Improvement of Planosol Solum: Part 2, Optimization of Design of Roll-In Ploughs in Soil Bin Experiments

Soil bin tests were conducted in Japan to optimize the shape of a roll-in plough which was an improved form of the stand-up plough reported in Part 1 of this paper, for soil mixing of the second (Aw) and third (B) horizons to improve the planosol solum in China, leaving the first (Ap) horizon undisturbed. The stand-up type plough consisted of three plough bodies and had the least draught and gave good soil mixing in the work reported in the Part 1 paper. In order to improve the stand-up plough, the optimum radius of curvature of the mouldboard, the plough height and the working depth to achieve greater soil mixing, were determined with half-size model ploughs.The results showed that with the roll-in type of plough, there was a relation between the radius of curvature of the mouldboard, the plough height and the working depth to cause soil mixing by rolling in. Using half-size model ploughs, with a working depth of 200 mm (Aw horizon 100 mm+B horizon 100 mm), the best soil mixing was obtained when the height of the first plough body was 210 mm, the radius of curvature was 140 mm, the height of the second plough body was 250 mm and the radius of curvature was 167 mm.     

Improvement of Planosol Solum: Part 4, Field Experiments with Prototype Roll-In and Drop-Down Ploughs

This paper deals with the design of prototype roll-in and drop-down ploughs and field tests on a planosol solum in China to obtain mixing of the second (Aw) and third (B) horizons to improve the planosol solum, leaving the first (Ap) horizon undisturbed.The field test results showed that the drop-down plough was effective for mixing of the Aw and B horizon of the planosol solum. However, a new problem was encountered, in that the ploughing of the Aw horizon produced large clods, and the Ap horizon crumbled and dropped down among the large clods and reached lower horizons. The roll-in plough was not effective for soil mixing because planosol solum was much harger than the pseudogley soil used in soil-bin tests in Japan. The roll-in plough bodies simply penetrated into the soil such as subsoilers do.     

The Influence of Soil Type,Soil Water and Share Sharpness of a Mouldboard Plough on Energy Consumption,Rate of Work and Tillage Quality

The results of field tests to investigate the influence of soil type and soil water on the wear of soil tillage tools are presented. The soil water had a positive effect for loam and clay soils because the wear decreased as the water content increased. For sandy soils however, wear increased with soil water. As the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased, draught force and fuel consumption increased considerably, while rate of work and tillage depth decreased. The quality of the tillage was seriously reduced, that is, the size of the soil clods increased as the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased. Also, the percentage of surface residues was greater as the thickness of the cutting edge of the plough increased. The best overall performance of the plough was obtained from the sharpest share cutting edge with a thickness of 1 mm.     

Improving mole drainage channel stability in irrigated areas

Mole drains in flood irrigated agriculture can rapidly fail due to high flows of irrigation water entering the mole channel through the soil cracks formed during the moling process. Currently mole drains are formed using a straight leg mole plough that results in rapid irrigation water flow to the mole drain. The use of an angled leg mole plough to reduce the direct inflow of irrigation water and produce more stable mole channels was investigated. The leg of the angled leg mole plough comprised an upper vertical section to which an angled section carrying the mole foot was attached at a 30° angle. The trials were carried out on two contrasting clay soils in a flood irrigated area. One of the soil types was structurally stable on wetting, the other unstable. The quality of the mole channels formed at installation using the straight leg plough was good, but using the angled leg plough were only moderate due to some instability problems with the equipment. This was caused by the mole foot pitching and thus forming an oval channel.After installation, irrigation was applied to the mole channels to ascertain their stability on wetting. The angled leg moles proved more stable than the straight leg moles in the unstable soil. This was due to reduced water flow rates into the channel causing less erosion and to the prevention of the leg slot opening up directly into the mole channel, through shrinkage, during dry periods. The latter prevented significant soil wash and ingress into the channel during the following irrigation. This improved stability is of significant importance in that it may allow the adoption of mole drainage on sodic and swell/shrink soils where previously mole drainage would have been ineffective.In the structurally stable soil, the stability of the angled leg moles was found to be slightly worse than those installed with the straight leg plough. This was probably due to inadequate soil packing in the channel roof during installation.The trial results indicate that mole channels installed with angled leg plough have the potential for much greater stability on sodic and swell/shrink soils than moles installed with current straight leg mole ploughs. Before this potential can be fully achieved further development of the mole ploughing technique is required to ensure that high quality moles are consistently formed at installation. Suggestions are made for future improvements to the mole plough and the moling technique.     

1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁的设计与试验

针对当前农业生产需求及147kW以上拖拉机配套液压翻转犁依赖进口的现状,研制了1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁。该机翻转可靠性高,操作简单,主犁体采用栅条式结构,翻垡覆盖效果好,耕作阻力小。田间试验结果表明:该机和不同功率及多种轮距的拖拉机配套使用,作业速度可达10.8km/h,犁耕作业效果好,在棉花地和水稻地的耕深稳定性系数及耕宽稳定性系数均达到了95%以上,在棉花地的碎土率也达到了90%以上。该机各项性能指标达到国家有关标准的要求,为147kW以上拖拉机提供了配套犁耕机具。     

Tillage Tool Design by the Finite Element Method: Part 2. Experimental Validation of the Finite Element Results with Soil Bin Test

Laboratory soil bin tests of subsoiler cutting in a sandy loam soil were carried out in order to validate the results obtained from the finite element calculations reported in Part 1 of this study. Measured results of subsoiler draught force and soil failure dimension taken on the surface were presented for four combinations of the subsoiler shank rake angle and chisel angle. Soil bin tests also measured the variation of draught force with subsoiler displacement. It was observed that the angle of both the subsoiler parts affected the dimensions of the surface soil failure and the magnitude of subsoiler draught force.Finite element method predictions of the subsoiler draught force as well as the extent of surface soil failure agreed well with measurements made in the soil bin. The predicted draught force for all subsoiler types exceeded the measured ones. The overprediction error ranged from 11·76 to 20·04%. The finite element model provided a good approximation to the maximum upward soil movement for the experiments. Better finite element method predictions of the front soil failure was obtained for the two subsoiler designs with a small chisel angle of 15° than for the designs with chisel angles of 23 and 31°. Among the four investigated subsoiler types the best subsoiler design was devised, which required the lowest draught and developed good soil loosening qualities as estimated by soil volume change. This subsoiler had a shank of 75° rake angle and an inclined chisel of 15° angle. Keeping a good soil loosening performance was attributed to the smaller shank rake angle of 75°, which indicated that the shank played an important role for the determination of the quality of soil loosening.     

Interactions of the Cutting Edge of Tillage Implements with Soil

The effect was studied of the cutting edge geometry of tillage implements on tillaged forces, soil failure and soil movement below the tillage depth. Tests were conducted using 400 mm wide experimental sweeps under the controlled conditions of a tillage test track (large outside continuous soil bin) and in the field. Corresponding tests were also conducted using a glass-sided soil bin to help quantify the interactions between the soil and tillage implements. By changing from a tillage tool with a sharp cutting edge geometry to a blunt one, the results showed that the draught force of a tillage tool with a similar overall geometry could be increased by up to 80% and the direction of the vertical force could be altered from one which acted to pull the tool into the soil to a force which provided tool lift. X-ray transmission, soil pore counts and cone penetrometer measurements, during the experimental sweep tests showed that the blunter cutting edges often formed cracks in the soil below the tillage depth. During the tillage test track tests a small angle of interference (negative clearance between the underside of the tool and the soil) increased the cone penetration resistance of the soil below the depth of tillage. Corresponding tests in the glass-sided soil bin revealed that the tool smeared the soil as the cutting edge passed.     

1QL—70型固定垄起垄机设计与试验

针对国内西北一年一熟绿洲农业区固定垄保护性耕作起垄机具缺乏的问题,设计了1QL70型固定垄起垄机.分析和确定了起垄犁、垄面成形装置等关键部件的结构参数.采用熟地型起垄犁,具有较强的翻土和碎土能力;组合式垄面成形装置通过与圆柱形镇压滚筒配合,在起垄时不仅具有较好的垄面成形能力,而且能对垄床起到很好的镇压作用.田间试验表明:1QL-70型固定垄起垄机的起垄和修垄效果良好,起、修垄作业后垄形尺寸和垄面平整度能较好地满足河西走廊地区的农艺要求.     

铧式犁犁体曲面研究现状与展望

犁耕作业是一种应用最为广泛的耕地方式,良好的犁体曲面不仅能使土壤达到理想的农艺作业要求,而且可以降低犁耕作业过程中的能量消耗,通过对犁体曲面的几何特征、性能参数、耕作过程和设计方法等方面进行阐述分析,总结基于犁耕作业过程中的土垡运动及受力的各类研究方法,分别从经验设计、几何形成线法、土迹线模拟法、基于犁耕工艺过程的犁体...     

“彗星式通孔”减阻犁的试验研究

在分析犁耕阻力形成的基础上,提出改善摩擦面摩擦条件的设想。通过在铧式犁的犁胸和犁铧上设计“彗星式通孔”,使犁耕过程中犁面与土垡的接触界面形成气液相介质层,改变土壤与金属的摩擦性能,减小摩擦系数,从而达到减摩减阻的目的。田间试验表明:设计有“彗星式通孔”的犁在水耕时可减小犁耕比阻8％～12％,旱耕时犁耕比阻也可减小2.5％～3.5％左右。     

基于最小数据集的东北旱作区耕层质量评价与障碍诊断

为准确评价东北旱作区耕层质量特征,针对全部初选指标采用主成分分析法（PCA）建立了东北旱作区耕层质量评价的最小数据集（Minimum data set, MDS）,并运用最小数据集耕层质量指数（MDS-Plough horizon integrated quality index, MDS-PHIQI）和障碍因子诊断模型对研究区耕层质量及主导障碍因子进行分析。结果表明：东北旱作区耕层质量评价的最小数据集由土壤有机质含量、全氮含量、有效磷含量、粘粒含量、耕作层穿透阻力和压实层厚度组成,最小数据集可替代全部初选指标对东北旱作区耕层质量进行评价;东北旱作区耕层质量指数分布在0.10~0.53之间,均值为0.30,整体处于低和中等水平。东北旱作区合理耕层指标参数的适宜范围为：有机质质量比大于等于37.16g/kg,全氮质量比大于等于1.75g/kg,有效磷质量比大于等于26.38mg/kg,粘粒质量分数为4.60%~6.19%,耕作层穿透阻力小于等于364.56kPa,压实层厚度小于等于8.18cm。东北旱作区粮食产量低产区耕层多存在结构型障碍,中产区耕层结构型障碍和养分限制共存,而高产区耕层主要表现为养分限制型障碍。整体来看,研究区耕层质量的主要障碍因素为耕作层穿透阻力、土壤全氮含量、有机质含量,需针对上述指标采取针对性的耕作和培肥措施。     

夹心结构水盐运移及分布规律

为探究滴灌条件下地膜覆盖-耕作层-犁底层形成的夹心结构水盐运移及时空分布特征,采用土柱试验,设计耕作层深度为30 cm,设置入渗和蒸发条件下3个灌水量处理（SW1：2 L,SW2：3 L,SW3：5 L）和相同灌水量下3种土体构型处理（SW3：夹心结构;LW3：不覆膜有犁底层;CK：均质土壤）.结果表明：入渗过程中,采用单因素方差法对单一耕作层和土柱整体土壤含水率进行对比分析,发现夹心结构下3个灌水量处理耕作层土壤剖面含水率差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;夹心结构SW3处理和不覆膜有犁底层LW3处理之间差异不具有统计学意义,但与CK处理差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）.夹心结构中水分入渗速率减缓,入渗时间延长,耕作层土壤含水率提高了22.52%~29.33%,盐分被淋洗至犁底层处,淋洗效果劣于均质土壤.蒸发过程中,夹心结构对土壤表层盐分抑制率最高达88.65%,水分抑制率达57.65%,夹心结构抑蒸和抑盐效果最优.该研究可为节水条件下改良和利用盐碱地,防止盐分表聚提供理论参考.     

Force Measurements on Driven Discs

Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in a soil bin containing sandy-loam soil to study the effects of varying the speed ratio (ratio of peripheral disc speed to forward speed), disc angle and tilt angle settings, on the performance of adriven disc. The hydraulically powered disc provided speed ratios from −3 (backward) through approximately 1 (free wheeling) to 6 (forward). Disc angles were varied from 20 to 65°, from the direction of travel, and tilt angles from −15 to 30° with respect to the vertical. It was observed that there was a major reduction in draught force and specific draught resistance in all cases when disc speed increased from freely rotating to forward speed ratios of approximately 3. Driving a disc in the reverse direction reduced penetration resistance at certain angle settings. Backward-driven discs were also found to reduce side forces on the concave side of the disc and increase those on the convex side. Total power consumption and specific total power increased significantly when the disc was driven in either direction. The angle setting also affected the driven-disc performance. The optimum angle setting in terms of minimizing force and power requirements occurred at a disc angle between 35 and 50° with approximately 0° tilt angle. Observations of soil disturbance showed that driving a disc either backward or forward improved soil mixing and pulverization characteristics.     

基于EDEM的凿式犁铲土壤扰动仿真分析与试验

为探究凿式犁铲（以下简称凿铲）的土壤扰动机理并构建适用于东北地区黏重黑土与耕作部件之间的仿真模型,结合EDEM仿真分析与土槽试验,与深松铲作业效果进行对比,研究凿铲对土壤的微观扰动机理和宏观扰动状态,并建立适宜东北地区土壤的耕作仿真模型。仿真与试验结果表明,深松铲对土壤进行剪切破坏,将耕作层和犁底层抬升、下落,对土壤松而不翻,不破坏原有的耕层土壤结构,土壤膨松度试验值为12.4%,土壤扰动系数试验值为59.4%,纵向截面扰动面积为52.586mm2,俯视视图扰动面积为116.779mm2;凿铲对土壤进行挤压破坏,将犁底层土壤翻耕到地表,破坏原有耕层土壤结构,土壤膨松度试验值为14.1%,土壤扰动系数试验值为64.1%,纵向截面扰动面积为54.128mm2,俯视视图扰动面积为233.061mm2,通过与深松铲作业后数据相比可知,凿铲可以实现更为明显的土壤扰动效果。同时,建立东北地区黏重黑土条件下的离散元土壤耕作模型,选用Hertz-Mindlin with JKR Cohesion模型作为土壤接触模型,确定仿真模型的各项技术参数,仿真与试验得到的土壤扰动截面轮廓基本拟合,土壤膨松度、土壤扰动系数的仿真值与试验值的相对误差为17%、4.4%,模拟仿真的数据误差范围满足要求,研究可为东北地区的土壤耕作部件离散元模拟仿真分析提供基础数据。     

不同耕层结构对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响

短周期的香蕉种植方式结合传统的香蕉地翻耕、旋耕模式导致香蕉田土壤耕作层以下不断压实并形成犁底层,而深松可打破坚硬的犁底层,提高水分利用效率,有利于作物根系的生长发育.为探明不同深松模式耕层构造对海南香蕉地砖红壤物理特性的影响,在海南大学香蕉试验田设置了全虚耕层构造(Q1)、全实耕层构造(Q2)、虚实并存耕层构造(Q3)...     

条带深松清垄秸秆混埋联合作业机的设计与试验

东北三省是全国最大的玉米主产区,玉米种植面积达1.53×107hm2,每年可收集的玉米秸秆量超过1.1×1 011kg。但是,东北玉米秸秆的总利用率不到5 0%,大部分秸秆被废弃或燃烧掉,在浪费大量农业资源的同时更造成了严重的环境污染。秸秆还田能够有效增加土壤有机质含量,改善土壤结构,也可以解决中国因秸秆过剩而产生的堆集、焚烧造成的环境污染问题。根据合理耕层构建中深耕改土、间隔耕作、秸秆还田农业技术要求,设计了一种一次作业可完成防堵深松、清垄、混埋及镇压等多功能秸秆混埋还田联合作业机。通过对关键部件防堵深松装置、清垄装置和混埋装置等结构优化设计和运动分析,确定了各关键部件的结构形式和参数,以及各部件的配置关系和整机性能参数。田间试验表明:该机在前进速度为5km/h时,秸秆覆盖量为1.0kg/m2;秸秆混埋深度为15.43cm时,混埋率为95.06%,碎土率为96.02%。该机作业性能达到了设计要求,为东北平原构建合理耕层配套机具的设计、改进和评价提供科学依据与方法。     

基于离散元法的犁铲磨损特性研究

耕作土壤由大量的离散颗粒组成,触土部件在作业时与土壤中的硬质颗粒接触造成严重磨损.本文以犁铲为磨损对象,通过EDEM离散元软件建立了铧式犁工作过程模型并进行模拟仿真,对犁铲磨损进行了数值分析.利用累积接触能量获得犁铲最易磨损的位置,并选取土壤密度、犁铲硬度和铧式犁工作速度等主要影响因素进行了仿真并分析它们对犁铲磨损的影...     

免耕播种机开沟器的适应性分析

目前,国内外免耕播种机开沟器种类较多,但性能与实际生产要求存在着相当大的差距,表现出适应作物单一、通过性能差、破茬能力弱、对地表破坏率较大、调节困难、使用可靠性及适应性较差等问题。为推广保护性耕作,实施有效免耕播种,以研究开沟器适应性为主题,在不同地表田间对北方地区使用的免耕播种机开沟器进行了试验、测试、分析、研究,对其适应性进行了探讨,认为在实施免耕播种作业时,开沟器必须有较强的破茬和清草能力,需配备切草与清草装置。单纯依靠增加机具的重量来加强开沟器的入土能力,其适应性较差。通过实验可知,采用动力型平面条旋开沟器性能可靠,实现了在土壤硬度较高、含水率较低、土壤板结严重、秸秆覆盖条件下进行免耕开沟作业,其适应性可靠,可以满足免耕播种农艺要求。     

A Novel Approach to the Prediction of Tillage Tool Draught using a Standard Tine

An investigation was conducted to develop and validate a novel approach to the prediction of the draught required by primary tillage implements op- erating in field conditions. A methodology was developed based upon an existing force prediction model which describes the draught of a standard tine as the product of two factors, related to soil strength and tool geometry respectively. The methodology results in a two-step prediction procedure, which consists of (1) establishing, in a reference soil condition, some comparative draught relationships (tool index I) be- tween the standard tine and each tillage implement and, (2) measuring the draught of the standard tine in the field. The tool index relationships were determined under laboratory conditions for a number of single tillage tools over a range of working depths, and the methodology was validated in four field conditions, namely: two friable sandy-loams, a compact clay and a plastic clay soil. Predicted draughts were on average within 18% of the measured values. In the friable soil conditions, the average prediction errors for the tine tools, mouldboard body and disc tool were 14%, 16% and 30% respectively. The corresponding errors for the same tools in the plastic clay were 18%, 26% and 26% respectively.     

提高坝体土方填筑一次合格率

宁夏固原地区(宁夏中南部)城乡饮水安全水源工程中庄水库由于料源多,料场开挖跨度大,土料含水率过高、过低分布不均,造成一次性碾压合格率较低,给工程质量控制带来一定难度,并严重影响工程进度.为了解决这个问题,由项目法人组织承包人成立QC小组,通过QC小组活动,以铧犁翻晒、坝面翻倒补水掺合的方式有效地解决了土方填筑含水率过高、过低的问题,施工质量得到有效的控制.均质土坝在西北地区由于其造价低、稳定性强的特点,在西北地区得到了广泛的应用.