Manufacture technique and electrical properties evaluation of bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel complex yarn and knitted fabrics

There are derivative problems of electromagnetic wave radiation accompanying the advances of science and technology nowadays and secure protections are also emphasized gradually. To shield these electromagnetic wave radition jeopardizing people’s health, in this study, stainless steel wires were the core yarn and bamboo charcoal polyester textured yarns were the wrapped yarn. The bamboo charcoal polyester/stainless steel (BC/SS) complex yarns were manufactured using a rotor twister machine. The BC/SS complex knitted fabrics were woven with the complex yarns employing a circular knitting machine. Three manufacture parameters were the wrapped amount of the complex yarn (2 to 6 turns/cm), the lamination amount of the knitted fabrics (1 to 6 layers) and lamination angles of the knitted fabrics (0°/0°/0°/0°/0°/0°, 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45°, and 0°/90°/0°/90°/0°/90°). The knitted fabric exhibited the lowest surface resistance 32.3 Ω/sq. Optimum electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) was 45 dB when the knitted fabrics were with 0°/45°/90°/−45°/0°/45° laminating in 0.51 GHz.     

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of SS/PET hybrid yarn incorporated woven fabrics

A detailed study of electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of woven fabrics made of polyester and stainless steel/polyester blended conductive yarn was presented in this research work. Fabrics with different structures were analyzed and their shielding behavior was reported under different frequencies. Shielding efficiency of fabric was analyzed by vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 300 kHz to 1.5 GHz using coaxial transmission line holder. The effects of different fabric parameters such as weft density, proportion of conductive weft yarn, proportion of stainless steel content, grid openness, weave pattern and number of fabric layers on EMSE of fabrics were studied. The EMSE of fabric was found to be increased with increase in proportion of conductive yarn in the weft way. With increase in overall stainless-steel content in the fabric, the EMSE of fabric was increased. As such weave is considered, it did not have significant effect on EMSE of fabrics. But fabric with lower openness and aperture ratio showed better conducting network, hence better shielding. With increase in number of layers of fabric and ply yarns, EMSE of fabric was increased.     

Low stress mechanical properties of fabrics woven from bamboo viscose blended yarns

This paper presents the low stress mechanical properties of plain fabrics woven from cotton, bamboo viscose and cotton-bamboo viscose blended yarns. Three blends (100 % cotton, 50:50 cotton-bamboo and 100 % bamboo) were used to produce three yarn counts (20, 25 and 30 Ne). Each of these yarns was used to make fabrics with different pick densities (50, 60 and 70 picks per inch). It was found that bending rigidity, bending hysteresis, shear rigidity, shear hysteresis and compressibility is lower for bamboo fabrics as compared to those of 100 % cotton fabrics. On the other hand, extensibility, tensile energy and compressional resilience are higher for 100 % bamboo fabrics than 100 % cotton fabrics. Higher pick density increases linearity of load-elongation curve, bending rigidity, shear rigidity and compressional resilience. Shear and bending rigidities show very good correlation with the respective hysteresis values.     

The Effects of Fabric and Conductive Wire Properties on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness and Surface Resistivity of Interlock Knitted Fabrics

Our aim in this study was to investigate the effects of course density, yarn linear density and thickness and type of conductive wire on electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Metal/cotton conductive composite yarns were produced by the core-spun technique on the ring spinning machine, involving stainless steel, copper and silver coated copper wires with 40 μm, 50 μm, 60 μm thicknesses and Ne10/1 and Ne20/1 count yarns. The interlock fabrics were knitted on a 7G flat knitting machine with the three different machine settings. The EMSE and the surface resistivity of knitted fabrics were measured by the co-axial transmission line method according to the ASTM-D4935-10 standard in the frequency range from 15 to 3000 MHz and by the ASTM D257-07 standard, respectively. It was observed that all fabrics shielded around 95 % of electromagnetic waves at low frequencies, 80 % at medium frequencies and 70 % at high frequencies. Increasing the course density and thickness of conductive wire in interlock knitted fabrics increased the EMSE correspondingly. The knitted fabrics that had been produced with high yarn count showed greater EMSE because there was less isolation. The effect of the metal wire type was highly significant between 15 and 600 MHz.     

Evaluation of the structural properties of plain fabrics woven from various fibers using Peirce’s model

Peirce’s fabric model has been widely used to predict the structural behavior of various plain woven fabrics. The structure of plain woven fabric can be defined in terms of the warp yarn number, weft yarn number, warp fabric density, weft fabric density, warp crimp, and weft crimp. The warp and weft yarn diameters are calculated from the warp and weft yarn numbers, and the effective coefficient of the yarn diameter is defined by using this model. We have investigated structural properties, such as the effective coefficient of the yarn diameter, yarn crimp, and fabric thickness for two different fabrics in which the constituent yarns are assumed to be either incompressible or compressible. This model is also applied to various plain fabrics woven from cotton, rayon, wool, linen, nylon, acetate, polyester, and silk yarns.     

Moisture and thermal permeability of the hollow textured PET imbedded woven fabrics for high emotional garments

This study examined the effects of the total porosity, pore size, and cover factor on the moisture and thermal permeability of woven fabrics made from DTY (draw textured yarns) and ATY (air jet textured yarns) composite yarns with hollow PET (polyethylene terephthalate) yarns. The wicking of the hollow composite yarn fabrics was found to be superior to that of the high twisted yarn fabrics, which may be due to the high porosity in the hollow composites yarns, but this was not related to the cover factor. The drying characteristics of the hollow composite yarn fabric with high porosity were inferior compared to the high twisted yarn fabrics due to the large amounts of liquid water in the large pores, which resulted in a longer drying time of the fabric. The thermal conductivity of the hollow composite yarn fabrics decreased with increasing measured pore diameter due to the bulky yarn structure. The effects of the hollowness of the yarn on the thermal conductivity were more dominant than those of the yarn structural parameters. The air permeability increased with increasing measured pore diameter but the effects of the cover factor on the air permeability were not observed in the hollow composite yarn fabrics. The effects of porosity on the moisture and thermal permeability of the woven fabrics made from the hollow composite filaments were found to be critical, i.e., wicking and air permeability increase with increasing porosity. In addition, the drying rate increased with increasing porosity and the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing pore diameter, but were independent of the cover factor.     

Dimensional and physical properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/cotton blended yarns

In this study, the dimensional and some physical properties of plain knitted fabrics made from 50/50 bamboo/cotton blended yarns are investigated. In order to see the differences and similarities, the results are then compared with those for similar fabrics knitted from 50/50 conventional viscose/cotton and 50/50 modal/cotton blended yarns. Each fabric type was produced with three different stitch lengths. After all fabrics were dyed under identical dyeing conditions, they were subjected to dry and full relaxation treatments. For dimensional properties of fabrics, course, wale and stitch densities were measured. Then, by calculating statistically best-fit lines passing both through the experimental points and the origin, dimensional constants i.e. k values were predicted in terms of the fiber types. The result show that each fabric type knitted from bamboo/cotton, viscose/cotton and modal/cotton blended yarns behaves in a similar manner. However, in both dry and fully relaxed states, the modal/cotton knitted fabrics tend to have slightly higher k values than the bamboo/cotton and viscose/cotton knitted fabrics. For physical properties, fabric weight per unit area, thickness, bursting strength, air permeability and pilling were evaluated. The results show that the weight, thickness and air permeability values are independent of the fiber type. Plain knitted fabrics from modal/cotton blended yarns have the highest bursting strength values. Plain knitted fabrics from bamboo/cotton blended yarns tend to pill less.     

A comparative study of finer conventional and modified cotton yarns and their resultant woven fabrics

A modified ring spinning technique has been recently developed by incorporating false twisting devices into the conventional ring frame. Its application on the coarser yarn counts (7–32 Ne) showed notable advantages in modified yarn and fabric performance. More recently, it was noted that this technique can also be applied for producing finer cotton yarns. Thus this paper aims to carry out a systematic study of the physical properties of the finer modified yarns (80 Ne) and woven fabrics with respect to the conventional ones. Physical properties of conventional and modified single yarns were evaluated and compared. These two types of single yarn were used for the production of woven fabrics. Moreover, the above two types of single yarn were also plied and used for the production of woven fabrics under a commercial condition. All woven fabrics were assessed in terms of fabric tensile strength, tearing strength, abrasion resistance, fabric weight, and air-permeability as well as other fabric performance measured by the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES). Experimental results showed that finer modified yarns and fabrics exhibit higher strength, lower hairiness, and improved abrasion resistance, slightly better compression property, and smoother surface with relatively larger thickness.     

Assessment of the surface roughness of cotton fabrics through different yarn and fabric structural properties

The effects of some yarn properties (i.e. type, count, twist level, ply number, unevenness and crimp) and fabric constructional properties (i.e. cover, thickness and balance) on surface roughness values of cotton woven fabrics were investigated. A general overview of the results showed that surface roughness values of fabrics were affected from yarn and fabric properties and the effects were related to fabric balance, fabric cover (not cover factor), fabric thickness and crimp values of yarns in fabric structures. Surface roughness values of fabrics decreased as yarn fineness and yarn twist levels increased but as yarn ply number decreased. Also, surface roughness values gradually decreased from open-end yarn constituting fabrics to combed yarn constituting fabrics. Results showed that different properties of yarns caused changes in yarn crimps in fabric structure and also governed the changes in fabric balance, as well as changes in roughness of fabric surfaces. The changing properties of yarns and impact of these properties on fabric construction affected the formation of cotton fabric surfaces from smooth to coarse.     

Compression properties of weft knitted fabrics consisting of shrinkable and non-shrinkable acrylic fibers

High-bulk worsted yarns with different shrinkable and non-shrinkable acrylic fibers blend ratios are produced and then single jersey weft knitted fabrics with three different structures and loop lengths are constructed. The physical properties of produced yarns and compression properties of produced fabrics at eight pressure values (50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 g/cm²) were measured using a conventional fabric thickness tester. Then, weft-knitted fabric compression behavior was analyzed using a two parameters model. It is found that at 40% shrinkable fibre blending ratio the maximum yarn bulk, shrinkage, abrasion resistance and minimum yarn strength are obtained. It is also shown that high-bulk acrylic yarn has the highest elongation at 20% shrinkable fibre blend ratio. The statistical regression analysis revealed that the compression behavior of acrylic weft-knitted fabrics is highly closed to two parameter model proposed for woven fabrics. It is also shown that for weft-knitted structure, there is an incompressible layer (V′) which resists against high compression load. Acrylic weft-knitted fabrics with knit-tuck structure exhibit higher compression rigidity and lower softness than the plain and knitmiss structures. In addition, at 20% shrinkable fibre blend ratio, the high-bulk acrylic weft-knitted fabrics are highly compressible.     

Enhanced visualization of simulated woven fabrics

The woven fabric graphics designed with available computer aided design (CAD) systems using different colored warp and weft yarns look quite different from the appearance of their actual fabrics. To enhance the visual effects of designed woven fabric graphics, this paper reports a modified CAD woven fabric system, which allows users to design a fabric using parameters including fabric weaves, yarn number, yarn material, fabric count, crimp shape of interwoven yarns, and illumination. This enhanced system can design both yarns and fabrics, and consider the transitional color effect around interweaving points of warp and weft yarns. Its simulation image quality of woven fabrics has been greatly improved, and several textile mills and universities are currently using this woven fabric design system.     

Theoretical estimation of structural parameters in 2/2 twill woven structures

It has been shown through various experimental works that the geometry of woven fabrics will change after it is released from looms due to the contraction forces resulting in changed structural geometry in their fully relaxed state. In this work, an appropriate three dimensional unit cell is proposed for 2/2 twill woven structure. The proposed model covers all angles and lengths between warp and weft yarns in the three dimensional unit cell of the structure in its fully relaxed state assuming straight line path and circular cross-section of yarns. At first, a theoretical solution for estimation of skewness angle in float region of 2/2 twill fabrics is proposed by defining the JJ ratio index to consider different amount of contraction in float and crimp region of unit cell. Then the proposed theory is extended to include the weave and skewness angle of yarns in crimp region of woven structures. By applying this theory, the skewness angle of 2/2 twill weaves will be incorporated in structural modelling of woven fabrics which can be used in predicting the thickness and areal mass of the 2/2 twill woven structures. Besides the confirmed validation of model in predicting the areal mass, the results for estimating the thickness of fabrics are in close agreement with the measured ones in the fabrics with worsted and coarse cotton yarns.     

Electromagnetic shielding characteristics of woven fabrics made of hybrid yarns containing metal wire

In this study, electromagnetic shielding characteristics of woven fabrics made of hybrid yarns are investigated. For this purpose, initially the hybrid yarns containing stainless steel wire are produced with hollow spindle covering technique, and then eight different fabric samples are produced using these hybrid yarns. Electromagnetic shielding values of fabric samples are determined by a test set up based on enclosure measurement technique. Measurements are made in the frequency range of 30 MHz-9.93 GHz. Test results show that woven fabric samples investigated in this study have 25–65 dB electromagnetic shielding effectiveness for incident frequency. It was also shown that the direction, density and settlement type of conductive hybrid yarn in fabric structure are important parameters affecting electromagnetic shielding characteristics of woven fabrics.     

Spinning performance and antibacterial activity of SeaCell® active/cotton blended rotor yarns

Microorganisms can lead to functional, hygienic and aesthetic (e.g. deterioration, staining) problems on textile products. Natural fibers especially cotton are more easily affected by microorganisms. Blending of cotton fibers with antimicrobial fibers can enhance the protective properties of products against microorganisms. Demand of antimicrobial performance from the products changes depending on the application area. Therefore determination of suitable antimicrobial fiber quantity for the desired application is important. In this study the spinning performance of SeaCell Active/cotton blended open end rotor yarns and antibacterial activities of fabrics produced by these blended yarns were investigated. Five different cotton/SeaCell Active blended slivers with SeaCell Active content from 3 % up to 53 % were prepared on drawframe machine and all slivers were spun into yarns on open end rotor spinning machine at a yarn count of 20 tex with α_Tt=3827 twist coefficient. The effects of rotor speed, opening roller speed, rotor, opening roller and navel type on the quality parameters of SeaCell Active/cotton blended yarns were investigated. Tensile properties, hairiness, unevenness and IPI values of the yarns were reported. All types of cotton/SeaCell Active blended yarns were knitted on a circular knitting machine. Antibacterial activity of the fabrics was analyzed quantitatively. Antibacterial tests showed that good antibacterial activity can be achieved after several washings even with 3 % of SeaCell Active fibers in fabrics.     

Comparative study of cellulase treatment on low stress mechanical properties of cotton denim fabric made by torque-free ring spun yarn

Cellulase is useful for bio-polishing cotton fabrics which enhances their aesthetic performance instead of stonewashing process. Torque-free ring spun process is a widely used technique to produce newly low-twist and balanced torque yarns with soft hand. In this paper, denim fabrics woven with torque-free ring spun yarn and conventional ring spun yarn respectively were treated with cellulase under the same condition and their fabric handle, expressed as low stress mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, bending, shearing, compression and surface performance were investigated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). After cellulase treatment, both denim fabrics revealed better flexibility, elasticity recovery, raised shearing stiffness, fluffier and improved smoothness. While torque-free ring spun yarn made denim fabric showed a better fabric handle than conventional ring spun yarn made denim fabric.     

苎麻与沟槽纤维混纺织物性能测试与分析

本文对采用纯苎麻纱作经纱及沟槽异形涤纶纤维混纺纱（交捻纱和sirofil纺纱）和其它纱线作为纬纱的不同织物试样的性能进行了测试和对比，分析了沟槽纤维混纺对织物吸湿排湿及其它性能的影响及其机理。     

Nano-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> based multilayer film deposition on cotton fabrics for UV-protection

Nano-TiO₂ based multilayer nanocomposite films were fabricated on cationically modified woven cotton fabrics by layer-by-layer molecular self-assembly technique. Cationization process was used to obtain cationic surface charge on cotton fabrics. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses were used to verify the presence of cationic surface charge and multilayer films deposited on the fabrics. Scanning electron microscope micrographs of poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate)/TiO₂, nano polyurethane/TiO₂, and TiO₂/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) multilayer films deposited on cotton fabrics were taken. With nano-TiO₂ based multilayer film deposition, the protection of cotton fabrics against UV radiation is enhanced. The UV protection durability of the self-assembled multilayer films deposited on the cotton fabrics was analyzed after 10 and 20 washing cycles at 40 °C for 30 min. Air permeability and whiteness value analysis were performed on the untreated and multilayer film deposited cotton fabrics. The effect of layer-by-layer deposition process on tensile strength properties of the warp and weft yarns was determined.     

Predicting properties of single jersey fabrics using regression and artificial neural network models

In our previous works, we had predicted cotton ring yarn properties from the fiber properties successfully by regression and ANN models. In this study both regression and artificial neural network has been applied for the prediction of the bursting strength and air permeability of single jersey knitted fabrics. Fiber properties measured by HVI instrument and yarn properties were selected as independent variables together with wales’ and courses’ number per square centimeter. Firstly conventional ring yarns were produced from six different types of cotton in four different yarn counts (Ne 20, Ne 25, Ne 30, and Ne 35) and three different twist multipliers (α _e 3.8, α _e 4.2, and α _e 4.6). All the yarns were knitted by laboratory circular knitting machine. Regression and ANN models were developed to predict the fabric properties. It was found that all models can be used to predict the single jersey fabric properties successfully. However, ANN models exhibit higher predictive power than the regression models.     

Modelling tearing behavior of durable press finished woven fabric

Tearing strength is one of the most important and critical properties related to durable press finished cotton woven fabric. In the past, modelling of tearing strength of cotton woven fabrics was based on untreated cotton woven fabric but not in durable pressed finished fabric. In this paper, a mathematical model was established to demonstrate the tearing strength mechanism of durable press finished cotton woven fabrics by dimensional analysis based on yarn diameter, cover factor, Young’s modulus and fabric elongation. The proposed model agreed well with experimental results and the proposed model can be used for optimizing durable press finishing process of cotton woven fabric.     

Effect of weaving process on tensile characterization of single and multiple ends of air-entangled textured polyester yarns

The tensile properties of air-entangled textured polyester single and multiple yarn ends before and after weaving were analyzed. The effects of weaving process considering fabric unit cell interlacement and number of yarn ends were evaluated by regression model. For this purpose, plain, ribs and satin woven fabrics were produced. The yarns were raveled from fabrics, and the tensile tests were applied to these yarns. The developed regression model showed that the number of interlacement and crimp ratio on the warp and weft yarns influence their tensile strength. Tensile strength of raveled yarns decreased compared to that of the bobbin yarn due to the effect of weaving process. This property degradation on the ravel yarns considered process degradation. Generally, when the number of warp and weft yarn ends increases, the warp and weft yarn tensile strengths for each fabric type decrease, whereas the warp and weft yarn tensile elongations slightly increase. The results from regression model were compared with the measured values. This study confirmed that the method in the study can be a viable and reliable tool. The research finding could be useful those who work on preform fabrication.