10种除草剂及组合对芨芨草的防效评价

为筛选出对芨芨草具有高效防除作用的除草剂品种及组合,本研究采用茎叶喷雾法分别在芨芨草开花期和平茬(成株芨芨草离地面15 cm刈割)后第3天施药,测定了10种常用除草剂品种和6个除草剂组合对芨芨草的防除效果,获得了"花期茎叶喷施除草剂"和"平茬+喷施除草剂方式"清除芨芨草技术。1)开花期:18%草铵膦AS在有效剂量(下同)405 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达100%;41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS剂量为922.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达87.18%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为216 g/hm~2时,药后15 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达77.03%;18%草铵膦AS 180 g/hm~2+10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 37.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达91.30%。2)平茬后:18%草铵膦AS、41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS均药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效均大于87%;30%苯唑草酮SC剂量为22.5 g/hm~2时,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.97%;24%烯草酮EC剂量为144 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达88.21%;15.8%精喹禾灵EC剂量135 g/hm~2时,药后7 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达85.26%;12.5%烯禾啶EC 112.5 g/hm~2+15.8%精喹禾灵EC 15.8 g/hm~2处理,药后5 d见效,30 d鲜重防效达97.97%。     

烟嘧磺隆的研究与开发进展

本文概述了烟嘧磺隆除草剂的发现过程、作用机理、合成研究及其应用开发进展和市场前景。     

除草剂防治宽叶酢浆草的田间药效评价

宽叶酢浆草为近年来入侵云南夏秋玉米地和马铃薯地的外来检疫性杂草。利用田间小区试验评价了几种除草剂对玉米地和马铃薯地宽叶酢浆草的控制效果。结果表明,土壤处理剂对玉米地和马铃薯地的宽叶酢浆草的防除效果均较差,药剂处理45d后,株防效和鲜重防效均低于30%。玉米地茎叶处理剂的防除效果明显优于土壤处理剂,其中,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对宽叶酢浆草的45d株防效和鲜重防效均超过98%,除40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD,其他除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均低于80%,具体的株防效顺序为:41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD200g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC30%苯唑草酮SC13%2甲4氯钠AS。马铃薯地茎叶处理剂的防除效果较差,鲜重防效高于株防效,但均低于30%。45d的株防效和鲜重防效顺序均为13%砜嘧·精喹OD480g/L灭草松AS25%砜嘧磺隆WG。     

Comparative effects of the herbicide dinitro-o-cresol on mitochondrial bioenergetics

The herbicide dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) was evaluated for its effects on bioenergetic activities of potato tuber mitochondria to elucidate its mechanism of action and to compare its toxicological properties with those of the chemically related uncoupler dinitrophenol (DNP). DNOC acts as a typical uncoupler, similarly to the classical uncouplers DNP and carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP). Low concentrations of DNOC (<100 μM ) maximally stimulate succinate-supported respiration of plant mitochondria, with simultaneous collapse of trans-membrane electrical potential, more efficiently than DNP. The herbicide makes the plant mitochondrial membrane more permeable to protons, acting as a protonophore even in non-energized mitochondria. High concentrations of DNOC (>100 μM ) act also more efficiently than DNP simultaneously as a protonophore and inhibitor of respiration, especially when respiration is supported by substrates that are transported to the matrix. The efficiency of DNOC is decreased with increase of mitochondrial protein, BSA and exogenous orthophosphate. Although similar effects were observed for animal and plant mitochondria, rat-liver mitochondrial respiration was more sensitive to DNOC than plant mitochondria. Furthermore, in the presence of DNOC, liver mitochondria exhibited a higher state 3 respiratory coupling level than potato tuber mitochondria, as a result of a considerable stimulation (60%) of state 3 respiration. In conclusion, DNOC is a more potent mitochondrial uncoupler and respiratory chain inhibitor than DNP, although their chemical structures are very similar. Apparently, the additional methyl group of DNOC increases its efficiency as an uncoupler and as an inhibitor, as compared to DNP. Plant mitochondria were shown to be as useful as animal mitochondria in evaluating the toxicity of these xenobiotics. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

不同除草剂对空心莲子草的控制作用评价

采用盆栽试验,测定了氯氟吡氧乙酸、草甘膦和五氟磺草胺对不同生育期空心莲子草的控制作用,以株防效、鲜重防效和再生抑制率为指标,评价了不同除草剂对空心莲子草的控制效果。结果表明,药后7 d,氯氟吡氧乙酸、草甘膦和五氟磺草胺对不同生育期空心莲子草的株防效,均低于15%;药后15 d,氯氟吡氧乙酸和草甘膦对不同生育期的空心莲子草的株防效、鲜重防效均达100%,但五氟磺草胺对不同生育期的空心莲子草的株防效较差。药后30 d,氯氟吡氧乙酸和五氟磺草胺对不同生育期空心莲子草的再生抑制作用较强,抑制效果达74%以上;草甘膦对生长后期的再生抑制作用达81.3%。空心莲子草苗期对不同除草剂的反应最为敏感。氯氟吡氧乙酸可以作为水生环境和旱生环境下防除空心莲子草的重点药剂,草甘膦可用于旱地空心莲子草的防除,五氟磺草胺可作为水生环境条件下防除空心莲子草的主要药剂之一。     

几种烟田除草剂对比试验药效评价

为筛选安全高效烟田除草剂,在全国烟草农药药效试验网中的7个点进行除草剂药效评价试验敌草胺50％可湿性粉剂（利尔化学股份有限公司）、精喹·异嗯松29％乳油（山东鸿汇烟草用药有限公司）、50％敌草胺水分散粒剂（江苏快达农化股份有限公司）、二甲戊灵450克／升微囊悬浮剂（巴斯夫公司）对烟田安全,对杂草有较好的防除效果,施药后20d杂草株数、40d杂草株数和鲜重防效,与烟草上推荐使用的敌草胺50％可湿性粉剂（印度联合磷化物有限公司）效果相当。建议推荐使用。     

苯醚甲环唑亚急性经口暴露对大鼠卵巢功能的影响

苯醚甲环唑应用广泛,在食用农产品中存在残留超标现象,并在不孕女性人群血清和卵泡液中有检出。为探究苯醚甲环唑亚急性经口暴露后对卵巢功能的影响,本研究采用酶联免疫分析方法,测定了分别灌胃给予50、100和200 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量的苯醚甲环唑玉米油溶液后,大鼠血清中孕酮(P)和雌二醇(E2)含量的变化,并在对大鼠卵巢进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后,通过光学显微镜观察统计了各级卵泡的数量。结果表明：苯醚甲环唑各剂量暴露组及对照组大鼠卵巢脏器系数均无显著性差异。200 mg/(kg bw·d)高剂量暴露组大鼠血清孕酮水平显著高于对照组(P <0.01),50和100 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量暴露组则与对照组无显著性差异,但均显著低于高剂量暴露组(P <0.05);各剂量暴露组及对照组之间血清雌二醇水平均无显著性差异。从卵泡的发育情况看,200 mg/(kg bw·d)高剂量暴露组生长卵泡的占比显著高于对照组(P <0.05),50和100 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量暴露组则与对照组无显著性差异。研究表明,200 mg/(kg bw·d)剂量的苯醚甲环唑亚急性经...     

14种除草剂对野稷的活性测定及田间防效

参照除草剂室内生物测定和田间药效防治试验准则,在温室中测定了14种除草剂对野稷的生物活性,并进行了田间小区药效评价。生测结果表明,土壤处理药剂中,异噁唑草酮、氟噻草胺、乙草胺、精异丙甲草胺、异噁草松对野稷的活性较高,其ED₉₀分别为43.08、47.14、137.09、209.93、583.74 g/hm²(有效成分用量);茎叶处理药剂中,苯唑草酮、高效氟吡甲禾灵、烟嘧磺隆和苯唑氟草酮对野稷的活性较高,其ED₉₀分别为22.21、35.95、95.64、111.43 g/hm²。田间药效试验结果表明,野稷出苗前,土壤喷雾40%氟噻草胺SC (810 g/hm²)、900 g/L乙草胺EC (1 620 g/hm²)和960 g/L精异丙甲草胺EC (2 160 g/hm²)对野稷防效较高,药后40 d对野稷的株防效均在86.0%以上,鲜重防效在88.4%以上,其次是75%异噁唑草酮WG (90 g/hm²),防效...     

The effects on resistant mosquitoes of interrupted exposure to insecticides

In paired tests on batches of malathion- and dieldrin-resistant Anopheles arabiensis, one of each pair received a continuous exposure to either malathion or dieldrin for 16 h or more, while the other received a non-exposed rest phase in the middle of the exposure period. Among dieldrin-resistant mosquitoes, the mortality rate was decreased in the group that experienced the interrupted, as opposed to the continuous exposures; however, the survival rate of malathion-resistant adults was unaffected by interrupted exposure. There was a significant positive correlation between the mortality rate and the adult age for malathion, but the responses to dieldrin were independent of age. Movement of adult mosquitoes to and from malathion deposits in sprayed houses should not impair the efficacy of this insecticide, whereas prolonged absence from contact with dieldrin would require even longer exposures to achieve the same mortality in the insects.     

单轴等效线法评价精喹禾灵与灭草松相互作用的研究

为正确评价单子叶杂草防除剂与双子叶杂草防除剂的相互作用,以精喹禾灵与灭草松混用为实例对等效线法进行了改进,提出单轴等效线法及其增效倍数的计算方法。该研究结果表明,两种药剂混用对马唐Digitaria sanguinalis和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexs均有增效作用,其平均增效倍数分别为0.42和0.34。采用单轴等效线法可以正确评价单子叶杂草防除剂与双子叶杂草防除剂的相互作用。     

Phosphamidon induced effects on estrous cycle, ovarian, and uterine biochemical parameters in Swiss albino mice

Phosphamidon is chemically known as phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-2-diethyl carboryl-methylvenyl-0-0-dimethyl phosphate. It is a systemic and contact insecticide with broad spectrum of activity. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate its effects on estrous cycle, ovarian, and uterine biochemical contents in albino mice. Normal virgin female Swiss albino mice of 90 days old and weighing about 20-30 g were divided into five groups. Phosphamidon was orally administered at doses 1.3, 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 mg/kg body weight/day for 30 days consecutively. The vaginal smear and body weight were recorded daily and mice were sacrificed on 31st day. Estrous cycle was affected by showing a significant decrease in the number of estrous cycle and duration of proestrus, estrus, and metestrus in all the groups except in 1.3 mg/kg body weight/day phosphamidon treated group, and with concomitant increase in the duration of diestrus in all the treated groups. However there is a significant decrease in the body weight in all the groups except 1.3 mg/kg body weight/ day phosphamidon treated group. The deleterious effects were also reflected in the loss of weights of ovary and uterus: In mice treated with 2.6, 3.9, and 5.2 mg/kg phosphamidon showed a significant decrease in total protein and glycogen in the ovary and uterus. The response of the ovary and uterus for nucleic acid (DNA) content was significantly decreased in higher doses. The observed effects of phosphamidon may be due to imbalance in the hormone or toxic effects.     

乙烯利对昆明种小鼠的氧化应激作用

选用小鼠血清及脾脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及丙二醛(MDA)含量为观察指标,从机体氧化和抗氧化系统是否失衡的角度研究了乙烯利的氧化应激作用。结果表明,乙烯利能明显降低小鼠血清及脾脏组织中SOD和GSH-Px的活性。其中:134,268 mg/kg bw剂量处理组血清SOD和GSH-Px活性分别降低了8.91% ,12.44%和4.18% ,8.54% ;268, 536 mg/kg bw剂量组脾脏SOD和GSH-Px活性分别降低了8.34% ,19.61%和9.72%,24.86% ;与对照组差异显著(PP<0.01)。结果显示,乙烯利能破坏小鼠机体氧化和抗氧化系统的平衡,引起氧化应激。     

防除宽叶酢浆草除草剂的室内生物活性评价

宽叶酢浆草Oxalis latifolia为入侵云南玉米地的进境检疫性鳞茎类杂草?为筛选防治该草的高效除草剂, 室内测定了8种除草剂对宽叶酢浆草的生物活性?结果表明, 用田间推荐剂量处理后30 d, 氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯(210 g/hm2)对宽叶酢浆草的鲜重抑制率超过90%, 硝磺草酮(202.50 g/hm2)?烟嘧磺隆(60 g/hm2)和砜嘧磺隆(25.13 g/hm2)处理的鲜重抑制率超过85%, 苯唑草酮(27 g/hm2)?莠去津(1 875 g/hm2)和2甲4氯钠(1 201.20 g/hm2)处理的鲜重抑制率分别为81.29%?76.36%和70.71%?1/4草甘膦推荐剂量(712.50 g/hm2)即可彻底杀死宽叶酢浆草?推荐剂量的草甘膦?氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯?砜嘧磺隆?烟嘧磺隆?硝磺草酮?莠去津?苯唑草酮和2甲4氯钠处理后30 d, 宽叶酢浆草的繁殖抑制率分别为100%?100%?98.17%?98.17%?90.87%?83.56%?81.74%和56.17%?其中氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯1/16推荐剂量(13.13 g/hm2)和草甘膦1/8推荐剂量(356.25 g/hm2)对宽叶酢浆草的繁殖抑制率仍超过90%?结果表明上述除草剂均可用于玉米地宽叶酢浆草的防除?草甘膦和氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯控制宽叶酢浆草生长和繁殖效果最优, 硝磺草酮?砜嘧磺隆和烟嘧磺隆也是优良的备选玉米宽叶酢浆草防治剂?     

加拿大一枝黄花防除化学药剂的筛选及其应用效能

为获得防除加拿大一枝黄花的有效药剂,揭示化学防治的主要特征,采用单一药剂、单一药剂+助剂、混合药剂及触杀型+内吸型药剂4种药剂处理方式进行田间药效试验。结果表明,25%环嗪酮可溶液剂7 500mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+有机硅300g/hm~2、20%氯氟吡氧乙酸乳油750mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2、41%草甘膦异丙铵盐水剂6 000mL/hm~2+20%草铵膦水剂8 740mL/hm~2对加拿大一枝黄花的防效显著。施药35d后,株防效均达到100.00%,地上部分鲜重防效分别达到80.2%、90.4%、83.0%和88.9%。除25%环嗪酮可溶液剂致植株根腐效果不佳外,其余3种药剂组合地下部分鲜重防效均达到70%以上,可作为加拿大一枝黄花防除的典型药剂进行推广。组合药剂喷施方式表明,内吸型和触杀型药剂喷施顺序不同,对加拿大一枝黄花的防除效果存在明显差异。以单一药剂最大剂量防除加拿大一枝黄花的效果显示,喷施大剂量单一药剂不一定能明显提高防治效果。     

不同除草剂对遍地黄金草坪杂草的控制效果及安全性

为了筛选出可用于防除遍地黄金草坪杂草的除草剂配方,经室内盆栽法测定不同除草剂茎叶处理对马唐、香附子、红花酢浆草的抑制效果及对遍地黄金的安全性后,进行药剂的田间试验,结果表明：25%啶嘧磺隆WG对总草的株防效和鲜重防效分别达到78.1%和80.5%,显著高于其他单剂处理的防效;56%2甲4氯钠盐SP对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为85.4%和85.7%,高于其他单剂处理的防效;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效可达92.2%和92.6%,显著高于其他各处理的防效;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC+56%2甲4氯钠盐SP混剂对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为88.2%和91.1%,对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为75.3%和78.2%,但对莎草科杂草的防效低;108 g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC+75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG混剂对禾本科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效较好,分别可达到85.4%和87.4%,对莎草科杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别为71.9%和77.6%,但对阔叶杂草防效较低;56%2甲4氯钠盐SP+75%氯吡嘧磺隆WG混剂对阔叶杂草的株防效和鲜重防效分别可达到85....     

7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性评价

为了筛选对菵草高效且对小麦安全的除草剂品种,采用温室盆栽法测定了 7种苗后除草剂对菵草的除草活性以及对小麦的安全性.结果表明,5％唑啉草酯EC和15％炔草酯WP对菵草防效优异,ED90仅为各自田间登记低剂量的1/3和1/2;50％异丙隆WP和7.5％啶磺草胺WG对菵草防效较好,ED90与各自田间登记高剂量相当;69 g...     

Behavioral effects of acute exposure to the insecticide fipronil

The effects of fipronil (Frontline® Top Spot) were investigated in 40 days old rats utilizing open field (OF), hole-board (HB) and elevated plus-maze (EPM) apparatus. Rats (N = 15) received topical application of fipronil (70, 140 and 280 mg/kg) in the neck region and behavior was tested 3 h after administration. Animals treated with corn oil (vehicle) were used as controls. In the OF test animals treated with fipronil at 140 mg/kg showed increased rearing, whereas animals exposed to 280 mg/kg showed increased freezing, grooming, and rearing. In the HB test fipronil at 280 mg/kg increased head-dip and head-dipping behaviors. In the EPM test the only observed effect was increased number of entries in both open and closed EPM arms in animals treated with 280 mg/kg. In conclusion, dermal exposure to fipronil causes effects related to emotionality, fear, and exploratory activity; results add strength to the growing concern that pirazole insecticides can be neurotoxic to humans.     

2种吡啶类除草剂对天山假狼毒群落影响和禾本科牧草产草量及安全性评价

2013—2014年在新疆昭苏县乌鲁空盖草原选用270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂和21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂不同浓度对草原毒草——天山假狼毒进行群落影响试验。研究结果表明,270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂和21%氯氨吡啶酸水剂不同浓度均对天山假狼毒群落生长产生影响,与使用浓度呈正相关;其中使用270 g/L三氯吡氧乙酸丁氧基乙酯·氯氨吡啶酸钾盐水乳剂6 000 m L/hm2明显抑制天山假狼毒群落正常生长,并且对禾本科牧草安全性较高,同时禾本科牧草数量和产草量明显增加,可作为防除天山假狼毒群落生长的化学药剂。     

两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

在实验室条件下测定了两种花粉对巴氏钝绥螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,在温度25 ℃、相对湿度72%,光照L∥D=12 h∥12 h条件下,油菜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨幼螨、前若螨、后若螨历期分别为0.98、3.23、430 d。幼螨发育到成螨共需8.52 d,存活率为83.33%,雌虫不产卵。丝瓜花粉饲养的巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、产卵前期、世代历期分别为2.55、0.97、2.38、2.07、3.20、11.17 d。平均每头雌螨日产卵量1.78粒,总产卵量58.60粒,产卵持续时间33.53 d,无不产卵个体。其日产卵量呈二次抛物线趋势,回归方程为y=0.155 4t-0.002 80t2(R2=0.951 5,p<0.000 1)。取食丝瓜花粉的巴氏钝绥螨的种群趋势指数I=28.13,净生殖率为R0=26.813,种群平均世代周期T=30.139 d,内禀增长率rm=0.109,周限增长率λ=1.115,种群加倍时问t=6.352 d。由以上试验结果可知,丝瓜花粉比油菜花粉更适合饲养、繁殖巴氏钝绥螨。