不同氮源条件下大球盖菇菌丝生长情况研究

摘要：为了寻找使大球盖菇菌丝生长快速、健壮的母种培养基配方,采用实验室内试验,以小麦麸皮为氮素来源,研究了不同氮素含量的母种培养基对大球盖菇菌丝生长情况的影响。结果表明：母种培养基的氮素含量影响菌丝密度、菌丝均匀度、菌丝长势、菌丝平均生长速度,且均以含量为15%和20%小麦麸皮的培养基条件下表现最好,并优于添加蛋白胨。结果还表明大球盖菇的菌丝生长趋势呈“S”型曲线,菌丝在生长12-24天期间,以含量为15%和20%小麦麸皮的培养基菌丝生长扩展长度大;菌丝阶段生长速率表现为快→慢→快→慢的趋势,在0-3天、3-6天、9-12天、12-15天各阶段的生长速率较快,在6-9天和18-30天阶段的生长速率较慢,且在0-18天内各阶段的菌丝生长速率均以含量为20%小麦麸皮的培养基最高。     

Xenopus oocytes injected with rat uterine RNA express very slowly activating potassium currents

Under the influence of estrogen, uterine smooth muscle becomes highly excitable, generating spontaneous and prolonged bursts of action potentials. In a study of the mechanisms by which this transition in excitability occurs, polyadenylated RNA from the uteri of estrogen-treated rats was injected into Xenopus oocytes. The injected oocytes expressed a novel voltage-dependent potassium current. This current was not observed in oocytes injected with RNA from several other excitable tissues, including rat brain and uterine smooth muscle from ovariectomized rats not treated with estrogen. The activation of this current on depolarization was exceptionally slow, particularly for depolarizations from relatively negative membrane potentials. Such a slowly activating channel may play an important role in the slow, repetitive bursts of action potentials in the myometrium.     

棉铃虫发生与气温因子的关系研究

采用连续10 a的资料研究了棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)发生和气温的关系。结果表明,1、2和5月的平均气温与棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈正相关,6、7月的月平均气温与棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈负相关,7、8月的月平均气温与棉铃虫三代百株卵量的相关系数依次为-0.295 3和0.493 8。三代棉铃虫发生最适宜的月平均气温为25.8~26.7℃;8~9月的月平均气温与棉铃虫四代的相关系数依次为-0.375 9和0.4798;10~12月的月平均气温与次年棉铃虫二代的相关系数依次为0.353 3、-0.151 8和-0.301 0。6月中旬至7月中旬的逐旬平均气温均与棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈负相关;7月上中旬的逐旬平均气温与棉铃虫三代百株卵量呈负相关,7月下旬至8月下旬的逐旬平均气温与棉铃虫三代百株卵量呈正相关。8月和9月上中旬逐旬平均气温与棉铃虫四代依次呈负相关和正相关。8月中旬日最高气温≥30℃的日数与棉铃虫四代百株卵量呈负相关,8月下旬至9月上中旬逐日≥30℃的日数与棉铃虫四代百株卵量呈正相关。10月下旬和11月中下旬逐日最低气温≤0.0℃的日数均与次年棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈正相关,初霜日与次年终霜日之间≤0.0℃的天数与次年棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈正相关。初霜日与次年终霜日的日数与次年棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈负相关。12月上旬至次年2月中旬逐旬日最低气温≤-10.0℃的总日数与棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈负相关,其中2月中旬最低气温≤-10.0℃的日数与棉铃虫二代百株卵量呈负相关。建立了4个气温因子与棉铃虫相关达显著以上水平的回归方程。     

花前及花期气温对四季蜜杧反季节坐果的影响

[目的]在反季节栽培条件下,探索四季蜜杧开花时期、花前及花期气温与坐果的关系。[方法]采用田间跟踪法调查四季蜜杧的开花时期、坐果数,利用生物学统计方法分析开花时期、花前及花期气温对坐果率的影响。[结果]①花期2009年7月4日至8月4日时,花穗平均坐果数为1.77个。②小花开放前1～5 d的平均最高气温、平均最低气温、平均气温分别与花穗坐果数呈极显著、显著、显著直线负相关;小花开放前1～10 d的平均最高气温、平均气温与花穗坐果数呈显著直线负相关,平均最低气温与花穗坐果数关系不显著。③始花日至盛花日期间的平均最低气温、平均气温分别与花穗坐果数呈极显著、显著直线负相关,平均最高气温与花穗坐果数关系不显著;始花日至终花日期间平均最高气温、平均最低气温与花穗坐果数呈极显著、显著直线负相关,平均气温与花穗坐果数关系不显著。[结论]反季节四季蜜杧花穗平均坐果数均随花前1～5 d、1～10 d以及始花至盛花期、始花至终花期温度的升高而降低;对于整个花期,平均最高气温对花穗坐果数的影响最大。     

杏鲍菇液体菌种发酵过程相关指标变化规律

[目的]研究杏鲍菇液体菌种发酵过程相关指标变化规律,以进一步有效指导杏鲍菇液体生产。[方法]对杏鲍菇液体菌种发酵罐培养过程中菌丝量、CO2浓度及pH的变化规律进行研究。[结果]菌丝量与CO2浓度变化基本符合微生物增长的"S"型曲线。培养初期菌丝量增长缓慢,第4~8天快速增长,增长量维持在0.5 g/L以上;第9天后菌丝量增长速度趋于缓慢,菌丝量也逐渐趋于平稳,培养后期菌丝量略有下降。培养过程中pH变化较小,从培养初期到对数生长期,pH下降幅度不超过0.50。[结论]液体菌种发酵时间以8~9 d为宜。     

喹诺酮类药物在麻鸡体内的转化和分布规律

采用经免疫胶体金法快速检测鸡蛋中喹诺酮类（QNs）呈阴性的雪山麻鸡为试验材料,分别注射5 mg·kg-1环丙沙星、5 mg·kg-1恩诺沙星和10 mg·kg-1诺氟沙星,每天2次,连用2 d,在停药后48 h和第9天分批屠宰取样,并利用LC MS/MS检测胸肌、肝脏、血液和卵泡中12种QNs的含量。结果表明：每种药物在麻鸡体内经转化后生成6种以上QNs;不同组织中QNs残留量差异较大,其中肌肉和血液中QNs代谢快、残留量低（休药9 d,残留量低于19 μg·kg-1）,肝脏和卵泡QNs残留量相对较高;环丙沙星和诺氟沙星及其转化产物均在肝脏富集,诺氟沙星在肝脏中代谢尤为缓慢（休药9 d,QNs残留量为1 773.7 μg·kg-1）;恩诺沙星在麻鸡体内快速转化成其他QNs,并在卵泡中高度富集,休药48 h在肝脏、血液和卵泡中转化率高达100%,卵泡中QNs残留量达8 327.3 μg·kg-1,因此,恩诺沙星在产蛋鸡上使用,可能在鸡蛋中会产生大量的QNs残留。     

固始鸡慢羽系胫色、羽色与羽毛生长变化规律研究

观测了固始鸡慢羽系胫色、羽色的变化规律及羽毛生长情况。结果表明 :随着周龄的增加 ,胫色由浅色向深色转变 ;而羽色则由深色向浅色转变。固始鸡慢羽系部分公鸡 6周龄已有明显的性征表现 ,此时鸡冠发育清楚可辨 ,羽色鲜艳、亮丽 ,且多为红棕黄羽。从 9日龄开始 ,雏鸡绒羽依次从颈部、胸部换羽 ,30日龄左右开始部分长尾羽。     

Substance P: a putative sensory transmitter in mammalian autonomic ganglia

Repetitive presynaptic stimulation elicited slow membrane depolarization in neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglia from guinea pigs. This response was not blocked by cholinergic antagonists but was specifically and reversibly inhibited by a substance P analog, (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-substance P, which also depressed the depolarization induced by exogenously applied substance P. The atropine-sensitive slow excitatory and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia were not affected by the substance P analog. These and previous results provide strong support for the hypothesis that substance P or a closely related peptide is the transmitter mediating the slow depolarization. The latter may represent a sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract to neurons of the prevertebral ganglia.     

Identification of an intracellular peptide segment involved in sodium channel inactivation

Antibodies directed against a conserved intracellular segment of the sodium channel alpha subunit slow the inactivation of sodium channels in rat muscle cells. Of four site-directed antibodies tested, only antibodies against the short intracellular segment between homologous transmembrane domains III and IV slowed inactivation, and their effects were blocked by the corresponding peptide antigen. No effects on the voltage dependence of sodium channel activation or of steady-state inactivation were observed, but the rate of onset of the antibody effect and the extent of slowing of inactivation were voltage-dependent. Antibody binding was more rapid at negative potentials, at which sodium channels are not inactivated; antibody-induced slowing of inactivation was greater during depolarizations to more positive membrane potentials. The peptide segment recognized by this antibody appears to participate directly in rapid sodium channel inactivation during large depolarizations and to undergo a conformational change that reduces its accessibility to antibodies as the channel inactivates.     

重组禽流感病毒H5+H7亚型三价灭活疫苗(H5 N1Re-11株、Re-12株+H7N9Re-2)对黄羽肉鸡免疫效果抗体监测试验

试验通过对重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-11株+Re-12株+H7N9 H7Re-2株)在慢速型黄羽肉鸡上接种后产生抗体效价值的情况,来评价重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-11株+Re-12株+H7N9 Re-2株)对黄羽肉鸡预防高致病性禽流感疫病的效果。结果表明黄羽肉鸡在15日龄接种重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-11株+Re-12株+H7N9 H7Re2株),45日龄进行二次免疫,75日龄进行三免,产生H5N1Re-11株抗体滴度、H5N1Re-12株抗体滴度、H7N9 Re-2株抗体滴度都较高,从抗体消长规律来看对慢速型黄羽肉鸡出栏前都有很好的保护力。试验在黄羽肉鸡上接种重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗(H5N1Re-11株+Re-12株+H7N9 H7Re2株)首次免疫后14 d产生抗体有保护力,二免后28日龄抗体滴度达到高峰,对慢速型黄羽肉鸡有很好的保护力。     

Spontaneous whole brain slow potential changes during recovery from experimental neurosurgery

Prolonged, nonlocalized brain slow potential changes, frequently associated with cortical spreading depression, occur spontaneously during 5 days following brain implant surgery in rats. These potentials are accompanied by reductions in multiple nerve cell activity and reductions in behavioral motility. The method used in this study provides a tool for evaluating recovery from neurosurgical trauma or other brain injuries, and for testing procedures that facilitate or impede this process.     

柳枝稷苗期发育速度差异显著的2类幼苗生理特性比较

旨在生理生化水平上探索柳枝稷苗期慢发育的机理。采用栽培品种‘Alamo’的2个单株(编号为Ma和Mg)收获的种子为材料,在播种后16、24和32d分别对生长发育快(简称快发育苗)和生长发育慢(简称慢发育苗)的2类幼苗进行生长相关的生理指标测定和比较分析。结果表明:慢发育苗地上部分和地下部分鲜质量、干质量显著小于快发育苗,且根长较短,根数较少,但两者根冠比、根系活力无显著差异;慢发育苗与快发育苗相比还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量分数在前期较低,但两者叶绿素、可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素、可溶性蛋白、全氮和游离氨基酸质量分数总体上无显著差异;慢发育苗脱落酸(ABA)质量分数总体上比快发育苗高,赤霉素(GA)质量分数24d时较低,IAA/ZR比值32d时较低。Ma和Mg同种类型幼苗根长、16d时GSH质量分数、32d时IAA/ZR比值存在显著差异,根数、ABA质量分数和24d时GA质量分数无显著差异。柳枝稷苗期根系不发达,前期GSH质量分数较低,内源激素ABA质量分数较高,中期GA质量分数和后期IAA/ZR比值较低对柳枝稷苗期慢发育的形成有重要影响。     

大豆开花落花及时空分布的观察研究

【目的】观察大豆开花、落花全过程,分析不同品种开花、落花特点和规律,为高产育种和高产栽培提供依据。【方法】在大田条件下,对6个品种的72株植株逐日（42 d）观察开花、落花及节位。【结果】材料开花过程呈现每天开花数量“少-多-少-极少”的变化规律,可分为初花、盛花、慢花、末花4个阶段：初花期阶段很短（3 d左右）,每天开花量4朵以下,阶段开花量5.73朵,占总花量4.09%,开花集中在植株中部节位;盛花阶段每天开花多在5—12朵,持续时间较长（12—18 d）,阶段花量108.75朵,占77.60%,开花由中部向上下两端延伸分布,其中以中部最多;慢花阶段每天开花1—5朵,持续时间在品种间有较大差异,阶段花量21.24朵,占15.16%,分布在植株各个节位;末花阶段每天只有部分植株开花,平均不足1朵,直至开花结束,阶段开花4.42朵,零星分布在植株上。初花期3 d后至终花期或终花期后落花普遍发生,落花节位遍及开花的所有节位,落花率为末花阶段（77.96%）＞慢花阶段（65.54%）＞初花阶段（51.76%）＞盛花阶段（36.97%）;每天平均落花3—9朵的不正常脱落高峰与该阶段阴雨寡照的气候有关。有限结荚习性品种最早开花部位为中部,随后向上部、下部扩展,开花3—7 d以后扩展到底部,9—15 d扩展到顶部。无限结荚习性品种最早开花部位是中下部（7—10节位）,随后向下部、上部扩展,初花2—3 d后达到最下部,随后向上部扩展,初花24—26 d以后扩展到顶部。【结论】大豆不同开花阶段每天开花数量差异明显,开花节位、持续期有所不同,不同阶段花的脱落率也有较大差别。     

Nutrient Release Characteristics of Vinyl Chloride-Vinyl acetate Copolymers Coated Slow- Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Its Effect on Soil Mineral Nitrogen

目的]探讨氯醋树脂型缓释氮肥的养分释放特征及对土壤矿质氮的影响。[方法]以氯醋树脂和羟基改性的氯醋树脂为新型包膜材料制备包膜缓释氮肥,用水浸泡法来评价氯醋树脂型缓释氮肥的养分释放特征和用盆栽试验法研究氯醋树脂型缓释氮肥对土壤矿质氮的影响。[结果]氯醋树脂缓释氮肥的释放期为60 d,羟基改性的氯醋树脂缓释氮肥为50 d,氯醋树脂和羟基改性的氯醋树脂缓释氮肥处理的土壤铵态氮含量在30 d时达到了最高峰,土壤硝态氮含量在60 d时达到了最高峰,氯醋树脂缓释氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量在120 d时出现一次上升。在小麦产量上,各处理间无显著差异,但在后期的水稻产量上,氯醋树脂缓释氮肥显著高于羟基改性氯醋树脂缓释氮肥处理（P＜0.05）。[结论]盆栽试验法与水浸泡法评价缓释氮肥的释放天数是不同的,一季旱田作物并不能发挥缓释氮肥的肥效长的特点,需要做两季的水旱轮作,才能真正的发挥它的作用。     

光照对美凤蝶滞育蛹发育的影响

[目的]为消除滞育对蝴蝶产业的不利影响。[方法]利用人工气候箱,对光周期与光脉冲对美凤蝶滞育蛹发育影响进行了研究。[结果]结果表明,20℃LD12：12时,滞育蛹第31天开始羽化,持续36d,平均历期46．9d;LD15：9时第37天开始羽化,持续22d,平均历期47．7d。25℃时,LD12：12开始羽化时间为第18天,持续23d,平均历期25．9d;LD15：9为第19d,持续14d,平均历期为26．4d。在25℃时,断光后间隔2h进行2h光脉冲处理,羽化推迟4d,在第19天开始羽化,平均历期延长1．2d,为21．8d;断光4h后进行2h光脉冲处理,羽化提早2d,第15天开始羽化,平均历期缩短1．9d,为18．8d。[结论]光周期和光脉冲对滞育蛹发育均有一定影响,但影响不显著。     

梅山二元杂种母猪繁殖性能的研究

梅山二元杂种母猪长梅和汉梅具有高繁殖特性，杂种优势明显。发情持续期为2-8天，性欲维持1-4天。第1至5胎发情配种，情期受胎率分别为91．2％、97．1％。100％、96．2％和95．5％。经产猪、窝平产仔数和产活仔数分别为15．6头和14．6头，初生窝重和40日龄断奶窝重分别为15．16kg和101．23kg，断奶育成仔猪12．8头，育成率87．7％。长梅和汉梅母猪乳头数分别为16．6和16．4个。妊娠期平均为112．9天。     

圈养东北马鹿鹿茸生长研究

2012年3月8日至5月22日,对北京动物园圈养的一只雄性东北马鹿鹿茸生长进行了研究。每间隔8～12d对鹿茸进行拍照,按比例测算鹿茸的相对长度,在锯鹿茸当日测定鹿茸重量。结果表明：圈养条件下,东北马鹿鹿茸主干生长随时间变化呈＂S＂型生长曲线,即呈缓慢、快速和减速生长3个阶段。第1阶段为第0～29天,平均生长速度为0.17cm/d;第2阶段为第30～56天,平均生长速度为1.30cm/d;第3阶段为第57天后,鹿茸平均生长速度为0.94cm/d。鹿茸3个阶段生长速率差异显著（P〈0.01）。第72天鹿茸锯下时重量4.0kg,平均增重0.05kg/d;右角主干长度54.5cm,平均生长速度0.76cm/d;左角主干长度56.5cm,平均生长速度0.78cm/d。     

Identified sources and targets of slow inhibition in the neocortex

There are two types of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the cerebral cortex. Fast inhibition is mediated by ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors, and slow inhibition is due to metabotropic GABA(B) receptors. Several neuron classes elicit inhibitory postsynaptic potentials through GABA(A) receptors, but possible distinct sources of slow inhibition remain unknown. We identified a class of GABAergic interneurons, the neurogliaform cells, that, in contrast to other GABA-releasing cells, elicited combined GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor-mediated responses with single action potentials and that predominantly targeted the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons. Slow inhibition evoked by a distinct interneuron in spatially restricted postsynaptic compartments could locally and selectively modulate cortical excitability.     

Mycoplasma leachii causes bovine mastitis: Evidence from clinical symptoms,histopathology and immunohistochemistry

Twelve quarters of six lactating cows were inoculated with Mycoplasma leachii strain GN407 through intramammary ductal infusion; another 12 quarters were inoculated with heat-inactivated M. leachii culture medium as negative controls. Multidisciplinary procedures, including clinical assessment, etiology assessment, pathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC), were used to elucidate the pathogenicity of M. leachii in bovine mastitis. From post-inoculation days (PIDs) 3 to 9, 12 inoculated quarters developed mild to severe clinical mastitis and mammary tissue histopathological changes, including inflammatory cell infiltration and architectural destruction of mammary gland ducts. The M. leachii antigen was also detected by IHC in the mammary gland epithelial cells of the inoculated quarters as a weak signal on PID 6 and as a strong signal on PID 9. The control quarters also developed mild mastitis and histopathological changes on PID 9, and M. leachii was also detected by IHC. Throughout the experimental period, the quarters of the negative control cow were clinically and pathologically normal, and the M. leachii antigen was not detected. In conclusion, direct histological and immunohistochemical evidence confirmed that M. leachii causes clinical bovine mastitis through histopathological lesions induced by invasion of the pathogen into mammary gland cells and through inflammatory cell infiltration.     

驯化沙葱生长及其营养变化规律

通过沙葱驯化栽培试验,对其物候期及相关气候因子进行了连续2年观测,并对其营养成份进行对比化验.研究结果表明,驯化沙葱3月中下旬,气温大于2.35℃时,即开始萌动出苗;4月中旬,温度≥9.6℃,进入快速生长期.7、8、9月份气温≥22℃,降水较集中时完成开花结果;11月下旬,气温低于0℃时进入休眠期.沙葱刈割后,0～8 d高生长和粗生长最快,高生长平均达1.6 cm/d;10 d后,生长明显减弱;15 d后基本处于停滞状态;20 d后部分叶片丧失功能开始枯黄.驯化沙葱的营养成分同野生沙葱完全相同,但含量发生了变化.常量矿物质及微量元素和水分含量明显增加.各种氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和β-胡萝卜素等含量有所下降,变异系数在9%～23%.沙葱与优质牧草苜蓿、多根葱相比,饲用品质优于两者.