Host-parasite interface of Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Eoacanthocephala) in naturally infected salmonids*

Abstract. The fine structure of the presomal tegument of Neoechinorhynchus rutili is described from worms attached to the intestinal wall of salmonid fishes. The host's cellular reaction at the worms’ point of attachment is described from the same hosts. The acanthocephalans’ presomal surface coat had a liquid lipid appearance. It seemed to be fed by droplets of lipid from necrotic host cells, by the contents of the granules of the hosts' coarsely granulated granulocytes and by excretions of the parasite. The crypts of the worms’ presomal outer limiting membrane were unbranched while those of the metasoma branched up in the striped layer. The striped layer of the proboscis hooks was more sclerotized than that of the surrounding (presomal) tegument. Inward from the hooks’ striped layer the crypts formed a mesh. The contents of the crypts were usually continuous with the presomal surface coat. The host's intestinal tissue in the region of the worms’ proboscides was heavily inflamed, especially around the hooks, where numerous granulocytes accumulated and degranulated. The acanthocephalans did not seem to be adversely affected by the inflammation and survived for at least 6 months in fish kept in the laboratory. The inflammatory tissue around the proboscides of worms exceeding a length of about 5 mm was enriched with fibroblasts and collagen fibres forming a capsule. Generally, the worms showed a shallow attachment. They were never found in extra-intestinal positions.     

扁吻鱼保护生物学研究---栖息地饵料、鱼类群落

2003年以来作者对现今扁吻鱼唯一栖息地生物饵料及鱼类群落环境进行了初步研究。结果显示：克孜尔水库有浮游植物7门34种（属）,平均密度145.7×104ind•L-1,平均生物量1.225mg•L-1,硅藻密度及生物量均占优势;浮游动物35种（属）,平均密度958.6ind•L-1,原生动物占优势;平均生物量1.449mg•L-1,枝角类和桡足类占优势;底栖动物1种（属）,平均密度9.1ind•m-2,平均生物量0.08g•m-2;水生植物2种（属）。栖息地分布鱼类19种,土著种10种,外来种9种,隶属2目3科13属,其中鲤科15种,占78.9%,鳅科3种,占15.8%,鱼叚虎鱼科1种,占5.3%。初步探讨了扁吻鱼所面临的生态环境问题。     

Accuracy and precision of the continuous underway fish egg sampler (CUFES) and bongo nets: a comparison of three species of temperate fish

We examine the accuracy and precision of the continuous underway fish egg sampler (CUFES) relative to bongo nets based on the catch ratio of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). We derived expectation of catch ratios based on the application of a one-dimensional model of the vertical distribution of fish eggs applied to cod and on prior data on egg vertical distribution. Samples were collected in May and August 2001, two periods when the vertical structure of the water column differed substantially. Stationary CUFES collections did not yield significant differences in accuracy or precision relative to the underway CUFES. In May, when there was relatively little stratification, the CUFES-to-bongo catch ratio of cod and plaice eggs was well within expectations based on model predictions. In August, the CUFES-to-bongo catch ratios of cod and cunner were higher than expected. Generally, there was a greater proportion of early stage eggs in bongo than in CUFES samples, with the strongest differences in American plaice. The replicate variance of the CUFES was ∼25 times greater than that of the bongo nets, probably because of the large volumes sampled by bongo nets relative to the CUFES. Given that the CUFES provides greater accuracy in mapping but lower precision than bongo nets, multiple sampling gears may be the most effective method for surveying fish eggs of pelagic and demersal species.     

Short-term hooking mortality of three marine fish species (Sparidae) caught by recreational angling in the south Portugal

Short-term hooking mortality was evaluated for three sparid species [Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), Sparus aurata L. and Spondyliosoma cantharus (L.)] in the Algarve, south Portugal. Fishes were caught from the shore during October 2009 at a fish farm reservoir (Ria Formosa), using three different hook sizes. The relationships between hooking mortality and seven independent variables were analyzed using logistic regression models. In all, 384 fishes representing the three target species were caught during the angling sessions. The most caught species was S. cantharus (n = 181; 100% undersized), followed by S. aurata (n = 137; 89% undersized) and D. vulgaris (n = 66; 97% undersized). Mortalities ranged between 0% for D. vulgaris and 12% for S. aurata (S. cantharus, 3%). For S. aurata, anatomical hooking location was the main predictor of mortality, with 63% of the fishes that died being deeply hooked. Our results support the current mandatory practices of releasing undersized fish for the studied species, given the low post-release mortality rates observed.     

Neuropeptides isotocin and arginine vasotocin in urophysis of three fish species

In this study, for the first time, both neuropeptides isotocin (IT) and arginine vasotocin (AVT) have been identified and measured in urophysis, the neurohaemal organ of the caudal neurosecretory system of teleost fish. So far, AVT, but not IT, was quantified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in urophysis of several fish species. We have used high-performance liquid chromatographic assay with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) preceded by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS) technique to determine both neuropeptides in urophysis of three fish species. The efficiency of peptide’s SPE extraction was 79–85 %. In HPLC-FL method, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were estimated as 1.0 and 3.4 pmol/mL for IT and 0.25 and 2.20 pmol/mL for AVT. In LC–MS/MS method, LOD and LOQ were estimated as 0.4 and 1.2 pmol/mL for IT and 0.06 and 0.2 pmol/mL for AVT. The chromatographic methods are good alternative for RIA, because enable to measure both nonapeptides simultaneously in one sample. In round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and sea bream (Sparus aurata), urophysial IT concentrations ranged between 0.056 and 0.678 pmol/mg tissue and AVT concentrations ranged between 0.0008 (or even below detection threshold) and 0.084 pmol/mg tissue.     

扁吻鱼人工繁殖技术研究

2006～2007年,利用人工驯化养殖3年以上的扁吻鱼(Aspiorhynchus laticeps)亲鱼,通过人工催产、流水刺激、人工采卵等方法,2年共采卵99万粒,授精率83.3%,孵化率67.8%,室内人工孵化出苗56万尾,初孵仔鱼全长0.7 cm,水温17～19℃时,约6 d后开口摄食,开口饵料为轮虫或卤虫无节幼体.     

扁吻鱼人工繁殖技术研究

２００６～２００７年,利用人工驯化养殖３年以上的扁吻鱼（Ａｓｐｉｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓｌａｔｉｃｅｐｓ）亲鱼,通过人工催产、流水刺激、人工采卵等方法,２年共采卵９９万粒,授精率８３．３％,孵化率６７．８％,室内人工孵化出苗５６万尾,初孵仔鱼全长０．７ｃｍ,水温１７～１９℃时,约６ｄ后开口摄食,开口饵料为轮虫或卤虫无节幼体。     

扁吻鱼人工繁殖试验

在扁吻鱼极度濒危,采捕、储运极其恶劣的环境中,利用人力拉行的三层流刺网和自行设计、制作的“水道活鱼储运变形布箱”和“活口筒形布袋”在河道中采捕扁吻鱼成鱼112尾,成活76尾,加上原有成鱼,现有扁吻鱼成鱼92尾。扁吻鱼的性腺发育的再成熟需两周年以上,经过三年的精心饲养、已有10尾雌体的性腺发育到Ⅳ期初和有10尾以上的成熟雄鱼,为2006年生产性人工繁殖打下物质基础。2005年4月25日采捕到成熟亲鱼,经过人工采卵受精,获得约5万粒受精卵,受精率为91.47％;孵化率为80．10％,出苗36 779尾。由于遭到小瓜虫等寄生虫的侵袭,饲养到5月21日的成活率为43．64％,培育到10月25日,平均体重为6．5g、成活率为40．80％。     

Dynamics of appetite in three fish species (Gasterosteus aculeatus, Phoxinus phoxinus and Carassius auratus gibelio) after feed deprivation

The temporal dynamics of appetite (weight of food consumed per day) were analysed for fish fed to satiation after a 1 or 2-week period of feed deprivation. Three species were compared: two omnivores (minnow, Phoxinus phoxinus and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio) and a carnivore (three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus). All species showed compensatory changes in appetite and growth during the re-feeding period but in the stickleback, there was a lag of a week before the compensatory response was detected. The temporal dynamics of appetite differed between the three species but not within a species. Appetite of the minnow declined towards control levels from the onset of re-feeding. In gibel carp, appetite increased to a peak and then declined to control levels. In the stickleback, appetite was initially below control levels, increased to a maximum, then declined towards control levels. The differences between the species might have been artefacts of the experimental protocols used but could also reflect underlying differences in the control of appetite in these species of fish.     

Lipid deposition patterns among different sizes of three commercial fish species

This study was conducted to compare lipid deposition pattern of three fish species among fish size, Large yellow croaker (Larmichthys crocea), Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) and Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), Using magnetic resonance imaging technology for adult fish, results showed that lipid of large yellow croaker mainly deposits in abdominal cavity wall, while for Japanese seabass mainly deposit in visceral adipose tissue and for turbot lipid mainly distribute subcutaneous tissue. Three sizes for each species were selected: S1 (small size), S2 (intermediate size) and S3 (big size), to examine chemical analysis. Results of chemical analysis indicated that whole body lipid content of large yellow croaker significantly increased with the increase in body weight, but Japanese seabass and turbot significantly decreased (p < .05). Lipid content of muscle and intestinal tract in large yellow croaker significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05), but lipid content of adipose tissue, kidney, heart and skin in S2 group were higher than S1 and S3 groups (p < .05). Lipid content of liver, eye, kidney and brain in Japanese seabass significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05), but lipid content of stomach and heart showed an opposite trend. Lipid content of liver, adipose tissue, skin and eye in turbot significantly decreased (p < .05), but lipid content of brain significantly increased with the increase in body weight (p < .05). The results indicated that lipid content of different tissues in fish presented different trends, which was species‐dependent.     

Digestible energy need (DEN) of selected farmed fish species

Using the energy required (digestible energy need, DEN) to grow 1 kg of wet body weight, feed ration models can be created that accurately calculate the daily feed requirements for specific strains/stocks of fish and farm locality. This study examines the effect of body weight and temperature on the DEN. The relationship was examined using data from the current scientific literature for selected farmed fish species. In general, the DEN increased with increasing body weight for salmoniformes and pleuronectiformes. However, no effect of temperature was found for any groups examined by systematic order or species. Perciformes fish showed no effect of body weight or temperature on the DEN. This may be attributed to differences in the way that body composition changes occur among species as they grow (e.g., changes in fat storage), which in turn may be explained by an adaptation to life in warmer water.     

三种鳅科鱼对NaCl盐度和NaHCO3碱度的耐受能力

以鳅科的黑龙江泥鳅(Misgurnus mohoity Dybowsky)、大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus Sauvage)、达里湖高原鳅(Triplophysa dalaica)为实验材料,采用单因子静态急性毒性实验法和均匀正交设计法对其盐碱耐受能力进行研究。实验结果表明,黑龙江泥鳅、大鳞副泥鳅、达里湖高原鳅的24 h和96 h的氯化钠(Na Cl)盐度半致死浓度(LC50)分别为15.64 g/L和13.58 g/L、15.43 g/L和14.18 g/L、14.00 g/L和11.57 g/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为4.12 g/L、4.03 g/L、3.74 g/L,盐度耐受能力顺序为:黑龙江泥鳅大鳞副泥鳅达里湖高原鳅。黑龙江泥鳅、大鳞副泥鳅、达里湖高原鳅的24 h和96 h碳酸氢钠(NaHCO_3)碱度半致死浓度(LC50)分别为117.1 mmol/L和72.62 mmol/L、128.4 mmol/L和88.83 mmol/L、155.2 mmol/L和120.0 mmol/L,安全浓度分别为18.77 mmol/L、23.66 mmol/L、36.30 mmol/L,碱度耐受能力顺序为:达里湖高原鳅大鳞副泥鳅黑龙江泥鳅。盐碱交互作用对黑龙江泥鳅、大鳞副泥鳅均表现为协同作用,协同系数0~48 h依次增高,以后逐渐减小;而对达里湖高原鳅在0~48 h内表现为协同作用,在48~96 h时表现为拮抗作用,拮抗系数随着暴露时间的延长而增大。对比分析可知,3种鳅科鱼的盐碱耐受能力比大多数淡水鱼高,可作为盐碱水域的增养殖鱼类;而达里湖高原鳅在耐碱方面表现更突出,可以作为高碳酸盐型盐碱水的增养殖鱼类。     

扁吻鱼的生物学研究

2003～2005年对扁吻鱼的生物学进行调查研究,首次系统地获得第一手的扁吻鱼生物学资料。发现扁吻鱼依靠其上、下颌骨上附生着的特异“拟小齿”(Pseud-denti- cle),捕捉他种鱼类为食;泄殖孔和肛门包藏在“外腔”内,不外露;扁吻鱼的性成熟需6～7年,而扁吻鱼性腺发育的再成熟需两周年以上,绝对怀卵量平均为277 772±128 823粒,相对怀卵量平均为44．6±18．3粒/g;成熟卵为淡黄色,平均卵径为1．46±0．08mm,同步成熟,一次产卵。每年4月下旬至5月上旬正值河水上涨之始,即为扁吻鱼的产卵繁殖期。本扎提河—克孜尔水库中的扁吻鱼捕捞群体由2000年的平均体重2．67kg至2005年平均体重增达7．09kg,个体老龄化,资源严重衰退。并对扁吻鱼的生态环境进行调查。文章最后对扁吻鱼的濒危原因进行深入探讨,以及提出建立扁吻鱼自然保护区势在必行。     

扁吻鱼成鱼的采捕与运输

本文报道了扁吻鱼在采捕、储运过程中出现的问题,在经过反复研究后,自行设计、制作了“水道活鱼储运变形布箱”和“活口筒状抄袋”等工具,成活率由过去不足5.00%,提高到95.83%。     

扁吻鱼的栖息地及其群落保护生物学研究

2003年以来,对扁吻鱼Aspiorhynchus laticeps(Day)唯一栖息地的生物饵料及鱼类群落环境进行了初步研究.结果显示,克孜尔水库有浮游植物7门、34种(属),平均密度145.7×104个/L,平均生物量1.225mg/L,硅藻密度及生物量均占优势;浮游动物35种(属),平均密度958.6个/L,原生动物占优势;平均生物量1.449mg/L,枝角类和桡足类占优势;底栖动物1种(属),平均密度9.1个/m2,平均生物量0.08 g/m2;水生植物2种(属).栖息地分布鱼类隶属2目、3科、19种,土著种10种,外来种9种;其中鲤科15种,占78.9%,鳅科3种,占15.8%,鰕虎鱼科1种,占5.3%.探讨了扁吻鱼所面临的生态环境问题.     

Tagging effects on three non-native fish species in England (Lepomis gibbosus, Pseudorasbora parva, Sander lucioperca) and of native Salmo trutta

Abstract –  To address the dearth of information on tagging effects and long-term survivorship of tagged fish in native and introduced species, laboratory and field investigations were undertaken on three non-native fish species (pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus ; topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva ; pikeperch Sander lucioperca ) tagged with coded-wire (CW), passive integrated transponder (PIT), radio (RT) telemetry and/or acoustic tags (AT), with survivorship of native brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) examined in the field. Laboratory results revealed high survivorship following tag attachment/insertion and resumption of feeding within 24–48 h of tagging (all mortalities could be attributed to an unrelated outbreak of fungal infection), with retention rates being high in both pumpkinseed and pikeperch but low in topmouth gudgeon (excluded from field studies). In the field, short-term post-operation survival was high in pikeperch, pumpkinseed and brown trout. In pumpkinseed and trout, 100% of RT fish survived a 24–30 day tracking study, with 60% and 80%, respectively, recaptured alive at least 3 months post-tagging. Of PIT tagged pumpkinseed, 44% were recaptured (after 6–18 months), with small-sized, CW-tagged fish (0.38 g weight) captured up to 1 year after tagging. In pikeperch, all AT fish except one (the smallest specimen) survived their full expected tracking period (i.e. tag life) – the single lost specimen survived at least half of its expected tracking period (i.e. 6 month battery life). Overall, the tagging methods used were highly effective in pumpkinseed and pikeperch, showing good retention and survival, but PIT tagging of topmouth gudgeon was plagued by low survivorship and tag rejection.     

扁吻鱼的栖息地及其群落保护生物学研究

2003年以来,对扁吻鱼Aspiorhynchus laticeps(Day)唯一栖息地的生物饵料及鱼类群落环境进行了初步研究。结果显示,克孜尔水库有浮游植物7门、34种(属),平均密度145.7×104个/L,平均生物量1.225mg/L,硅藻密度及生物量均占优势;浮游动物35种(属),平均密度958.6个/L,原生动物占优势;平均生物量1.449mg/L,枝角类和桡足类占优势;底栖动物1种(属),平均密度9.1个/m2,平均生物量0.08g/m2;水生植物2种(属)。栖息地分布鱼类隶属2目、3科、19种,土著种10种,外来种9种;其中鲤科15种,占78.9%,鳅科3种,占15.8%,鰕虎鱼科1种,占5.3%。探讨了扁吻鱼所面临的生态环境问题。