日粮中添加不同比例多不饱和脂肪酸对产蛋鸡抗氧化机能的影响

选用168只产蛋鸡进行试验,研究在日粮中添加不同比例多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)对产蛋鸡抗氧化机能的影响。采用2×2双因子试验设计。基础日粮为玉米-豆粕型日粮,n-3(PUFA)/n-6(PUFA)比例分别为1:1、1:4、1:8、1:16、1:32,维生素E(VE)添加水平为30mg/kg和300mg/kg。在试验开始后第5周和第10周测定血浆中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化力(TAOC)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;试验结束屠宰鸡只测定肝脏匀浆液中T-SOD、GSH-Px、TAOC活性及MDA含量。试验结果表明:随着日粮中n-3(PUFA)/n-6(PUFA)比值的下降,试验鸡血浆及肝脏中T-SOD,TAOC,GSH-Px活性增加,其中血浆中T-SOD活性只有在第5周时才达到显著水平(P<0.05),而血浆中GSH-Px活性在第5周及第10周时均达到显著(P<0.05)水平;血浆和肝脏中MDA含量随着日粮中n-3/n-6比值的下降而显著(P<0.05)下降。高水平VE添加能够显著(P<0.05)提高产蛋鸡血浆和肝脏中T-SOD,TAOC,GSH-PX活性,降低血浆中MDA含量。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对禽类免疫功能的影响研究进展

作者综述了多不饱和脂肪酸对禽类免疫功能的影响研究进展，包括多不饱和脂肪酸对禽类免疫器官、体液免疫、细胞免疫和细胞因子的影响，及多不饱和脂肪酸调节免疫功能的机制。     

不同ω6/ω3多不饱和脂肪酸日粮对AA肉鸡脂多糖免疫应激的影响

选用90只AA肉鸡母雏,饲喂30∶1、20∶1、10∶1、5∶1、2.5∶1 5种不同的不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）日粮到56日龄,进行大肠杆菌脂多糖（LPS）和生理盐水连续3 d注射应激,研究不同比例ω6/ω3 PUFA对免疫机能的影响。试验结果表明,不同比例ω6/ω3 PUFA对应激前后体增重、应激后第1 d和第7 d血清总蛋白（TP）和IgG含量没有显著影响(P>0.05),但对血清白蛋白（Alb）含量、应激后第1 d新城疫抗体滴度、第7 d血浆皮质酮含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。LPS应激和对照相比,除对体增重的影响达到显著水平（P<0.05）外,对其他性状的影响均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。与应激后第1 d相比,应激后第7 d的皮质酮水平下降,白蛋白、总蛋白含量和IgG含量上升,表现出机体缓解应激的变化。因此,不同比例的ω6/ω3 PUFA日粮对机体体液免疫功能产生不同程度的影响,其中20∶1日粮的平均血清TP和Alb含量在5种日粮中最高,2.5∶1日粮的平均血清IgG含量和ND抗体水平在5种日粮中最高。但随着5种日粮ω6/ω3 PUFA比值的降低,日粮间缓解应激的作用没有呈现明显的变化趋势。     

不同n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对LPS诱导的断奶仔猪肠道形态的影响

为探讨n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值为10或20对断奶仔猪生长性能及LPS诱导的肠道形态的影响,试验选用24头28 d断奶、平均体重(6.8±0.55)kg的荣昌小公猪,采用2×2因子试验设计,日粮类型(n-6/n-3PUFA比值为10和20)和免疫应激(注射LPS和生理盐水),试验期21 d。第21天,每日粮处理组一半的仔猪腹膜注射大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)或生理盐水,3 h后屠宰仔猪采集肠道样品。结果表明:在试验的0~7 d和0~21 d,采食n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为10日粮的仔猪饲料转化效率显著高于采食n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为20日粮的仔猪(P<0.05);注射LPS显著降低了断奶仔猪空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比率(P=0.01),但两种n-6/n-3 PUFA比值的日粮对LPS诱导的仔猪肠道形态损害没有缓解作用。     

不同种类多不饱和脂肪酸对产蛋鸡抗体产生和淋巴细胞增殖的影响

选用360只60～70周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,研究不同种类的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)在不同添加水平下对产蛋鸡免疫功能的影响。试验共设10个处理,其中n-3PUFA的来源分别为亚麻籽油和鱼油,在日粮中的添加水平分别为20、40、60和10、30、50g/kg。n-6PUFA的来源为玉米油,在日粮中的添加量为20、40和60g/kg,另设一处理为不添加脂肪酸的对照组。在试验开始后的第5周和第7周分别给每个处理组中的6只鸡注射牛血清白蛋白抗原(BSA)和绵羊红细胞(SRBC),并分别于注射后第6,10,14天和第5,9,13天翅静脉采血,测定BSA抗体效价和SRBC抗体滴度。在试验开始后的第5周和第10周,采血测定外周全血淋巴细胞增殖速度,同时每个处理杀3只鸡,取脾脏制备单核细胞,测定其增殖速度。试验结果表明,日粮中添加PUFA具有提高产蛋鸡一免及二免BSA抗体和SRBC抗体产量的趋势,并呈现剂量依赖性。其中高鱼油添加组在一免10天时能显著(P<0.05)提高SRBC抗体滴度,二免后高鱼油添加组和高亚麻籽油添加组都能够显著(P<0.10)提高SRBC抗体滴度;对于BSA抗体效价,高n-3PUFA添加组都能够显著(P<0.10)提高。产蛋鸡外周全血淋巴细胞和脾脏单核细胞增殖速度在饲喂添加高n-3PUFA日粮后受到明显抑制。鱼油来源的n-3PUFA对产蛋鸡免疫功能影响程度比亚麻籽油的大。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对机体免疫功能影响的研究进展

机体的免疫功能明显受到日粮脂肪酸的饱和度和添加量的影响，日粮中不饱和脂肪酸的不同种类和添加量会影响细胞免疫和体液免疫，以及细胞因子和抗体的分泌等。添加过高或过低的不饱和脂肪酸都会使免疫功能有所下降，只有适量的供给才能提高机体的免疫功能。     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对畜禽免疫、炎症及免疫应激的调节作用

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)对畜禽急、慢性炎症具有良好的预防和治疗效果,对畜禽免疫应激也有一定的缓解作用。但是n-3PUFA也能降低免疫功能,可能降低机体的正常抵抗力。因此,需要确立n-3PUFA的适宜添加量和适宜添加时间等,以发挥其最大的抗炎症作用和抗免疫应激作用,而避免其负面影响。预期n-3PUFA在畜禽免疫应激领域具有潜在的应用价值。     

多不饱和脂肪酸对机体免疫功能影响的研究进展

机体的免疫功能明显受到日粮脂肪酸的饱和度和添加量的影响,日粮中不饱和脂肪酸的不同种类和添加量会影响细胞免疫和体液免疫,以及细胞因子和抗体的分泌等。添加过高或过低的不饱和脂肪酸都会使免疫功能有所下降,只有适量的供给才能提高机体的免疫功能。     

不同n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比值对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫反应的影响

为探讨不同n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)比值对断奶仔猪生长性能和免疫功能的影响,试验选用96头21日龄断奶、平均体重5.5 kg的杜×长×大仔猪,按单因子试验设计随机分为4个处理,分别饲喂n-6/n-3PUFA比值为2.5、5、10和20的日粮。试验期21 d。结果表明:在试验的0~7 d,采食n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为10日粮的仔猪日增重显著高于采食n-6/n-3 PUFA比值为2.5和20日粮的仔猪(P<0.05),同时,日粮n-6/n-3PUFA比值为10可显著改善0~7 d和0~21 d饲料转化效率(P<0.05);3种炎性细胞因子IL-1βI、L-6、TNF-α随着n-6/n-3 PUFA比值的增加而呈二次曲线变化趋势(P<0.05)。综合断奶仔猪生产性能和炎性细胞因子指标可以得出,断奶仔猪日粮中最佳的n-6/n-3PUFA比值为10。     

维生素E对奶牛免疫功能的影响

将１２头奶牛随机分为两组，实验组于分娩前４周开始到产后８周，每日口服维生素Ｅ３０００ＩＵ／头，并于预产前１周一次性注射维生素Ｅ５０００ＩＵ。实验结果，对照组奶牛产后血液中性粒细胞产生的超氧化物阴离子（ＳＡ）相对含量较产前降低了约１倍（Ｐ＜０．０５），血液巨噬细胞产生的ＩＬ－１和ＭＨＣⅡ类抗原分别减少了１５％和３５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。表明奶牛产后早期血液巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞的免疫功能均受到抑制。而实验组奶牛产后与产前相比，中性粒细胞产生ＳＡ、巨噬细胞产生ＩＬ－１和ＭＨＣⅡ类抗原表达的水平均无差异。据此推断，在奶牛产后早期维生素Ｅ可防止血液中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞功能的抑制。     

Effect of dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on lipid fractions and egg-yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on lipid fractions and egg‐yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens. Thirty‐six laying hens (30 weeks old) were randomly assigned into two dietary groups fed diets with (0.04%) or without (control) R. capsulatus for a 60‐day feeding trial. Dietary R. capsulatus decreased (p < 0.05) serum and hepatic cholesterol and increased (p < 0.05) the excreta cholesterol, and resultant lower (p < 0.05) cholesterol contents in egg yolk. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ratio to saturated fatty acids in egg yolk was improved (p < 0.05) by dietary R. capsulatus. The concentration of hepatic bile acid was increased (p < 0.05) and excreta bile acid was decreased (p < 0.01) in the laying hens fed R. capsulatus diet. The incorporation of 1‐¹⁴C‐palmitic acid into hepatic lipids and lipid fractions was increased (p < 0.05) in laying hens fed R. capsulatus diet. Moreover, dietary R. capsulatus did not appear to cause any adverse effects on laying hen performances. Therefore, dietary supplementation of R. capsulatus in layer diets may be a feasible means of producing eggs with lower cholesterol and higher PUFA contents for health conscious consumers.     

Effect of vitamin E supplementation of sheep and goats fed diets supplemented with polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in Se

Vitamin E (VitE) and selenium (Se) are an essential part of the antioxidative functions of metabolism. There are situations of low supply of both micronutrients. As VitE is involved in ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their protection against oxidation in metabolism, diets supplemented with PUFA may challenge VitE to an extent making recommended supplies insufficient. Twelve goats and sheep each were fed a diet supplemented with PUFA and characterised by low Se and limited VitE contents during the last 2 months of gestation and the first 2 months of lactation. The basal diet consisted of hay and concentrate. Six goats and sheep received extra VitE, while the control groups received no extra VitE. Blood and milk samples were taken. In addition, liver, heart muscle and spleen samples were obtained from the offspring after slaughtering at an age of 8 weeks. No significant changes were observed in serum Se and VitE. A significant increase in serum VitE concentrations between 2 and 4 weeks postpartum (pp) was evident in the supplemented kids. In 4, 6 and 8 weeks pp, the serum concentrations of VitE in the supplemented kids were significantly higher compared to the unsupplemented group. In the kids, VitE was higher in liver of the supplemented groups. There were no significant differences in response to extra VitE between sheep and goat. The kids responded to serum VitE different from that of lambs, as a significant difference was observed between supplemented and unsupplemented animals in the goat kids, but not the lambs. In conclusion, goats and sheep have to be viewed differently and may not be considered alike relating to VitE/Se metabolism and requirements, especially in young animals.     

Organic trace minerals on productive performance,egg quality and immune response in Bovans White laying hens

This study was performed in 360 laying Bovans White hens and aimed to evaluate the effect of Carbo‐Amino‐Phosphate‐Chelates (CAFQ) as a mineral premix and its 30% reduction by compared to inorganic trace minerals (ITM) concerning its performance, egg quality, tibia breaking strength and immunity. Sixty‐week‐old hens were assigned into three treatments with 10 replicates of 12 birds each. Treatments were as follows: (a) (100% ITM), (b) (100% CAFQ) and (c) (70% CAFQ). Based on the results obtained during 12 weeks, under the current test conditions, improved yolk colour (p < 0.05); shell breaking strength (p < 0.05); and storage time (p < 0.05) were observed in hens fed with a diet reduced by 70% in CAFQ inclusion showed similar performance behaviour and better egg breaking strength regarding with ITM, suggesting the possibility of minimizing the inclusion of trace minerals in laying hen diets improving environmental impact, in contrast to the use of inorganic sources of minerals.     

不同日粮条件下添加维生素E对蛋种鸡繁殖性能的影响

本试验选择220日龄健康的伊莎父母代种鸡6000羽,随机分为8组,每组8个重复.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为常 规日粮组,分别添加维生素E0、40、180、300 mg/kg;V、Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组为非常规基础日粮,分别添加维生素E0、40、180、300 mg/kg.通过8周饲养试验,测定不同剂量的维生素E对蛋种鸡受精率、死胎率、...     

维生素E对蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

文章旨在研究日粮中不同梯度维生素E添加水平对蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响.试验选择60周龄罗曼白壳商品蛋鸡300羽,试验随机分为5组,添加水平分别为0(对照组),30、60、120、240 mg/kg,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽鸡,预试期1周,正试期8周.结果表明:与对照组相比,蛋鸡产蛋后期日粮中添加120 m...     

Effects of dietary Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on laying performance,egg quality,blood biochemistry and immune response of organic laying hens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different probiotic micro‐organisms on the performance, egg quality and blood parameters of organically reared hens. A total of 900 16‐week‐old Hy‐Line layer hybrids were randomly assigned to three groups of 300 birds each. The control (CTR) group was fed a corn–soya bean cake‐based diet; the L group was fed the same diet supplemented with 0.1% Lactobacillus acidophilus, while the B group was fed the same diet supplemented with 0.05% Bacillus subtilis. Data were recorded at the beginning (weeks 5 and 6: T1) and at the end (weeks 19 and 20: T2) of the experiment, and no differences in hen performance were recorded between dietary groups or sampling times. All of the investigated clinical chemistry parameters, except GGT, were affected by diet (p < 0.05), with the best results recorded for the probiotic‐treated groups. The immune‐response values showed higher blood bactericidal activity in the B and L groups at T2 (p < 0.05) and a lower lysozime concentration in the B group at T1. Higher antibody production against Newcastle disease virus was observed in the L group compared to the CTR (p = 0.013). No differences in oxidative status were recorded, and no effects of diet on egg quality were observed. Among the physical egg characteristics, only the Roche scale colour was affected by diet (p < 0.05): the egg yolk was paler in the L group. The age of the hen was the most relevant factor affecting physical egg characteristics. The chemical parameters of the egg were almost unaffected by supplementation with probiotics except for the lipid content, which decreased with the L diet (p < 0.05). Both probiotic inclusions had beneficial effects on hen metabolism and welfare, and L. acidophilus induced the best immune response.     

换羽期日粮维生素水平对蛋鸡强制换羽效果的影响

432只产蛋率为49.5%的60周龄的海兰褐商品蛋鸡随机分为3个组。开食时,A组(对照组)给予低维生素日粮(VA 3000IU/kg,VE10IU/kg,VD 300IU/kg,VC 20mg/kg,VK4mg/kg,多维20mg/kg);B组给予中等维生素日粮(5倍对照);C组给予高维生素日粮(10倍对照)。结果表明,与A组相比,B组、C组达50%产蛋率的试验天数显著(p<0.05)减少;换羽期产蛋率、产蛋量极显著(p<0.01)提高,料蛋比、死亡率和破软蛋率极显著(p<0.01)降低;C组换羽后破软蛋率、换羽后死亡率分别显著(p<0.05)和极显著(p<0.01)降低,且换羽后效益最好,比对照组提高18.13%。     

日粮多不饱和脂肪酸对猪繁殖性能的影响

本文主要从多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的来源、合成途径、作用机理及使用效果等方面阐述了多不饱和脂肪酸影响猪繁殖性能的研究进展。     

维生素E对免疫抑制产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的调控效应

试验探讨维生素E对免疫抑制蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的调控效应,选取健康的尼克褐产蛋鸡270只,随机等分为5组,每组3个重复,每重复18只。第Ⅰ组为对照组,第Ⅱ~Ⅴ组为免疫抑制组,对第Ⅱ~Ⅴ组鸡在试验第5、6、7 d进行腿部肌肉注射80 mg/kgBW环磷酰胺(CTX),第Ⅰ组注射等量生理盐水。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮(维生素E含量44.59 mg/kg),Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组在基础日粮中分别添加50、100、200 mg/kg维生素E。结果显示:①免疫抑制产蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),破蛋率显著升高(P<0.05)。基础日粮中添加50 mg/kg维生素E显著提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡的产蛋率、平均蛋重和平均日采食量(P<0.05),但仍低于对照组Ⅰ(P<0.05);显著降低料蛋比和破蛋率(P<0.05)。②免疫抑制产蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和哈氏单位显著降低(P<0.05),蛋形指数和蛋黄颜色无显著改变(P>0.05);50 mg/kg维生素E添加量显著提高免疫抑制产蛋鸡的蛋壳厚度、蛋壳强度和哈氏单位(P<0.05),与对照组Ⅰ无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,免疫抑制显著降低产蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质;基础日粮中添加维生素E对免疫抑制蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质具有明显的调控效应,且以50 mg/kg添加量效果较好。