药剂拌种对大麦条纹病的防治效果

选用喹啉铜、苯醚甲环唑、烯肟·戊唑醇、己唑醇、烯酰吗啉、咪鲜胺、腈菌唑等7种药剂按1∶500剂量拌种,进行大麦条纹病防效试验.结果表明,7种药剂均有一定的防病效果,尤以25％腈菌唑乳油防效最好,但综合出苗率、产量和防治效果等因素,33.5％喹啉铜悬浮剂、20％苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂可作为药剂拌种的首选药剂.     

戊唑·咪鲜胺防治小麦赤霉病试验效果

为检验45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂防治小麦赤霉病的效果,以当地常用的防治药剂作为对照,进行了田间防治试验。在2014年安徽庐江试验区小麦赤霉病流行较重的情况下,于小麦初花期施第1次药,7 d后施第2次药,至小麦赤霉病病情稳定时调查。45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂不同用量处理的病穗防效达65.49%~91.45%,病指防效达70.38%~92.66%。其中,600、750 mL/hm~2处理的防效均高于对照药剂36%多·酮悬浮剂2 250 mL/hm~2处理和20%烯肟·戊唑醇悬浮剂600mL/hm~2处理。45%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂处理的增产效果明显,增产率达27.83%~35.94%,高于对照药剂。     

防治珍珠李叶枯病的药剂筛选

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种药剂对珍珠李叶枯病主要病原胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)的抑制作用,并进行田间施药防病试验,调查各药剂的实际防效。结果表明,氟硅唑·咪鲜胺、咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑·醚菌酯对病原菌的室内毒力较高,EC50均低于0.03μg/mL;50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂、5%氨基寡糖素水剂、325 g/L苯醚甲环唑·醚菌酯悬浮剂、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油的田间防病效果较好,均在75%以上。     

几种药剂防治小麦纹枯病试验初报

为了筛选小麦纹枯病的高效防治药剂,对几种药剂进行了田间防效试验。初步试验表明,在小麦纹枯病发生初期,使用井冈霉素A 5%水剂6 000mL/hm2或丙环.咪鲜胺36%悬浮剂750g或己唑醇5%微乳剂1 500mL或酚菌酮40%水乳剂1 500mL或烯唑醇12.5%可湿性粉剂600g兑水900kg,能有效控制小麦纹枯病的发生程度,药后20d对小麦纹枯病的防治效果可达52%以上,药后50d的防治效果仍保持在52%以上。     

不同药剂处理对小麦赤霉病的田间防治效果

为筛选出防治小麦赤霉病高效药剂以便更好地服务于农业生产,本试验采用200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂+250 g/L丙环唑乳油、40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂、480 g/L氰烯·戊唑醇悬浮剂、30%肟菌·戊唑醇悬浮剂、40%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂、44%戊唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂共6种药剂处理对小麦赤霉病进行田间防治试验。结果表明,200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺悬浮剂975 mL/hm²+250 g/L丙环唑乳油600 mL/hm²处理和40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂750 mL/hm²处理的防效和增产效果相当,且均优于其它药剂处理,值得在生产中推广应用。     

几种药剂对月季白粉病的防治效果

试验结果表明,5%已唑醇悬浮剂和12.5%腈菌唑乳油对月季白粉病防效较好,防效达到74.98%和70.56%,40%氟硅唑乳油和43%戊唑醇悬浮剂对月季白粉病的防效分别为62.08%、59.37%,几种药剂可在生产上轮换使用。     

不同种类杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病的田间防效

为筛选出对辣椒炭疽病具有较好防效的杀菌剂,选用10种不同杀菌剂于2021年进行田间药效试验。结果表明：3次药后7 d, 32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂和43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂的防效分别为85.1%、82.7%和81.9%;25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油、24%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑悬浮剂和10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂三者的防效在75.8%～77.8%之间;80%甲基硫菌灵水分散粒剂、22.5%啶氧菌酯悬浮剂和25%溴菌腈乳油等处理的防效在69.2%～74.6%之间;50%克菌丹可湿性粉剂的防效相对较差。32.5%苯醚甲环唑·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂及43%氟吡菌酰胺·肟菌酯悬浮剂可作为福建地区防治辣椒炭疽病的较优选择。     

叶菌唑与4种杀菌剂复配对小麦赤霉病的毒力及防效

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了叶菌唑分别与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺的几种不同配比复配剂对禾谷镰孢菌的室内联合毒力,并通过田间试验评价复配剂对小麦赤霉病的防效。结果表明,叶菌唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑和氟啶胺对禾谷镰孢菌的有效抑制中浓度(EC_(50))分别为0.016 3～0.038 3、0.014 7、0.280 7、0.094 5、0.230 0μg/mL,复配剂叶菌唑∶咪鲜胺1∶2和叶菌唑∶戊唑醇1∶1具有增效作用,SR值分别为1.540 5和1.515 3。按此比例制备了30%叶菌唑·咪鲜胺水乳剂和20%叶菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂用以进行田间防效试验,结果显示,这2个复配剂的田间防效均与用量呈正相关性,且一次防效均在65%以上,并且对小麦安全,这一结果表明叶菌唑与咪鲜胺、戊唑醇这2种不同作用机制的杀菌剂可以复配使用,大大延缓了小麦赤霉病菌抗药性的进一步加剧,为赤霉病的综合防控和抗药性治理提供依据,具有良好的市场开发前景。     

咪铜·氟环唑对水稻稻曲病和穗颈瘟的田间防效

以当地防治稻曲病、穗颈瘟常用的药剂组合40%稻瘟灵乳油+18.7%丙环·嘧菌酯悬乳剂为对照处理,设置40%咪铜·氟环唑悬浮剂3个剂量进行稻田施药防病试验,调查并比较不同药剂处理的防效。结果表明,在水稻破口前7 d,喷施1次40%咪铜·氟环唑悬浮剂,制剂用量60 g/667m~2处理,对水稻穗颈瘟、稻曲病的防效分别为82.65%、94.93%,为3个用量处理中最高,与对照药剂处理防效无显著差异。     

新型杀菌剂单施混用对小麦白粉病的防治效果

为调查新型杀菌剂叶菌唑、咪鲜胺铜盐·噻霉酮、丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇单施或与其他药剂混用对河南省小麦白粉病的防治效果,从中筛选出防效较好的药剂处理,于2022年开展了田间试验。结果表明,40%丙硫菌唑·戊唑醇悬浮剂40 mL(667 m²制剂用量)、8%叶菌唑悬浮剂60 mL+36%咪鲜胺铜盐·噻霉酮悬浮剂20 mL两处理在防治白粉病和保障小麦产量方面均具明显优势,建议在白粉病重发区应用;8%叶菌唑悬浮剂60 mL+430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂20 mL、8%叶菌唑悬浮剂60～75 mL、36%咪鲜胺铜盐·噻霉酮悬浮剂20 mL+430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂20 mL对白粉病的防效也显著优于对照药剂处理430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂20 mL、19%丙环·嘧菌酯悬乳剂50 m L,并具一定的保产效果,建议在白粉病中度至偏重发生年份或地区应用。     

药剂对稻曲病菌的毒力测定及复配研究

为筛选防治稻曲病的有效单剂和复配组合,采用菌丝生长速率法,测定烯唑醇、腈菌唑、丙环唑、咪鲜胺、苯菌灵、多菌灵、戊唑醇、井冈霉素、松脂酸铜9种杀菌剂及互相复配后对稻曲病菌的毒力,并比较了不同复配组合的协同作用.结果表明:稻曲病菌对烯唑醇最敏感,EC5o为0.145 μg/mL;井冈霉素对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最弱,EC50为13.6 μg/mL.从252种不同比例复配的药剂中,筛选出12种增效配方,其中烯唑醇和咪鲜胺复配(1∶10),协同系数高达3.70,增效作用最大;烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶10)对稻曲病菌的毒力作用最强,EC5o为0.06μg/mL,其次是烯唑醇和咪鲜胺(1∶20)与烯唑醇和腈菌唑(10∶1),EC50分别为0.10μ/mL和0.11μg/mL.田间试验结果也表明:烯唑醇与咪鲜胺(1∶10)复配,对稻曲病的平均防效为79.2％,高于其他常用药剂.     

葡萄胶孢炭疽菌对3种麦角甾醇脱甲基抑制剂类杀菌剂的敏感性

系统比较了从云南省主要葡萄产区采集的57株葡萄胶胞炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides对三唑类脱甲基抑制剂烯唑醇、腈菌唑及咪唑类脱甲基抑制剂咪鲜胺的敏感性、交互敏感性及敏感性与生存适合度的相关性等指标。结果表明:供试菌株对咪鲜胺的EC50值在0.01~1.58 mg/L之间,高于其对烯唑醇(EC50值为0.05~25.45 mg/L)和腈菌唑(EC50值为0.49~192.93 mg/L)的敏感性;部分菌株对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性显著降低,而对咪鲜胺仍保持较高的敏感性;供试菌株对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性具有显著的相关性,而对咪鲜胺的敏感性与对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性之间则无显著相关性。低敏感性菌株的致病力和菌落生长速率与敏感菌株无显著差异,具有较高的生存适合度。     

香蕉枯萎病田间发病株的高效灭菌方法筛选

为筛选有效防控香蕉枯萎病菌扩散蔓延的灭菌方法,采用含毒介质培养法测定咪鲜胺和多菌灵不同配比对枯萎病菌的毒力作用以筛选最佳混配液,比较最佳混配液与生石灰、草甘膦、咪鲜胺的平板抑菌和大田灭菌效果,并研究了大田不同施用方式对最佳混配液灭菌效果的影响。结果表明,咪鲜胺与多菌灵体积比为10∶1时得最佳混配液,可显著提高对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制效果,增效系数为1.53,EC50值最小,为0.025 mg/L;4种药剂的EC50值由大到小为草甘膦生石灰咪鲜胺最佳混配液。1 000 mg/L最佳混配液喷施于大田病株5 d后根际土壤病菌含量下降了95.93%,10 d后球茎病菌含量减少了71.88%,综合灭菌效果显著优于其它处理。此外,应用打孔灌药法可显著提高最佳混配液对大田病株的灭菌效果,施用5 d后球茎病菌含量减少了95.95%。表明以打孔灌药法施用1 000 mg/L最佳混配液灭菌效果显著且操作便捷,易于推广应用。     

不同杀菌剂对玉米白斑病的田间防治效果

玉米白斑病是我国西南玉米产区一种新发病害, 尚缺乏有效的防控措施。为筛选玉米白斑病的防控药剂, 本研究选用19种不同作用机制的杀菌剂, 于2022年－2023年在云南省普洱市开展田间试验, 分别于玉米10叶期和抽雄吐丝期采用叶面喷雾法施药1次, 评价各药剂的田间防效。结果显示, 9种防治真菌性病害的杀菌剂在最后1次施药后28 d对白斑病的防治效果超过50%, 包括250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、40%氟环唑悬浮剂、24%井冈霉素A水剂、40%咪鲜胺水乳剂和10%苯醚甲环唑微乳剂5种单剂, 以及325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂、40%丁香·戊唑醇悬浮剂、40%唑醚·戊唑醇悬浮剂和30%氟环·咪鲜胺微乳剂4种混剂。保护性杀菌剂代森锰锌和有机铜杀菌剂喹啉铜仅表现了23.26%和29.00%的微弱防效。卵菌病害特效药剂烯酰吗啉, 防治细菌性病害的杀菌剂春雷霉素、四霉素、中生菌素以及植物免疫诱抗剂6%寡糖·链蛋白可湿性粉剂的防效较差, 均低于20%。本研究发现部分甲氧基丙烯酸酯类和三唑类杀菌剂对玉米白斑病具有较好的田间防治效果, 建议现阶段在生产上采用二者的复配药剂如苯甲·嘧菌酯, 唑醚·戊唑醇等开展田间防控。     

几种药剂对草莓炭疽病的效果

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂、50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂、40%福美锌可湿性粉剂和70%代森联干悬浮剂4种药剂对草莓炭疽病菌的室内毒力。结果表明,4种药剂对菌丝生长的EC50的大小顺序为:50%咪鲜胺40%福美锌70%代森联48%波尔多液,50%咪鲜胺的EC50为6.24 mg/L。并选取毒力较好的50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂和40%福美锌可湿性粉剂进行了田间药效测定,48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂作为对照。试验发现:50%咪鲜胺可湿性粉剂在田间的效果最好,其800 mg/L处理在田间2次药后7 d的防效达到了80.26%,与对照药剂48%波尔多液可湿性粉剂间存在显著性差异。     

In-vivo evaluation of adjuvants for more effective control of celery leaf-spot (Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of wheat with fungicides

The effects of seven adjuvants (at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g litre^?1) on the efficacies of four fungicides al 0.5 g litre^?1 were studied in the laboratory for the control of leaf-spot in celery (caused by Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew on winter wheat (caused by Erysiphe graminis). The most effective fungicides for controlling leaf-spot were: tebuconazole + triadimenol = flutriafol > mancozeb + oxadixyl > prochloraz. However, addition of adjuvant to the fungicides gave a modified pattern of effectiveness. The efficacy of flutriafol was strongly enhanced by addition of all adjuvants, but those of prochloraz and mancozeb+oxadixyl only partially so. The tested adjuvants were mineral oil + surfactant, a polymer/alkoxylated alkyl ether blend, an ethoxylated alkylphenol, an ethoxylated hexitan ester blend, an ethoxylated nonylphenol and an alkylpolysaccharide- based adjuvant mixture. However, the addition of adjuvants to tebuconazole + triadimenol had a negative effect. Of all the adjuvants tested, the nonylphenol ethoxylate and a mixture of mineral oil /surfactant and alkylpolysaccharides gave the highest efficacy with the fungicides, while the mineral oil/surfactant and the alkylpolysaccharides alone were less effective. There was a positive relationship between high concentrations of adjuvants and their effectiveness, but there were some exceptions. The most effective fungicides for control of powdery mildew in wheat were prochloraz, mancozeb + oxadixyl and tebuconazole + triadimenol. There was a linear relationship between the high efficacy of the fungicide and the concentration of adjuvants to control powdery mildew in wheat. The highest concentration of adjuvant (2-0 g litre^?1) gave the highest efficacy for the fungicides.     

Evidence of synergy between prochloraz and deltamethrin in apis mellifera L.: a convenient biological approach

We have studied the synergistic action of deltamethrin and prochloraz in bees in laboratory experiments that allowed us to express dosages in terms of field rates (g ha^?1). It was established that, used alone, deltamethrin at 0·125 g ha^?1 and prochloraz at 25 g ha^?1 did not produce mortalities different from that of the control during 96 h of observation. Sprayed as a mixture of these doses, deltamethrin and prochloraz produced 67·5% corrected mortality within 24 h and 74·1% corrected mortality within 50 h. Sequential treatments of deltamethrin and prochloraz spaced by a 0·8-day interval reduced the synergistic action of both molecules. At 50 h, the lethal effects were 27·5% corrected mortality for the treatment of deltamethrin followed by prochloraz and 23·8% corrected mortality for the treatment of prochloraz followed by deltamethrin. Results are discussed in terms of mode of action and sub-lethal effects.     

Influence of spray programmes on development of fungicide resistance in the eyespot pathogen of wheat, Pseudocercospovella herpotrichoides

A site with no known history of cereal growing or carbendazim fungicide use was inoculated in 1983 with an equal mixture of spores of R-type and W-type isolates of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. all sensitive to carbendazim. Following three consecutive years of carbendazim sprays, more than 90% of isolates recovered were carbendazim-resistant. A majority of R-type isolates was recovered after 3 years and resistance was found to be more frequent in R-type than in W-type isolates. A mixture of carbendazim with prochloraz initially delayed the development of carbendazim resistance, but after 3 years the incidence of resistance was similar to that where carbendazim alone was applied. The best control of eyespot was given by the mixture and by a split application of prochloraz in the first year, by the mixture in the second year, and by the split prochloraz application in the final year. A greater proportion of R-type isolates was recovered from prochloraz-treated plots than from unsprayed plots; the proportion of these that were resistant to carbendazim was lower than that from carbendazim treatments. Throughout this study isolates resistant to prochloraz were not detected.     

九种杀菌剂对新拟盘多毛孢病菌的室内毒力作用

新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病是在草莓上发现的一种新病害。本研究对采自北京昌平、山东诸城、云南保山及广东惠州等地草莓Fragaria × ananassa发病叶片进行了组织分离,结合形态特征和ITS系统发育分析对所分离获得的8株疑似拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病菌进行了鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了病原菌对8种代表性杀菌剂及新型药剂——双苯菌胺的敏感性。结果表明:所分离得到的病原菌为新拟盘多毛孢Neopestalotiopsis clavispora;双苯菌胺对8株新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora的毒力最强,平均EC₅₀值为 (0.004 ± 0.002) μg/mL,可作为防治草莓叶斑病的首选药剂;其次为咪鲜胺、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑和腈菌唑,平均EC₅₀值在0.006~0.803 μg/mL之间;百菌清毒力较低,而代森锰锌对新拟盘多毛孢 N. clavispora几乎没有抑制作用。研究结果对合理使用杀菌剂防治草莓新病害——新拟盘多毛孢叶斑病提供参考。     

短短芽胞杆菌Bb5911的复合诱变及其对香蕉炭疽病的防治作用

为了提高拮抗菌对香蕉炭疽病的抑菌活性并探讨其与化学药剂混用的可行性,本研究采用紫外线-亚硝酸钠复合诱变的方法对短短芽胞杆菌Bb5911进行诱变,并测试了其与咪鲜胺混配对香蕉炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,最佳诱变条件为在距离20 W紫外灯50 cm下照射15 s,然后经300 mmol/L NaNO₂诱变处理60 min。经过2次复合诱变后得到突变株5B37-3的抑菌活性最强,比出发菌株提高了112.41%。咪鲜胺对突变株5B37-3的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为20.83 μg/mL。连续转接7次,突变株5B37-3的抑菌活性无明显降低。抑菌谱测试结果表明,突变株5B37-3对13种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性比出发菌株均有提高,提高率18.20%~239.27%。对香蕉炭疽病防治的试验结果表明,突变株5B37-3的防效明显高于出发菌株,最高为66.55%。突变株5B37-3与10.42 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液复配后,香蕉贮藏15 d,其防治效果为72.76%,与333.33 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液防效相当;至香蕉贮藏17 d,其防治效果显著低于333.33 μg/mL咪鲜胺溶液。