated with a deletion of the paracellin-1 gene in Japanese Black cattle. There were no significant differences in the serum or urine magnesium concentrations between normal cattle and cattle which were heterozygous or homozygous for the condition. Serum calcium concentrations tended to be lower in the homozygous cattle, and the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the homozygous cattle. The ratio of magnesium:creatinine and the fractional excretion of magnesium were higher in cattle with the disease than in normal cattle. There were no significant differences in urine calcium concentration, the calcium:creatinine ratio, and fractional excretion of calcium between normal cattle and cattle which were homozygous or heterozygous for the condition. The creatinine clearance was significantly lower in the homozygous cattle than in normal cattle. The clearance, excretion rate, reabsorption rate and reabsorption rate:clearance ratio of magnesium in cattle with renal tubular dysplasia were significantly lower than in normal cattle. The clearance rate and reabsorption rate of calcium were also significantly lower in the affected cattle, but the excretion rate and reabsorption rate:clearance of calcium were not different between the normal cattle and the cattle homozygous for the condition. In cattle with the condition the rate of reabsorption of magnesium by the kidneys was low, but the rate of reabsorption of calcium was normal.     

北方非传统肉牛养殖区品种改良方案

在目前全国各地肉牛产业飞速发展的形势下,北方非传统肉牛养殖区也开始将产业重点向肉牛养殖业调整。对北方非传统肉牛养殖区的生态环境、肉牛品种、饲养管理、产业发展和肉牛交易等特点进行了分析。在该基础上,因地制宜地提出北方非传统肉牛养殖区肉牛品种改良方案。该方案分为2个阶段实施,第1阶段为基础母牛安格斯化：利用红安格斯牛作为父本,对当地黄牛进行杂交改良,实现基础母牛群体安格斯化;第2阶段为两品种轮回杂交：选用另一专门化肉牛品种与红安格斯牛为主要父本品种,开展两品种轮回杂交,建立优质肉牛高效繁育技术体系。通过制定该技术方案,以期为北方非传统肉牛养殖区开展黄牛改良和发展特色经济提供技术指导。     

Traumatic Flexor Tendon Injuries in 27 Cattle

Information for all cattle with a diagnosis of tendon injury entered into the Veterinary Medical Data Base (VMDB) was retrieved and selected medical records reviewed. The proportional morbidity rate for tendon disruption was 0.89 cattle/1,000 cattle admissions and 95 of 99 cattle survived. Female and dairy cattle had a greater risk of tendon disruption than male or beef cattle, respectively. Also, cattle 6 months to 7 years old had a greater risk than cattle younger than 6 months old. Complete medical records were examined for 27 cattle. Affected cattle were 2.5 ± 1.8 years old and weighed 593.6 ± 315.6 kg. Injuries were most commonly caused by accidents involving farm machinery (72%). Unilateral superficial digital flexor tendon injury occurred in 8 cattle (30%); multiple tendon injury occurred in the other 19 cattle (70%). A single limb was involved in 25 cattle, a rear limb was involved in 24 cattle, and an open wound was associated with the injury in 26 cattle. Wounds were identified most commonly at the mid (13 cattle) and proximal metatarsus (4 cattle). Treatment of tendon disruption included tenorrhaphy and casting (9 cattle), external coaptation, alone, (14 cattle), stall confinement, alone, (1 cow), and euthanasia or salvage (3 cattle). External coaptation was maintained for 74.4 ± 34.3 days, and total confinement period was 88.3 ± 59.5 days. Short-term complications included severe tendon laxity (one cow) and fatal septic peritonitis (one bull). Twenty-two of 24 cattle treated for tendon disruption survived. Follow-up information was available for 16 cattle; 14 cattle (87%) returned to productivity and 11 of 15 cattle with long-term follow-up (73%) were considered productive. Long-term complications included persistent lameness (56%) and persistent hyperextension of the digits (19%).     

新疆地区牛和新引进牛大肠埃希菌耐药性比较

为了解新疆地区牛和新引进牛大肠埃希菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药差异,采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离的大肠埃希菌进行耐药性检测,通过卡方检验比较新疆地区牛和引进牛大肠埃希菌耐药性的差异。结果显示,新疆地区牛大肠埃希菌和引进牛大肠埃希菌除对氨苄西林(地区牛为11.90%、引进牛为6.25%)和阿莫西林(地区牛为5.55%、引进牛为5.21%)有较高的耐药率外,对其他临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较低,但引进牛对氟苯尼考、庆大霉素和安普霉素的中度敏感率分别为82.81%、44.79%和33.33%。经卡方检验比较,新疆引进牛对氟苯尼考、庆大霉素、安普霉素、阿莫西林和氨苄西林的中度敏感率显著高于新疆地区牛(P0.05)。虽然被检牛源大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物耐药较低,但引进牛大肠埃希菌高中度敏感率会导致其耐药率短期内迅速增高,因此须在临床治疗引进牛细菌性疾病中避免使用中度敏感率高的抗菌药物。     

不同品种及排酸对育肥牛肉嫩度影响的研究

为了研究品种对牛肉嫩度的影响以及在不同排酸时间中肉嫩度的变化,试验在内蒙古肉牛主产区选择了16月龄的红白花西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛、安格斯牛、黄白花西门塔尔牛等品种高代杂种牛以及草原红牛和蒙古牛,在相同饲养管理条件下育肥180 d后屠宰并测定肉的嫩度。结果表明:安格斯牛肉嫩度较其他品种肉牛好,蒙古牛肉嫩度较其他品种肉牛差;但经过一定的排酸期后,嫩度均可达较好水平。     

Infestation potential of Psoroptes ovis (Hering) from cattle injected with ivermectin

Cattle scabies mites, Psoroptes ovis (Hering), surviving on cattle injected subcutaneously with ivermectin were capable of infesting to unprotected cattle 3, 5, 7, and 9 days after injection. All recipient cattle exposed to mites from vehicle-injected cattle developed reproductive colonies in 5 weeks. All recipient cattle exposed to mites from ivermectin-injected cattle at 3 and 5 days after injection developed reproductive colonies in 5 weeks. By 8 weeks, 3 of 4 and 2 of 4 recipient cattle exposed to mites from ivermectin-injected cattle 7 and 9 days after injection, respectively, developed reproductive colonies. To prevent the spread of mites, injected cattle should be isolated from uninfested cattle for longer than 9 days.     

夏南牛脏器的食用品质和营养品质分析

[目的]为开发利用夏南牛脏器提供科学依据.[方法]以夏南牛肝脏和心脏为试验材料,普通黄牛为对照,对其心脏和肝脏的食用品质和营养品质进行分析.[结果]显示：夏南牛肝脏亮度（L＊）为29.62,比普通黄牛高7.29％,但差异不显著,心脏的L＊值略高于普通黄牛;夏南牛肝脏红色度（a＊）极显著低于普通黄牛（P＜0.01）,心脏红色度（a＊）显著低于普通黄牛（P＜0.05）;夏南牛肝脏黄色度（b＊）为5.38,显著低于普通黄牛（P＜0.05）,心脏黄色度（b＊）比普通黄牛低16％.夏南牛肝脏pH为5.96,略高于普通黄牛,心脏pH略低于普通黄牛,但均在正常范围内.夏南牛肝脏和心脏的熟肉率均极显著高于普通黄牛（P＜0.01）.夏南牛肝脏和心脏中的水分含量均略高于普通黄牛,灰分含量均显著高于普通黄牛（P＜0.05）;脂肪含量方面,夏南牛肝脏中的含量比普通黄牛高25.5％,心脏中含量显著高于普通黄牛（P＜0.05）;蛋白质方面,夏南牛肝脏和心脏中的含量均显著高于普通黄牛（P＜0.05）.[结论]夏南牛心脏、肝脏具有蛋白、脂肪含量高,矿物质丰富的特点,是一种优质的肉品资源.     

湘西黄牛与湘南黄牛主要种质特性的比较研究

[目的]为评价、保护和利用好湘西黄牛和湘南黄牛重要的遗传资源提供科学依据.[方法]按照DB43/T638-2011规定的方法对湘西黄牛和湘南黄牛的体型外貌、体重体尺、繁殖性能、生长发育性状、胴体性状、肌肉品质和役用性能等主要种质特性进行了研究和评价.[结果]湘西黄牛较湘南黄牛体型大,生长发育快,役力大；肌内脂肪高和肌肉...     

Whole-genome resequencing reveals diversity,global and local ancestry proportions in Yunling cattle

Yunling cattle, a three-breed cross consisting of 1/2 Brahman cattle, 1/4 Murray Grey cattle and 1/4 Yunnan Yellow cattle, has advantage of rapid growth, good meat quality, enhanced tolerance towards a hot and humid climate, tick resistance and crude feed forbearance. Here, we investigated the genetic diversity, global and local ancestry proportions by sequencing the genomes of 131 Yungling cattle and 31 Brahman cattle (for control). Furthermore, we used 35 published genomes of ancestry breeds (including Angus cattle [ancestry of Murray Grey], Wannan cattle [ancestry of Yunnan Yellow cattle: Wenshan and Dianzhong], Wenshan and Dianzhong cattle) to characterize the formation process of Yunling cattle. The highest nucleotide diversity was found in the Wannan cattle, followed by Wenshan, Dianzhong, Brahman, Yunling and Angus cattle. The results of LD decay in each breed was largely consistent with the results of nucleotide diversity, except for the faster decay in Angus cattle out of a smaller effective population size and a strong bottleneck during the breed formation. The population-structure analysis revealed that the cross-breed Yunling cattle harboured the ancestry with Angus (0.44), Brahman (0.48) and Wannan cattle (0.08). Subsequently, we used RFmix to infer local ancestry in Yunling cattle and then performed chi-squared test to obtain the segments whose proportions of a certain ancestry were excessive compared with the whole-genome level, leading to 391 Angus, 49 Brahman and 2,312 Wannan segments. Gene annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the excessive Angus, Brahman and Wannan segments might contribute to the rapid growth, immune resistance and indigenous adaptation, respectively, in Yunling cattle. Our results help understand ancestry components and formation process in Yunling cattle and will provide an opportunity for selective breeding by molecular approaches in future.     

夏秋季气温对肉牛肥育增重的影响

[目的]为探讨环境温度对肉牛肥育增重效果的影响规律及其程度。[方法]在神木地区夏秋季气温条件下,对秦蒙（秦川牛♂×蒙古牛♀）和丹蒙（丹麦红牛♂×蒙古牛♀）F1二元杂交阉牛与丹秦蒙（丹麦红牛♂×秦蒙牛♀）和利秦蒙（利木赞牛♂×秦蒙牛♀）F1三元杂交阉牛进行肥育对比试验。[结果]表明：试验牛的增重情况与各月份的平均气温有关。[结论]25℃为影响肉牛肥育效果的临界上限温度。     

贵州地方黄牛种业现状、存在问题及对策

贵州优良黄牛种资源丰富,包括关岭黄牛、威宁黄牛、黎平黄牛、思南黄牛、务川黑牛5个优良地方品种。近年来黄牛种业发展较好,带领着当地人推进脱贫攻坚战。但在美好的景象之下我们也要看到它存在着品种退化、管理技术落后、技术人员不足等问题。本文就贵州地方黄牛种业现状、存在问题展开论述,进一步探讨了贵州地方黄牛种业发展方向,为其持续发展提供了详细对策。     

四川平武黄牛的外貌特征与体尺测定研究

本文报道了平武黄牛主产区生态条件、平武黄牛的外貌特征及体尺测定结果，并与秦川牛、西镇牛及四川现有黄牛品种进行比较，结果表明：平武黄牛在外貌体尺上有别于其它黄牛品种；该品种具有显著的肉用体型，是四川西北深丘典型的偏肉役型牛群。